Communication Law: Mass Media and Freedom of Expression



SyllabusLaw 343C.001Topics in Public Law: Freedom of Expression2015-2016Winter Term Tuesday 9:00 to 10:30 &Thursday 9:00 to 10:30Room 111Shigenori MatsuiProfessor of Law, University of British Columbia, Faculty of LawPhone 604-822-5592 1822 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1e-mail matsui@law.ubc.ca3 credits courseThe purpose of the courseThis course is intended to provide the students with an opportunity to learn various questions regarding freedom of expression. This course is ideal for students who have learned the basic doctrines of constitutional law to apply its knowledge in specific situations involving freedom of expression. But you can learn the basics of freedom of expression by taking this course without any advance knowledge. The course will start with the examination of values of freedom of expression and general theoretical framework, especially focusing whether the mass media should be granted privileged status. The course will then examine various content-based restrictions on speech, such as ban on disclosure of national secret, ban on advocacy of illegal action, regulation of election speech, restriction of other political expression, civil and criminal liability for defamation, civil liability for invasion of privacy, regulation of offensive speech, ban on hate speech, ban on pornography, ban on child-pornography, regulation of sexually explicit expression, regulation of commercial expression and protection of copyright. Then, the course will also examine the content-neutral restrictions on freedom of expression, restriction on newsgathering, including protection of confidential sources. It will also examine the right of access to the government information, including right of access to the courtroom and the right of access to government-held information under the Access to Information Act. The course will also examine the regulation of broadcasting and new media, including the cable television, satellite television and the Internet. Then, the students will face the question of social responsibility of the mass media, the issue of right of access to the mass media and the limits of government speech.Throughout the course, the students are encouraged to analyze these constitutional issues under the protection of freedom of expression of the Charter. But the course will also examine various issues presented in other countries, especially in the United Kingdom, the United States, or other European countries.Students are encouraged to read assignment before the class and actively engage in the class discussion. Analyzing questions suggested in NOTES & QUESTIONS is especially important to obtain the detailed knowledge of law of freedom of expression. Critical analysis is also strongly encouraged. TextbookThere is no mandatory textbook for this course. I will send you an electronic file of assignment and you are supposed to read the materials before the class. If you need some reference materials, the following books might be helpful:Robert Martin, Media Law (2nd ed. Irwin Law 2003)(Canada)Geoffrey Robertson, Media Law (5th ed. Penguin 2008)(U.K.) T. Barton Carter, Marc. A. Franklin & Jay B. Wright, The First Amendment and the Fourth Estate: The Law of Mass Media (10th ed. Foundation Press 2008)(U.S.)Franklin, Anderson and Lidsky, Mass Media Law: Cases and Materials (7th. Ed. Foundation Press 2005)(U.S.)Evaluation method30% class participation70% final examination or assignmentRegular class attendance is mandatory. I will welcome active class participation during the discussions. Higher mark will be awarded to students who regularly attended the classes and actively participated in the class discussions.The students can choose to challenge the examination or to submit the final paper. It is totally up to the student to decide whether to challenge the examination or to submit a final paper. Students who wish to challenge the examination need to inform me one week before the examination date (April 26, from 9am).The examination will ask you to analyze a specific question in light of the protection of freedom of expression. Evaluation is based on the ability to understand the underlying issues, ability to analyze these issues in light of the precedents and established framework, ability to critically analyze the existing doctrines, and ability to express your thoughts in concise and persuasive languages. You should be able to answer the question easily if you read all the assignments and participate in the class discussions. It is an open book examination and you will be allowed to bring in any written materials with you (sorry only written materials, please). Students will be given fifteen minutes to prepare writing and one and half hour writing time.You can choose to submit a paper instead of taking the examination. You can choose any topic related to freedom of expression in Canada, the United States or any other countries. You should talk with me by the end of March on the choice of topic. The topic should be specific problem rather than general doctrinal inquiry. The standard for the paper is 15 pages (double spaced). But this is not a minimum or maximum pages. It is merely a suggested length. The deadline for submission is 4pm of the last day of examinations, April 26. If you need extension, please talk with academic adviser. You can submit the hardcopy at the reception desk or send your paper with your e-mail. In either case, please make sure that you keep one backup copy with you just in case. If you are sending your paper with your e-mail, please make sure to receive my receipt e-mail. But I hope you can understand that I will usually check all the papers after the deadline and return receipt e-mails to you and I may not be able to reply immediately. I will be happy to assist you to select an appropriate topic and to find necessary materials to finish your paper. The paper will be evaluated based on the focus of the paper, the extent of the research, the organization of the paper, analytical capacity, writing skill and overall impressions.Question?If you have any question, please come to see me any time. I will be in my office in the Wednesday afternoon. If you would like to have an appointment, please send an e-mail to me (matsui@law.ubc.ca) or talk to my secretary.OutlineUnderlined cases are included in the course material. Other cases are mentioned in the notes & questions.January 500 IntroductionPART I: FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION IN GENERAL01 Value of Free SpeechIrwin Toy Ltd. v. Quebec, [1989] 1 S.C.R. 927R. v. Keegstra, [1990] 3 S.C.R. 697Abrams v. U.S., 250 U.S. 616 (1919)Whitney v. California, 274 U.S. 357 (1927)New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964)January 702 Theoretical Framework 1A. The Power to Restrict Freedom of ExpressionSwitzman v. Elbling, [1957] S.C.R. 285McNeil v. Nova Scotia, [1978] 2 S.C.R. 662Reference re Alberta Legislation, [1938] S.C.R. 100B. What is expression and what is an infringement of freedom of expression?Irwin Toys Ltd. v. Quebec, supraR. v. Khawaja, [2012] 3 SCR 555R. v. Keegstra, [1990] 3 S.C.R. 697R. v. Sharpe, [2001] 1 S.C.R. 45Ford v. Quebec, [1988] 2 S.C.R. 712Retail, Wholesale and Department Stores Union, Local 580 v. Dolphin Delivery Ltd.,[1986] 2 S.C.R. 573Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union, Local 558 v. Pepsi-Cola Canada Beverages (West) Ltd., [2002] 1 S.C.R. 156Little Sisters Book and Art Emporium v. Canada, [2000] 2 S.C.R. 1120January 1203 Theoretical Framework 2C. JustificationIrwin Toy Ltd. v. Quebec, supraR. v. Lucas, [1998] 1 S.C.R. 439 Thomson Newspapers Co. v. Canada, [1998] 1 S.C.R. 877Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia, 435 U.S. 829 (1978)In First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti, 435 U.S. 765 (1978)D. Application of the CharterGreater Vancouver Transportation Authority v. Canadian Federation of Students — British Columbia Component,[2009] 2 SCR 295RWDSU v. Dolphin Delivery, [1986] 2 S.C.R. 573Hill v. Church of Scientology of Toronto, [1995] 2 S.C.R. 1130Pridgen v. University of Calgary, [2012] A.J. No. 443, 350 D.L.R. (4th) 1Doe v. University of Michigan, 721 F. Supp. 852 (E.D. Mich. 1989New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964)January 14 no classJanuary 1904 Prior RestraintLittle Sisters Book and Art Emporium v. Canada, [2000] 2 S.C.R. 1120Dagenais v. Canadian Broadcasting Corp., [1994] 3 S.C.R. 835Near v. Minnesota, 283 U.S. 697 (1931)Pentagon Papers Case (New York Times Co. v. United States, 403 U.S. 713 (1971))Alexander v. United States, 509 U.S. 544 (1993)United States v. The Progressive, Inc., 467 F. Supp. 990 (W.D. Wis. 1979).United States v. Thirty-Seven (37) Photographs, 402 U.S. 363 (1971).Times Film Corp. v. Chicago, 365 U.S. 43 (1961).January 21PART II: RESTRICTION BASED ON CONTENTS05 National Security: The Ban on Publication of State SecretSecurity of Information ActR. v. Toronto Sun Publishing Ltd. (1979) 24 O.R. (2d) 621 (Prov. Ct.)The Spycatcher Case: The Sunday Times v. The United Kingdom (No. 2), ECHR (26 November 1991)January 2606 Public Safety: Advocacy of Illegal ActionCriminal CodeBoucher v. R., [1951] S.C.R. 265 (seditious libel)R. v. Zundel, [1992] 2 S.C.R. 731Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444 (1969)Cohen v. California, 403 U.S. 15 (1971)Collin v. Smith, 578 F.2d 1197 (7th Cir. 1978)Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S. 47 (1919)Gitlow v. New York, 268 U.S. 652 (1925)Whitney v. California, 274 U.S. 357 (1927)Dennis v. United States, 341 U.S. 494 (1951)Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, 315 U.S. 568 (1942)Kingsley Pictures Corp. v. Regents, 360 U.S. 684 (1959)United States v. Stevens, 559 U.S. -- (2010)Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association, 564 U.S. – (2011)January 2807 Political ExpressionThomson Newspapers Co. v. Canada, [1998] 1 S.C.R. 877R. v. Bryan [2007]BCTF v. BC, [2009] B.C.J. No. 619 Reference re Election Act (BC), 2012 BCCA 394Mills v. Alabama, 384 U.S. 214 (1966)Daily Herald v. Munro, 838 F.2d 380 (9th Cir. 1988)Talley v. California, 362 U.S. 60 (1960)Burson v. Freeman, 504 U.S. 191 (1992)Libman v. Quebec (Attorney General), [1997] 3 S.C.R. 569Harper v. Canada (Attorney General), [2004] 1 S.C.R. 827Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1 (1976)Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce, 494 U.S. 652 (1990)Citizens United v Federal Election Commission, 130 S.Ct. 876 (2010)February 208 DefamationHill v. Church of Scientology of Toronto, [1995] 2 S.C.R. 1130R. v. Lucas, [1998] 1 S.C.R. 439Grant v. Torstar Corp., 2009 SCC 61New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964)Cusson v. Quan, 2009 SCC 62.Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 418 U.S. 323 (1974).Garrison v. Louisiana, 379 US 64 (1964)Malhab v. Diffusion Métromédia CMR inc., [2011] 1 S.C.R. 214.WIC Radio Ltd. v. Simpson,[2008] 2 S.C.R. 420Neron v. Chambre des notaires du Quebec, [2004] 3 S.C.R. 95,Crookes v. Newton, 2011 SCC 47February 409 Invasion of Privacy and Infliction of Emotional DistressAubry v. Editions Vice-Versa Inc., [1998] 1 S.C.R. 591Florida Star v. BJF, 491 U.S. 524 (1989)Canadian Newspaper Co. v. Canada (A. G.), [1988] 2 S.C.R. 122Alberta (Information and Privacy Commissioner) v. United Food and Commercial Workers, Local 401, [2013] 3 SCR 733Smith v. Daily Mail Publishing Co., 443 U.S. 97 (1979)Reference re: Bill C-7 respecting the criminal justice system for young persons, [2003] Q.J. No. 2850 (Que. CA)Hustler Magazine, Inc. v. Falwell, 485 U.S. 46 (1988)Times-Mirror Co. v. Superior Court, 198 Cal.App.3d, 244 Cal. Rptr. 556, (1988)February 910 Pornography and Child PornographyR. v. Butler, [1992] 1 S.C.R. 452Miller v. California, 413 U.S. 15 (1973)Paris Adult Theatre v. Slaton, 413 U.S. 49 (1973)American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut, 771 F.2d 323 (7th Cir. 1985)R. v. Labaye, [2005] 3 S.C.R. 728R. v. Sharpe, [2001] 1 S.C.R. 45New York v. Ferber, 458 U.S. 747 (1982)Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition, 535 U.S. 234 (2002)United States v. Williams, 553 U.S.-- (2008).R. v. Barabash, [2015] 2 SCR 522Ginsberg v. New York, 390 U.S. 629 (1968)February 1111 Hate SpeechR. v. Keegstra, [1990] 3 S.C.R. 697Canada (Human Rights Commission) v. Taylor, [1990] 3 S.C.R. 892Saskatchewan (Human Rights Commission) v. Whatcott, [2013] 1 SCR 467R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul, 505 U.S. 377 (1992)Virginia v. Black et al., 538 U.S. 343 (2003)Doe v. University of Michigan, 721 F. Supp. 852 (E.D. Mich 1989)United States, Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson, 343 U.S. 495 (1952)February 15-19 Reading Break no classFebruary 2312 Fair TrialR. v. Mentuck, [2001] 3 S.C.R. 442Canadian Newspapers Co. v. Canada, [1988] 2 S.C.R. 122Toronto Star Newspapers v. Ontario, [2005] 2 S.C.R. 188Globe & Mail v. Canada (Attorney general), 2010 SCC 41Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd. v. Canada [2010] 1 S.C.R. 721Canadian Broadcasting Corp v. The Queen, 2011 SCC 3Sheppard v. Maxwell, 384 U.S. 333 (1966).Nebraska Press Association v. Stuart, 427 U.S. 539 (1976).Dagenais v. Canadian Broadcasting Corp., [1994] 3 S.C.R. 835Chandler v. Florida, 449 U.S. 560 (1981).February 2513 Advertisement and Commercial ExpressionFord v. Quebec, [1988] 2 S.C.R. 712Rocket v. Royal College of Dental Surgeons, [1990] 1 S.C.R. 232RJR-McDonald v. Canada, [1995] 3 S.C.R. 199Canada v. JTI-Macdonald Corp., [2007] 2 S.C.R. 610Valentine v. Chrestensen, 316 U.S. 52 (1942).Virginia State Board of Pharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council, Inc., 425 U.S. 748 (1976).Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp., v. Public Service Commission, 447 U.S. 557 (1980):Kasky v, Nike, 45 P.3d 243 (cal. 2002), cert. dismissed 539 U.S. 654 (2003),Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Human Relations Comm'n, 413 U. S. 376 (1973)Rubin v. Coors Brewing Company, 514 U.S. 476 (1995)Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico, 478 U.S. 328 (1986)Bates v. State Bar of Arizona, 433 U.S. 350 (1977). Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Association, 436 U.S. 447 (1978).Devine v. Quebec, [1988] 2 S.C.R. 790March 114 CopyrightHarper & Row v. Nation Enterprises, 471 U.S. 539 (1985)Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. 186 (2003)Golan v. Holder, 565 U.S. --_(2012)Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid, 490 U.S. 730 (1989)Robertson v. Thomson Corp., [2006] 2 S.C.R. 363Hoehling v. Universal Studios, Inc., 618 F.2d 972 (2d Cir.), cert. denied 449 U.S. 841 (1980)Murray v. NBC, 844 F.2d 988 (2d Cir. 1988)Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Telephone Service Co., Inc., 499 U.S. 340 (1991)Salinger v. Random House, Inc., 811 F.2d 90 (2d Cir. 1987)New Era Publications International v. Carol Publishing Group, 904 F.2d 152 (2d Cir. 1990)CCH Canadian Ltd. v. Law Society of Upper Canada, [2004] 1 S.C.R. 339Alberta (Education) v. Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency (Access Copyright), 2012 SCC 37March 3PART III: CONTENT NEUTRAL RESTRICTION ON SPEECH15 Content-Neutral Restriction on Speech: Time, Place, & Manner RestrictionSaumur v. City of Quebec, [1953] 2 S.C.R. 299Ramsden v. Peterborough, [1993] 2 S.C.R. 1084R. v. Guignard, [2002] 1 S.C.R. 472Pepsi-Cola Canada Beverages v. R.W.D.S.U., [2002] 1 S.C.R. 156Vancouver (City) v. Zhang, [2010] B.C.J. No. 2015, 2010 BCCA 450 (BCCA)Committee for the Commonwealth of Canada v. Canada, [1991] 1 S.C.R. 139United States, Lovell v. City of Griffin, 303 U.S. 444 (1938) Martin v. Struthers, 319 U.S. 141 (1943)Tillman v. Distribution Systems of American, Inc., 224 A.D.2d 79, 648 NYS2d 630 (1996 N.Y.)Statesboro Publishing Co. v. City of Sylvania, 271 Ga. 92, 516 S.E.2d 296 (1999)City of Lakewood v. Plain Dealer Publishing Co., 486 U.S. 750 (1988)Graff v. City of Chicago, 9 F.3d 1309 (7th Cir. 1993)(en banc), cert. denied, 511 U.S. 1085 (1994)Cincinnati v. Discovery Network, Inc., 507 U.S. 410 (1993)Vann Niagara v. Oakville, [2003] 3 S.C.R. 158U.F.C.W., Local 1518 v. KMart Canada, [1999] 2 S.C.R. 1083Montréal (City) v. 2952-1366 Québec Inc., [2005] 3 S.C.R. 141March 8PART IV: NEWSGATHERING16 The Right of Receive Information and the Right to Gather InformationLuscher v. Deputy Minister of National Revenue, [1985] 1 F.C. 85 (C.A.)Little Sisters Book and Art Emporium v. Canada, [2000] 2 S.C.R. 1120R. v. Sharpe, [2001] 1 S.C.R. 45International Fund for Animal Welfare Inc. v. Canada, [1987] 1 F.C. 244 (T.D.)Branzburg v. Hayes, 408 U.S. 665 (1972)Wilson v. Layne, 526 U.S. 603 (1999)Le Mistral, Inc. v. Columbia Broadcasting System, 61 A.D.2d 491, 402 N.Y.S.2d 815 (1978).Dietmann v. Time, Inc., 449 F.2d 245 (9th Cir. 1971)Galella v. Onassis, 487 F.2d 986 (2nd Cir. 1973)Deteresa v. American Broadcasting Companies, Inc., 121 F.3d 460 (9th Cir. 1998)Shevin v. Sunbeam Television Corp, 351 So.2d 723 (Fla. 1977)Sanders v. American Broadcasting Companies, Inc., 20 Cal. 4th 907, 978 P.2d 67 (Cal. 1999)Food Lion, Inc. v. Capital Cities/ABC, Inc., 194 F.3d 505 (4th Cir. 1999)Clift v. Narragansett Television L.P., 688 A.2d 805 (R.I. 1996)March 1017 Restrictions on Newsgathering: Subpoena, Testimony, and SearchR. v. National Post, 2010 SCC 16Globe and Mail v. Canada (Attorney General), 2010 SCC 41Branzburg v. Hayes, 408 U.S. 665 (1972)Canadian Broadcasting Corp. v. New Brunswick (Attorney General), [1991] 3 S.C.R. 459Canadian Broadcasting Corp. v. Lessard, [1991] 3 S.C.R. 421Zurcher v. Stanford Daily, 436 U.S. 547 (1978)Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press v. American telephone & Telegraph Co., 593 F.2d 1030(D.C.Cir. 1978)March 15PART V: PUBLIC ACCESS TO GOVERNMENT INFORMATION18 Public Access to Government Information and Mass MediaNew Brunswick Broadcasting Co. v. Nova Scotia, [1993] 1 S.C.R. 319Houchins v. KQED, Inc., 438 U.S. 1 (1978)City of Oak Creek v. Ah King, 148 Wis.2d 532, 436 N.W.2d 285 (Wis. 1989)Sherrill v. Knight, 569 F2d 124 (D.C. Cir. 1977)Ludtke v. Kuhn, 461 F.Supp. 86 (S.D.N.Y. 1978)March 1719 Public Access to CourtCanadian Broadcasting Corp. v. New Brunswick, [1996] 3 S.C.R. 480Re Vancouver Sun, [2004] 2 S.C.R. 332Gannett Co. v. DePasquale, 443 U.S. 368 (1979). Richmond Newspapers, Inc. v. Virginia, 448 U.S. 555 (1980) Globe Newspaper Co. v. Superior Court, 457 U.S. 596 (1982) Press-Enterprise Co. v. Superior Court (I), 464 U.S. 501 (1984) Press-Enterprise Co. v. Superior Court (II), 478 U.S. 1 (1986)Ruby v. Canada (Solicitor General), [2002] 4 S.C.R. 3.Nova Scotia v. MacIntyre, [1982] 1 S.C.R. 175Edmonton Journal v. Alberta, [1989] 2 S.C.R. 1326Canadian Broadcasting Corp. v. Canada (Attorney General), 2011 SCC 2Seattle Times Co. v. Rhinehart, 467 U.S. 20 (1984). United States v. McDougal, 103 F.3d 651 (8th Cir. 1996).Vickery v. Nova Scotia Supreme Court (Prothonotary), [1991] 1 S.C.R. 671R. v. Rowbotham, (1976) 2 C.R. (3d) 241 (Ont. G.S.P.) R. v. Pilarinos, (2001) 158 C.C.C. (3d) 1 (B.C.S.C)R. v. Dickinson, [2012] B.C.J. No. 287.A.B. v. Bragg Communications, 2012 SCC 46 March 2220 Freedom of InformationAccess to Information ActOntario (Public Safety and Security) v. Criminal Lawyers’ Association, 2010 SCC 23, [2010] 1 S.C.R. 815Macdonell v. Quebec (Commission d'accès à l'information), [2002] 3 S.C.R. 661Dagg v. Canada (Minister of Finance), [1997] 2 S.C.R. 403Canada (Information Commissioner) v. Canada (Commissioner of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police), [2003] 1 S.C.R. 66H.J. Heinz Co. of Canada Ltd. v. Canada (Attorney General), [2006] 1 S.C.R. 441March 24PART VI: BROADCASTING, NEW MEDIA, INTERNET21 BroadcastingCKOY Ltd. v. R., [1979] 1 S.C.R. 2Canada (Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission) v. CTV Television Network Ltd., [1982] 1 S.C.R. 530Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC, 395 U.S. 467 (1969)R. v. Canadian Broadcasting Corp., [1983] 1 S.C.R. 339March 2922 New Media and InternetCapital Cities Communication Inc. v. Canada, [1978] 2 S.C.R. 141Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC, 512 U.S. 622 (1994)(Turner I)Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC, 520 U.S. 180 (1997)(Turner II)Reno v. ACLU, 521 U.S. 844 (1997)Broadcasting Public Notice CRTC 1999-84March 31PART VII: SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF MASS MEDIA23 Social Responsibility of Mass Media and Right of AccessGay Alliance Toward Equality v. Vancouver Sun, [1979] 2 S.C.R. 435Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo, 418 U.S. 241 (1974)CBS, Inc. v. FCC, 453 U.S. 367 (1981)Adbusters Media Foundation v. Canadian Broadcasting Corp.,[2009] B.C.J. No. 658, 2009 BCCA 148,April 524 Government SpeechNational Endowment for Arts v. Finley, 524 U.S. 569 (1998)Arkansas Educational Television Commission v. Forbes, 523 U.S. 666 (1998)Rust v. Sullivan, 500 U.S. 173 (1991)April 7 wrap-up** ................
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