HazMat for First Responders (2nd Edition)
HazMat for First Responders (2nd Edition)
Chapter 2 - Properties of HazMat
Test Review
▪ HazMat may be elements, compounds, or mixtures found in gaseous, liquid, or solid states or in a combination of states.
▪ An exposure may be acute (single occurence) or chronic (long-term, re-occuring) and may have health effects that are immediate or delayed.
▪ Threats/harmful effects of HazMat include: thermal, mechanical, poisonous, corrosive, asphyxiation, radiation, and etiological.
▪ Living microorganisms that cause diseases, such as hepatitis and tuberculosis, are etiological agents.
▪ Mechanical exposures from direct contact or fragments can result in blisters, bruises, and lacerations.
▪ Thermal effects (related to temperature extremes) can cause heat stress, heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heat rash, heat stroke, and frostbite.
▪ Cold exposure from cryogenic substances such as refrigerated liquids and liquified gases can cause serious tissue damage.
▪ The core temperature of an individual is the deep temperature of the body, not the skin/extremity temperature.
|Heat Exposure Facts |
|CONDITION |SIGNS/SYMPTOMS |CAUSES |
|Heat Stroke |NO perspiration, SHALLOW breathing, RAPID pulse, Headache, Weakness, |Occurs after heat exhaustion stage, true emergency |
| |Temp 105oF or higher, Hot/Dry/Red skin, Confusion, Convulsion, Loss | |
| |of Consciousness | |
|Heat Cramps |Muscle Cramps, HEAVY perspiration, Physical weakness, MOIST skin |Occurs after heavy exertion and exposure to high |
| | |temperatures as a result of excessive salt loss |
|Heat Exhaustion |MILDLY elevated temperature, WEAK pulse, Dizziness, PROFUSE sweating,|Occurs with prolonged physical work in a hot |
| |Cool/Moist/Pale skin |environment, Causes a mild form of traumatic shock |
| | |due to body not being able to release excessive heat |
|Heat Rash |Intolerance to heat, mainly an annoyance |Occurs when continuous heat/humid air contacts skin. |
▪ Carbonated drinks should be avoided to replenish body fluids.
▪ Balanced diets usually provide enough salts to prevent cramping.
▪ Long cotton undergarments provide natural body ventilation.
▪ Mobile showers/misting facilities can be used to reduce body temperature and cool protective clothing.
▪ Alcohol, coffee, and caffeinated drinks contribute to dehydration and heat stress.
▪ Liquid oxygen (LOX), nitrogen, helium, hydrogen, and liquid natural gas (LNG) are examples of cryogenic materials.
▪ Cryogens can freeze materials, including human tissue, instantly.
▪ Fluorine is an example of a cryogen that is also a corrosive, oxidizer, and poison hazard.
▪ Cryogenic/liquified gases vaporize quickly when released from their containers.
▪ Frost Nip/Incipient Frostbite consists of whitening or blanching of skin.
▪ Superficial frostbite consists of waxy or white skin, outer layers of skin firm to touch, and underlying layers of tissue being flexible.
▪ Deep frostbite consists of cold, pale, skin that is solid to touch.
▪ Systemic hypothermia consists of shivering, sleepiness, apathy, listlessness, core temperature ................
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