A4.4.3.Performance



Name _________________________________Performance Enhancers IntroductionDuring the Olympics or other elite sporting events, competitors test the limits of human strength, speed and agility. These athletes spend hours in the gym, building muscle and enhancing their cardiovascular fitness. Many athletes train for years, hoping to make it to the top of their sport. The pressure to perform is often overwhelming. Looking for an edge and fearing falling behind the competition, some athletes up their training and alter their diet, while others turn to more controversial, often illegal and dangerous performance enhancers to “level the playing field.” While these drugs may have positive effects on performance, they inflict serious long term and short term damage on the human body. These drugs or treatments damage the health and the reputation of the athlete, as well as the integrity of the sport.Despite repeated scandals, performance enhancing drugs and treatments still are being used. In 1999, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) was created to monitor the use of performance enhancing drugs, screen athletes for the use of banned substances and protect the integrity of athletic competition. Their mission is to encourage athletes around the globe to “play true” and to refrain from the use of artificial enhancements. In this activity, you will research a performance-enhancing drug or treatment and investigate how this drug is supposed to improve athletic performance. As you think about how this drug interacts with the systems of the body, you will also explore the risk this drug or treatment imposes on overall health. ProcedureYou have been asked to be a part of the World Anti-Doping Agency summit on performance enhancers. You will explore the way in which these supplements work, assess health risks and decide whether or not each substance should be banned from use in athletic competitions.Research the drugs, supplements or treatments said to enhance athletic performance listed below:Creatine Anabolic steroidsBeta-blockersErythropoietin (EPO)Human growth hormone (hGH)Stimulants (ephedrine) DiureticsCaffeineBlood DopingHuman chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)GlutamineAndrostenedione (Andro)Fill in the resource table to list your findings.Conclusion QuestionsSome performance enhancers are only banned in specific sports. Why do you think beta-blockers are banned in sports such as archery or gymnastics?It stops “hand tremors” which creates an unfair advantage.Unfortunately, it is not just athletes who are turning to these types of treatments. Many young men and woman, unhappy with their bodies, may turn to drugs in the hopes of added muscle mass, increased size or a leaner body. Why do you think students your age might consider using these drugs and what would you say to those who are considering it? Teenagers are very concerned with appearance and what others think of them. They should stay away from these treatments because they have negative side effects and many carry long term health risks.“Gene doping” has recently been added to the WADA prohibited list. What do you think this term means?Gene doping?is an outgrowth of?gene?therapy. However, instead of injecting DNA into a person's body for the purpose of restoring some function related to a damaged or missing?gene, as in?gene therapy,?gene doping?involves inserting DNA for the purpose of enhancing athletic performance, giving that person an unfair advantage.Finnish cross-country skier Eero Mantyranta won two gold medals in the 1964 Winter Olympics. It was not until decades later that scientists identified a genetic mutation in Eero’s family that causes an excessive response to EPO. How do you think this “natural advantage” contributed to Eero’s success in endurance sports? EPO is erythropoietin, which is naturally produced by the kidneys. Blood doping is a method of increasing?athletic?performance by artificially increasing an?athlete's?red blood cell (RBC) count. Because red blood cells carry oxygen to the muscles, having a higher RBC count can dramatically improve an?athlete's?aerobic capacity and delay fatigue.Eero naturally had more endurance.Describe at least two other genetic changes (either natural or through genetic enhancement) that might improve the performance of an athlete. Make sure to explain how the gene change is linked to increased chances for success. See table.Explain how performance enhancers show the negative side of medical interventions. It can be used to alter a person’s body or ability, often with negative side effects. It give a person an unfair advantage and they don’t have to work for what they earn, which many believe to be unethical.PERFORMANCE ENHANCERWHY TAKE IT?HEALTH RISKS?CreatineCreatine is a natural substance that turns into creatine phosphate in the body. Creatine phosphate helps make a substance called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP provides the energy for muscle?contractions.Although creatine is a natural substance, it hasn't been well-studied over the long-term. Researchers still aren't sure what effects it might have on the body, particularly in young people, or how effective it might be.Anabolic SteroidsSome adults and?teens?use illegal anabolic steroids to lower body fat, get bigger muscles, and increase strength. They use the drugs because they are seeking to improve how well they play sports or how they look.Anabolic steroids?are synthetic substances similar to the male hormone?testosterone.?When taken without a prescription they cause males to have over developed male characteristics or females to develop male characteristics, such as a deeper voice. Also, it enlarges muscles including the heart so heart complications occur.CaffeineWhen consumed?before?exercise—can cause fat cells to be used as an energy source, as opposed to glycogen. Also, the high amounts of?caffeine?in black coffee will increase your metabolism, which makes you burn more calories throughout the day. Having coffee?before?exercise enhances that effect.Caffeine is LIKELY SAFE for most adults when used appropriately. Caffeine is POSSIBLY UNSAFE when taken by?mouth?for a long time or in fairly high?doses. Caffeine can cause?insomnia,?nervousness?and?restlessness,?Stomach irritation,?nausea?and?vomiting,?increased heart rate?and respiration, and other side effects.Beta-blockersIt stops “hand tremors”Dizziness.Weakness.Drowsiness or fatigue.Cold hands and feet.Dry mouth, skin, or eyes.Headache.Upset stomach.Diarrhea or constipationHuman growth hormone (hGH)Like steroids,?HGH?seems to be in constant demand by?athletes, not only to increase lean body mass but also to speed recovery from muscle fatigue or injury. ... In turn, IGF-1 causes bone?growth?and also plays a key role in muscle and organ?growth, according to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA).EphedrineAs a central nervous system stimulant, the?ephedrine?in Ma Huang increases basal metabolic rate (BMR), meaning it spurs the body to burn calories faster.nervousness,?anxiety,?dizziness,?spinning sensation (vertigo),?headache,?nausea,?loss of appetite,?trouble sleeping (insomnia),?fast heart rate,?palpitations,?sweating,?vomiting,?weight loss, and?difficult or?painful urination.Erythropoietin (EPO)EPO is erythropoietin, which is naturally produced by the kidneys. Blood doping is a method of increasing?athletic?performance by artificially increasing an?athlete's?red blood cell (RBC) count. Because red blood cells carry oxygen to the muscles, having a higher RBC count can dramatically improve an?athlete's?aerobic capacity and delay fatigue.Rapid increases in blood pressure when the substance is introduced too quickly.Convulsions.Influenza-like symptoms, bone aches and shivering following injection.Skin reactions, allergy-like swelling at the site of injection.Liver or pancreatic damage.DiureticsDiuretics?increase the production of urine, and some?athletes use?them to try to flush out residue from steroids. They can also be?used?to shed water as a temporary weight loss measure in sports with weight categories (boxing, equestrian sports).?too little potassium in the blood.too much potassium in the blood (for potassium-sparing diuretics only)low sodium levels.headache.dizziness.thirst.increased blood sugar.muscle cramps.Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)A pregnancy hormone:used by?athletes?to minimize some of the side effects of anabolic steroids, manipulate testosterone levels to mask steroid use, and build muscle.a hormone?used?by?bodybuilders?to improve results during anabolic-androgenic steroid?use. The hormone is produced by the placenta of a pregnant female and is essential for healthy pregnancy in humans.Headache.Irritability.Restlessness.Fatigue.Swelling in the feet, ankles, lowers legs, or hands.Appearance of female breasts in men.Pain in the area where you received the injection.Blood dopingBlood doping?is the practice of boosting the number of red?blood?cells in the bloodstream in order to enhance athletic performance. Because such?blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the muscles, a higher concentration in the?blood?can improve an athlete's aerobic capacity (VO2?max) and endurance.the formation of blood clots,overload of the circulatory system,kidney damage from allergic reactions and.transmission of infectious diseases like HIV.Glutamineglutamine?supplementation can not only help an?athlete?prevent illness and prevent catabolism of muscle tissue, but it can actually boost growth hormone levels, enhance glycogen storage, and hydrate muscle cells.nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, gas;swelling in your hands or feet;muscle or joint pain, back pain;headache, dizziness, tired feeling;mild skin rash or itching; or.dry mouth, runny nose, increased sweating.Androstenedione (Andro)The goal of the andro is to increase testosterone levels so athletes can train harder and recover in less time.Male?Side Effects. In men, androstene causes a low sperm count, aggression, and irritability.?Andro?has also been linked to premature baldness. These?side effects?are due to?andro?increasing testosterone in men. ................
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