JANUARY 2016 of Health Care Systems 2015 International ...

JANUARY 2016

2015 International Profiles

of Health Care Systems

EDITED BY Elias Mossialos and Martin Wenzl London School of Economics and Political Science

Robin Osborn and Dana Sarnak The Commonwealth Fund

AUSTRALIA CANADA CHINA

DENMARK ENGLAND

FRANCE GERMANY

INDIA ISRAEL

ITALY JAPAN NETHERLANDS NEW ZEALAND NORWAY SINGAPORE SWEDEN SWITZERLAND UNITED STATES

The Commonwealth Fund is a private foundation that promotes a high performance health care system providing better access, improved quality, and greater efficiency. The Fund's work focuses particularly on society's most vulnerable, including low-income people, the uninsured, minority Americans, young children, and elderly adults.

The Fund carries out this mandate by supporting independent research on health care issues and making grants to improve health care practice and policy. An international program in health policy is designed to stimulate innovative policies and practices in the United States and other industrialized countries.

2015 International Profiles of Health Care Systems

Australia, Canada, China, Denmark, England, France, Germany, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Singapore, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States

EDITED BY Elias Mossialos and Martin Wenzl London School of Economics and Political Science Robin Osborn and Dana Sarnak The Commonwealth Fund

JANUARY 2016

Abstract: This publication presents overviews of the health care systems of Australia, Canada, China, Denmark, England, France, Germany, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Singapore, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States. Each overview covers health insurance, public and private financing, health system organization and governance, health care quality and coordination, disparities, efficiency and integration, use of information technology and evidence-based practice, cost containment, and recent reforms and innovations. In addition, summary tables provide data on a number of key health system characteristics and performance indicators, including overall health care spending, hospital spending and utilization, health care access, patient safety, care coordination, chronic care management, disease prevention, capacity for quality improvement, and public views.

To learn more about new publications when they become available, visit the Fund's website and register to receive email alerts. Commonwealth Fund pub. 1857.

CONTENTS

Table 1. Health Care System Financing and Coverage in 18 Countries . . . 6 Table 2. Selected Health System Indicators for 17 Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Table 3. Selected Health System Performance Indicators for 11 Countries . . . . . 8 Table 4. Provider Organization and Payment in 18 Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

The Australian Health Care System, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 The Canadian Health Care System, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 The Chinese Health Care System, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 The Danish Health Care System, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 The English Health Care System, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 The French Health Care System, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 The German Health Care System, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 The Indian Health Care System, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 The Israeli Health Care System, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 The Italian Health Care System, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 The Japanese Health Care System, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 The Dutch Health Care System, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 The New Zealand Health Care System, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 The Norwegian Health Care System, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 The Singaporean Health Care System, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 The Swedish Health Care System, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 The Swiss Health Care System, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 The U.S. Health Care System, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

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