International Profiles of Health Care Systems

MAY 2017

EDITED BY Elias Mossialos and Ana Djordjevic London School of Economics and Political Science Robin Osborn and Dana Sarnak The Commonwealth Fund

International Profiles of Health Care Systems

Australia, Canada, China, Denmark, England, France, Germany, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Singapore, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, and the United States

THE COMMONWEALTH FUND is a private foundation that promotes a high performance health care system providing better access, improved quality, and greater efficiency. The Fund's work focuses particularly on society's most vulnerable, including low-income people, the uninsured, minority Americans, young children, and elderly adults.

The Fund carries out this mandate by supporting independent research on health care issues and making grants to improve health care practice and policy. An international program in health policy is designed to stimulate innovative policies and practices in the United States and other industrialized countries.

MAY 2017

International Profiles of Health Care Systems

Australia Canada China Denmark England France Germany India Israel Italy Japan The Netherlands New Zealand Norway Singapore Sweden Switzerland Taiwan United States

EDITED BY Elias Mossialos and Ana Djordjevic London School of Economics and Political Science

Robin Osborn and Dana Sarnak The Commonwealth Fund

To learn more about new publications when they become available, visit the Fund's website and register to receive email alerts.

CONTENTS

Table 1. Health Care System Financing and Coverage in 19 Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Table 2. Selected Health Care System Indicators for 18 Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Table 3. Selected Health System Performance Indicators for 17 Countries . . . . . . . 8 Table 4. Provider Organization and Payment in 19 Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

The Australian Health Care System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 The Canadian Health Care System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 The Chinese Health Care System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 The Danish Health Care System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 The English Health Care System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 The French Health Care System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59 The German Health Care System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 The Indian Health Care System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 The Israeli Health Care System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 The Italian Health Care System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95 The Japanese Health Care System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 The Dutch Health Care System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 The New Zealand Health Care System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

The Norwegian Health Care System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 The Singaporean Health Care System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 The Swedish Health Care System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 The Swiss Health Care System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 The Taiwanese Health Care System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 The U.S. Health Care System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

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