Which of the following circumstances would be exempt from ...



Which of the following circumstances would be exempt from having to acquire informed consent?

a.

A researcher compares the effectiveness of two different drugs to treat depression.

b.

A researcher compares the self-esteem of boys versus girls in an inner-city elementary school.

c.

A researcher compares the aggression of college students who watch either violent or nonviolent television programs.

d.

A teacher compares active versus passive learning strategies in two sections of her abnormal psychology course.

Suppose you create wish to summarize information from a published journal article. You do so by essentially keeping the same sentence structure and terminology of the original article, but you change a few words here and there and omit some phrases. According to your textbook,

a.

this is acceptable for student papers but not for professional scientists.

b.

this is considered plagiarism.

c.

this is acceptable paraphrasing as long as you use a parenthetical citation like this: (Johnson, 1992).

d.

this is considered a secondary citation.

Clara has written a research report that contains little scientific jargon but several emotional words. Clara has most likely engaged in

a.

a reliability analysis.

b.

correlational research.

c.

quantitative research.

d.

qualitative research.

Marianne wishes to determine if her qualitative research project would produce the same results if it was conducted in a different context. Marianne is most concerned about

a.

dependability.

b.

transferability.

c.

credibility.

d.

confirmability.

Pete conducts numerous interviews and engages in several observations of a gifted third-grader in order to better understand the adjustment of gifted children to public schools. Pete has conducted a(n)

a.

case study.

b.

experiment.

c.

participant observation.

d.

ethnographic inquiry.

Joe and Sam are coders in an observational study on sex stereotyping in television commercials. When they have finished collecting their data, they should calculate

a.

time sampling validity.

b.

interobserver validity.

c.

time sampling reliability.

d.

interobserver reliability.

Bess conducts a study in which she measures self-esteem and grade point average in a sample of 50 college students. She hypothesizes that higher self-esteem will be associated with higher grade point average. This research approach is best described as _________ research.

a.

archival

b.

correlational

c.

grounded theory

d.

ethnographic

James conducts a study on the number of churches and amount of crime and finds a strong positive relationship between the two (in other words, the more churches there are in a location, the more crime there is). What should James conclude?

a.

Churches cause crime; therefore, cities should attempt to reduce the number of churches.

b.

Committing a crime causes people to go to church more in an effort to atone for their sins.

c.

High population density causes both churches and crime to increase in any geographical location.

d.

None of the above; it is not appropriate to make causal claims based on correlational data.

Latoya develops a new scale to measure beliefs in extraterrestrials. She gives her new scale to 100 people twice, two months apart. She finds that in general, people who believe in extraterrestrials at Time 1 also believe in extraterrestrials at Time 2. Latoya's scale exhibits good

a.

concurrent validity.

b.

content validity.

c.

test-retest reliability.

d.

split-half reliability.

In one study, half of the rats are given one food pellet each time they correctly run a maze, and the other half of the rats are given two food pellets each time they correctly run a maze. The researchers record the average amount of time it takes the rats to run the maze. In this study, the number of food pellets represents the __________ variable.

a.

independent

b.

dependent

c.

extraneous

d.

intrinsic

In one study, students read a fictitious job application. The applications are identical except that half have a female name ("Joan") and half have a male name ("John"). The students rate the likelihood of the applicant succeeding at the job. What is the dependent variable?

a.

the name on the job application

b.

the students

c.

the students' ratings of the applicants' success

d.

the gender of the students

"Individuals who undergo therapy will differ in their levels of depression from those who do not undergo therapy." This hypothesis is an example of a

a.

contradictory statement.

b.

nondirectional research hypothesis.

c.

directional research hypothesis.

d.

non-falsifiable hypothesis.

Daniel would like to study a new way of teaching research methods. There are two sections of research methods being taught at 2 p.m. on Mondays and Wednesdays, so Daniel has one teacher use the new way and the other teacher use the old way. At the end of the semester, he finds that students who were taught the new way had higher grades than students taught the old way. What is the extraneous variable?

a.

grades at the end of the semester

b.

method of instruction (new versus old)

c.

the two teachers

d.

There is no extraneous variable in this study.

George creates a new happiness scale and gives it to a sample of college students twice. Scores were consistent over time, which means that George's scale is

a.

valid.

b.

reliable.

c.

negatively correlated.

d.

confounded.

Harry decides to use incomplete counterbalancing for his study in which each participant is exposed to six different treatments over the course of the study. He decides to randomly select the sequences he will use. Which requirement of counterbalancing is he likely to violate?

a.

Each treatment must be presented to each participant an equal number of times.

b.

Each treatment must occur an equal number of times at each testing or practice session.

c.

Each treatment must precede and follow each of the other treatments an equal number of times.

d.

both (b) and (c)

Demand characteristics act as ________ variables when participants know which group they are in, and demand characteristics act as _________ variables when participants are not sure which group they are in.

a.

nuisance; extraneous

b.

extraneous; nuisance

c.

extraneous; extraneous

d.

nuisance; nuisance

Tammy conducted a study in which participants rank-ordered their favorite free-time activities. Tammy used a(n) _________ scale of measurement.

a.

ratio

b.

nominal

c.

interval

d.

ordinal

Joseph would like to find a measure of central tendency for his occupation variable (measured as "sales," "teacher," or "other"). Joseph should use the

a.

median.

b.

mode.

c.

mean.

d.

It is impossible to find central tendency for this variable.

Darnell would like to calculate a measure of central tendency for his rank-ordered data. Darnell should use the

a.

mean.

b.

median.

c.

mode.

d.

Central tendency cannot be calculated for this data.

Suppose there are three authors on a manuscript. How should they determine the order in which the authors are listed on the title page?

a.

The author who made the most important contribution should be listed last.

b.

The author who made the most important contribution should be listed first.

c.

The order of authors should be randomly determined.

d.

Authors should be listed in alphabetical order.

Which of the following accurately depicts the structure of an introduction section?

a.

The introduction should contain primarily opinions in the middle paragraphs and facts in the first and last paragraphs.

b.

The last paragraph of the introduction should provide all the background information on your topic.

c.

The introduction should begin broadly and then narrow to a specific focus.

d.

The introduction should begin with a specific focus and end broadly.

How do you cite two papers published in the same year by exactly the same authors?

a.

Place a 1 or a 2 after the date of each reference

b.

Use the title of the article instead of author and date in your citation

c.

Put one of the references in quotes and the other not in quotes to distinguish them

d.

Place a lowercase a or b after the date of each reference

Examine the following headings:

Method Procedure

Pretraining period.

The heading Pretraining period is considered a level _____ heading.

a.

1

b.

3

c.

4

d.

5

Which of the following illustrates passive voice?

a.

The experimenter gave each participant a debriefing sheet.

b.

The participants were paid, debriefed, and dismissed.

c.

The participants showed the experimenter their recall sheets.

d.

All of the above illustrate passive voice.

The word __________is used for restrictive clauses and the word ___________ is used for nonrestrictive clauses.

a.

that; which

b.

which; that

c.

that or which; that or which

d.

that or which; that

Which of the following statements is true concerning the usage of since and while?

a.

Since can be used interchangeably with because.

b.

While can be used interchangeably with although.

c.

While can be used interchangeably with whereas.

d.

Since and while can only be used to make time comparisons.

Which of the following would be the best term, according to the APA Publication Manual?

a.

Schizophrenics

b.

People diagnosed with schizophrenia

c.

Subjects diagnosed with schizophrenia

d.

Schizophrenic subjects

Frances wishes to study the effects of violent videogames on children's levels of aggression. As children come to the lab for the study, she flips a coin. If it turns up heads, the child plays a violent videogame. If it turns up tails, the child plays a nonviolent videogame. Frances has used the technique of

a.

random selection.

b.

random assignment.

c.

creating matched pairs.

d.

correlated assignment

Latitia conducted an experiment in which all the men watched an aggressive television program, and all the women watched a non-aggressive television program. Her results showed that people who watched the aggressive program were later more aggressive than people who watched the non-aggressive program. She concludes that aggressive television programming is detrimental. What is the biggest problem in Latitia's experiment?

a.

She has not used random selection procedures.

b.

She has confounded gender and type of television program.

c.

She should have used a correlated-groups design instead of an independent-groups design.

d.

None of the above; there are no problems in Latitia's experiment.

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