Johns Hopkins University Press



Appendix 2 CARES Pre-test questions for each session

|CARES Session 1 Module Pre-Test |

|MULTIPLE CHOICE |

| |( Data collection |( Hypothesis construction |

|Which of the following is not part of the research process? |( Self-enlightenment |( Interpretation of data |

|You know that research requires a clear articulation of a goal. Is the following |( No |( Yes |

|statement representative of an articulated goal? "Why do birds form a V-shaped | | |

|pattern when they fly in groups?" | | |

|Once you have formulated a research goal, the next step is: |( You propose a procedure to reach that goal |( You start the collection of data to meet the goal |

| |( You accept a hypothesis |( You devise assumptions |

|If hypotheses are supported by a growing body of data, they evolve into: |( Laws |( Rules |

| |( Theories |( Suggestions |

| __________ are tentative explanations that new data either support or do not |( Hypotheses |

|support. |( Theories |

| |( Facts |

|TRUE or FALSE |

|Looking in an encyclopedia to determine who discovered the North Pole is an |( True |

|example of research. |( False |

|Research often includes the publication of what the researcher has discovered |( True |

| |( False |

|Hypotheses are never proved in research. |( True |

| |( False |

|The collection of data is a subjective process. |( True |

| |( False |

|The interpretation of data is an objective process. |( True |

| |( False |

|CARES Session 2 Module Pre-Test |

|Which of the following is the strongest predictor of a person’s health status? |Employment status |

| |Education level |

| |Income |

| |Literacy skills |

|Which of the following are coping mechanisms used by patients with low health |Nod politely when doctor speaks and don’t ask any questions |

|literacy? |Say they forgot their eyeglasses to avoid filling out forms or questionnaires |

| |Laugh and being forgetful when asked about their medical condition or treatments |

| |All of the above |

|Uniting health information with technology is at the core of healthcare industry |Ensuring national safety |

|changes for the following purposes, except: |Threatening a consumer’s information privacy |

| |Improved quality of patient care and safety |

| |Reduction of healthcare costs |

|An informed healthcare consumer can impact the quality of their own care by |Calling attention to errors in documented information |

| |Advising physicians of recent medical tests and medications |

| |Taking care to balance privacy concerns with information availability |

| |All of the above |

|Health information will be better managed when technology is utilized as a tool. |True |

| |False |

|CARES Session 3 Module Pre-Test |

|Which of the following statements define the human research principle of respect for|The capacity and rights of all individuals to make their own decisions |

|persons? |The respect for the autonomy of all human beings |

| |The recognition of the dignity and freedom of all persons |

| |The need to provide special protection to vulnerable persons |

| |All of the above |

|Which of the following is not an ethical practice? |Sharing your data with other organizations who have a legitimate interest in your research |

| |Using pseudonyms to protect participants from being identified |

| |Obtaining someone’s informed consent to participate in research project prior to the project starting |

| |Keeping your data under lock and key |

|What is the over-riding principle governing ethical behavior? |To obtain the informed consent of the participants |

| |To avoid dealing with sensitive topics |

| |To protect research participants and their communities from harm |

| |To preserve the anonymity of your participants |

|Which of the following is not considered to be an example of scientific misconduct? |Fabrication of data |

| |Plagiarism |

| |Publishing a table with a typographical error |

| |Authorship on a project that you did not work on |

|Research conducted today has more ethical problems that research conducted 30 years |True |

|ago. |False |

|CARES Session 4 Module Pre-Test |

|A good qualitative problem statement: |Defines the independent and dependent variables |

| |Conveys a sense of emerging design |

| |Specifies a research hypothesis to be tested |

| |Specifies the relationship between variables that the researcher expects to find |

|Research hypotheses are ______. |Formulated prior to a review of the literature |

| |Statements of predicted relationships between variables |

| |Stated such that they can be confirmed or refuted |

| |b and c |

|A review of the literature prior to formulating research questions allows the |To become familiar with prior research on the phenomenon of interest |

|researcher to do which of the following |To identify potential methodological problems in the research area |

| |To develop a list of pertinent problems relative to the phenomenon of interest |

| |All of the above |

|A formal statement of the research question or “purpose of research study” generally|Is made prior to the literature review |

|______. |Is made after the literature review |

| |Will help guide the research process |

| |All of the above |

| |e. b and c |

|Sometimes a comprehensive review of the literature prior to data collection is not |True |

|recommended by grounded theorists. |False |

|CARES Session 5 Module Pre-Test |

|According to the text, questionnaires can address events and characteristics |In the past (retrospective questions) |

|taking place when |In the present (current time questions) |

| |In the future (prospective questions) |

| |All of the above |

|Which of these is not a method of data collection? |Questionnaires |

| |Interviews |

| |Experiments |

| |Observations |

|Secondary/existing data may include which of the following? |Official documents |

| |Personal documents |

| |Archived research data |

| |All of the above |

|Which of the following terms best describes data that were originally collected |Primary data |

|at an earlier time by a different person for a different purpose? |Secondary data |

| |Experimental data |

| |d. Field notes |

|Researchers use both open-ended and closed-ended questions to collect data. |Open-ended questions directly provide quantitative data based on the researcher’s predetermined response categories |

|Which of the following statements is true? |Closed-ended questions provide quantitative data in the participant’s own words |

| |Open-ended questions provide qualitative data in the participant’s own words |

| |Closed-ended questions directly provide qualitative data in the participants’ own words |

|CARES Session 6 Module Pre-Test |

|The specific cultural conventions or statements that people who share a culture|a. Shared attitudes |

|hold to be true or false are called ______. |b. Shared beliefs |

| |c. Shared values |

| |d. Norms |

|Which of the following is a characteristic of qualitative research? |a. Design flexibility |

| |b. Inductive analysis |

| |c. Context sensitivity |

| |d. All of the above |

|Which major characteristic of qualitative research refers to studying real |a. Holistic perspective |

|world situations as they unfold naturally? |b. Naturalistic inquiry |

| |c. Dynamic systems |

| |d. Inductive analysis |

|In which qualitative research approach is the primary goal to gain access to |a. Phenomenology |

|individuals’ inner worlds of experience? |b. Ethnography |

| |c. Grounded theory |

| |d. Case study |

|Which of the following is usually not a characteristic of qualitative research?|a. Design flexibility |

| |b. Dynamic systems |

| |c. Naturalistic inquiry |

| |d. Deductive design |

|CARES Session 7 Module Pre-Test |

|A research method in which a researcher asks study participants several |Case study |

|conversational style questions and does not provide a set of responses to |Interview |

|choose from |Comparative method |

| |Quantitative study |

|The key feature of probability sampling is: |Selection of very large samples |

| |Elimination of sampling error |

| |Random selection |

| |Reduction of bias in the sampling frame |

|Which of the following is an example of nominal level measurement? |Family size (number of children in a family) |

| |Political participation (number of times voted in last 10 years) |

| |Educational attainment (highest year or grade in school completed) |

| |Political party affiliation (Republican, Democrat, Independent, Other) |

|When each member of a population has an equally likely chance of being |A nonrandom sampling method |

|selected, this is called: |A quota sample |

| |A snowball sample |

| |An Equal probability selection method |

|CARES Session 8 Module Pre-Test |

|Which of the following is a principle of community-based participatory |Data collection must be conducted by people who do not live in the community to be studied. |

|research? |Collaborative partnership must occur in all phases of the research. |

| |Researchers from the university must decide the methods of evaluation used in the research project. |

| |None of the above |

|As a community member serving on an IRB board of a local university, |To make sure that no one conducts research in poor communities. |

|you have a responsibility |To agree with the other members of the committee. |

| |To make sure that researchers protect the identities of people who participate in their studies |

| |Make sure that university researchers do as much research as possible. |

|Many university researchers are required by grant-making institutions |True |

|to involve community members in their research projects |False |

|Community members who are part of a CBPR project should expect to play |True |

|a role in analyzing, writing, and/or distributing results of the |False |

|research | |

|CARES Session 9 Module Pre-Test |

|A nurse labels a patient an alcoholic because of the patient’s |Stereotyping |

|ethnicity. This is called |Risk |

| |Mercury |

| |Biology |

|Which applies best as an overall goal is to increase the quality of |Host |

|years and healthy life? |True |

| |HP2010 |

| |Age |

|Which is a factor that affects the health of a community |Physical |

| |Social and Cultural |

| |Community Organization |

| |Individual Behaviors |

| |All the above |

|Program planning begins with: |Assessment of existing health needs and problems |

| |Identification of different practice settings |

| |Measurement of social marketing process |

| |Evaluation of learning objectives |

|An example of secondary prevention would be |Wearing a seat belt |

| |Getting a mammogram |

| |Exercising |

| |Getting a flu vaccination |

|CARES Session 10 Module Pre-Test |

|In the definition of epidemiology, the terms “distribution” and |Frequency, pattern, and causes of health events |

|“determinants” taken together refer to: |Dissemination of information to those who need to know |

| |Knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to health |

| |Public health services and resources |

|Descriptive epidemiology includes all EXCEPT: |What |

| |Who |

| |When |

| |Where |

| |Why |

|The London cholera epidemic of 1848 was traced to the Broad Street |Graunt |

|pump by whom? |Farr |

| |Snow |

| |Doll |

| |Hill |

|The time course of a disease outbreak is usually displayed as a/an: |Secular trend |

| |Seasonal trend |

| |Epidemic curve |

| |Endemic curve |

|Because socioeconomic status is difficult to quantify, we commonly |Educational achievement |

|use all of the following substitute measures EXCEPT: |Family income |

| |Occupation social standing |

|CARES Session 11 Module Pre-Test |

|The term “literacy” is defined by which of the following: |Read |

| |Write |

| |Speak in English |

| |Compute and solve problems |

| |All of the above |

|The term “Health Literacy” focuses solely on minorities and low-income |True |

|persons. |False |

|Which of the following does not apply to persons with Level 1 literacy? |Can sign one’s name |

| |Total a bank deposit entry |

| |Identify and enter background information on a social security card application |

| |Identify a country in a short article |

| |Find the expiration date on a driver’s license |

|How many people in the U.S. may be at risk of difficulty due to low |50 million |

|literacy skills? |70 million |

| |80 million |

| |90 million |

| |100 million |

|One out of five American Adults reads at the 5th grade level or below, |True |

|and the average American reads at the 10th grade level. |False |

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