Chapter 8 – Energy Balance and Body Composition
Chapter 8 – Energy Balance and Body Composition
ENERGY BALANCE
1. BASAL METABOLIC RATE
• calories burned at rest for all body processes
• equals about % of the energy used daily
2. THERMIC EFFECT OF FOOD
• equals about 10-15% of energy needs
• calories needed to digest, absorb, and transport nutrients
Carbohydrate: 5-10%
Fat: 0-5%
Protein: 20-30%
Alcohol 20%
3. ENERGY FOR ACTIVITIES
• makes up about 15-20% of energy needs
• the number of calories burned during exercise depends on muscle mass, body weight, and activity
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE BMR
• Age
• Height
• Growth
• Body Composition
• Fever and disease
• Extreme Temperature
• Fasting / Starvation
• Malnutrition
• Hormones
• Smoking
• Caffeine
• Sleep
• Sex
To Estimate Basal Metabolism (BMR):
• Women – 0.9 kcal / kg / hr OR 23 kcal/kg/day
• Men – 1.0 kcal / kg / hr OR 24 kcal/kg/day
1 kg = 2.2 pounds
To estimate TOTAL calorie needs, divide the BMR by .7 (for 70%)
BODY WEIGHT AND BODY COMPOSITION
HEALTHY WEIGHT:
• A weight within the suggested ranges for height
• A fat distribution pattern associated with a low risk of illness or death
• Freedom from medical conditions that would suggest a need for weight loss
OVERWEIGHT:
• ________% above standard weight for height
OBESE:
• more than ______% over standard weight for height
UNDERWEIGHT:
• more than ______% under standard weight for height
BODY MASS INDEX (BMI)
• An index of a person's weight in relation to height
• A measure of the risk of disease
• Does not account for body composition, sex, or frame size
|BMI |CLASSIFICATION |RISK OF DISEASE |
|under 18.5 |underweight |high risk |
|18.5 to 25 |normal |very low risk |
|25-30 |overweight |increased risk |
|30-35 |class I obesity |high risk |
|35-40 |class II obesity |very high risk |
|above 40 |class III obesity |extreme risk |
CENTRAL OBESITY
• carrying fat in the central abdominal area of the body (apple shape)
• can increase LDL-cholesterol and the risk for heart disease
• most common in men
• smokers and drinkers are very likely to have central obesity
• waist circumference above 35 inches for women and above 40 inches for men is associated with a higher risk of health problems
MEASURING % BODY FAT
• fatfold measurements (using skin calipers)
• bioelectrical impedence – uses a low-intensity electrical current
• air displacement plethysmography - measures the amount of air displaced by the person’s body
• dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) – differentiates among lean body mass, fat tissue, and bone tissue
• underwater weighing (hydrodensitometry)
BODY FAT PERCENTAGES
• body fat tends to increase with age
• a high percentage of body fat increases the risk of disease
• percentage of body fat does not always directly correspond with weight for height charts
• women have (and need) a higher percentage of body fat than men
• women need enough body fat for normal hormone functioning and reproduction
• Body fat above 22% in young men, 25% in older men (over age 40), 32% in young women, and 35% in older women is defined as obesity and can lead to health problems
|PERSON |“IDEAL” BODY FAT RANGE |
|Women |20% - 31% |
| Athletic Women |15% - 20% |
|Men |11% - 21% |
| Athletic Men |5% - 10% |
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH LOW % OF BODY FAT or UNDERWEIGHT::
• infertility (especially with women)
• negative pregnancy outcome
• depression
• inability to keep warm
• abnormal hunger regulation
• osteoporosis
• harder to fight wasting diseases such as AIDS and cancer
• harder to handle surgery
CAUSES OF BEING UNDERWEIGHT
• Wasting diseases (cancer, infections, fever)
• Malabsorption (diarrhea, GI disease, laxative abuse)
• Hormonal imbalance (hyperthyroidism)
• Energy imbalance (too much exercise)
• Poor food intake / poor living situation
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY OR HIGH % BODY FAT:
• Type 2 Diabetes
• Hypertension
• High blood lipids
• Cardiovascular disease
• Sleep Apnea
• Osteoarthritis
• Some Cancers
• Varicose Veins
• Gallbladder disease
• Respiratory problems
• Liver disorders
• Complications during pregnancy
• Low self-esteem
• Social and financial problems
• People with lifelong obesity are more than twice as likely to die prematurely as a person of normal weight
-----------------------
Women: At 5'0 tall, start at 100 pounds. Add an additional 5 pounds for each inch over 5 feet.
Men: At 5'0 tall, start at 106 pounds. Add an additional 6 pounds for each inch over 5 feet.
................
................
In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.
To fulfill the demand for quickly locating and searching documents.
It is intelligent file search solution for home and business.
Related searches
- why is body composition important
- body composition and health
- body composition exercises
- chapter 8 photosynthesis 8 2
- chapter 8 photosynthesis and respiration
- body composition chart
- body composition assessment calculator
- body composition test
- body composition assessment
- chapter 8 questions and answers
- chapter 8 friedman capitalism and freedom
- chapter 8 lesson 2 homework elements and chemical bonds