Testosterone and coronary artery disease in men
Role of testosterone in the treatment in CVDShort title: Testosterone in CVDCarolyn M. Webb, Research Fellow, Vascular Biology, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, and Department of Cardiology, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UKPeter Collins, Professor of Clinical Cardiology, Vascular Biology, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, and Department of Cardiology, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UKDisclosure: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.Correspondence: Carolyn Webb, Department of Cardiology, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK.e-mails: c.webb@imperial.ac.uk and peter.collins@imperial.ac.ukSupporting informationCarolyn Webb is a Research Fellow at the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, and Honorary Senior Research Fellow at the Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London.Peter Collins is Professor of Clinical Cardiology,?National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, and Honorary Consultant Cardiologist at the Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London.Summary of the paperReduced testosterone levels in men are linked to premature coronary artery disease, unfavourable effects on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, and with increased risk of cardiovascular mortality independent of age. This review will present the current evidence, expert opinion and controversies around the role of testosterone in the pathophysiology of CVD, and surrounding the use of testosterone treatment and its effects on the cardiovascular system and CVD.ABSTRACTCardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most prevalent non-communicable cause of death worldwide. Testosterone is a sex hormone predominant in males, but also occurs in lower concentrations in females. It has effects directly on blood vessels of the cardiovascular system, and on the heart, as well as effects on risk factors for CVD. Serum testosterone concentrations are known to decrease with age, and reduced testosterone levels are linked to premature coronary artery disease (CAD), unfavourable effects on CVD risk factors, and with increased risk of cardiovascular mortality independent of age. A significant number of men with heart failure demonstrate reduced serum testosterone concentrations, and there is early evidence suggesting that low testosterone levels affect cardiac repolarisation. Any association between endogenous testosterone concentrations and CVD in women has yet to be established. Testosterone replacement is used to treat men with hypogonadism, but also has cardiovascular effects. This review will present the current evidence, expert opinion and controversies around the role of testosterone in the pathophysiology of CVD, and surrounding the use of testosterone treatment and its effects on the cardiovascular system and CVD.Keywords: testosterone, men, cardiovascular disease, risk factors, treatmentIntroductionCardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most prevalent non-communicable cause of death worldwide (World Health Statistics 2009, World Health Organization). The health and economic implications of caring for a growing aging population with CVD is enormous. Maintaining a ‘healthy’ elderly population that is mobile and independent with a good quality of life is vital. Testosterone is a sex hormone predominant in males, secreted from the testes and adrenal glands, but also occurs in lower concentrations in females, produced in the ovaries. In men, testosterone is primarily involved in sex differentiation and development of secondary sex characteristics at puberty as well as contributing to spermatogenesis, and sex drive in both men and women. Testosterone has effects directly on blood vessels of the cardiovascular system, and on the heart, as well as effects on risk factors for CVD (Figure 1). ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Oskui</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>225</RecNum><IDText>Testosterone and the cardiovascular system: a comprehensive review of the clinical literature</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>225</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Testosterone and the cardiovascular system: a comprehensive review of the clinical literature</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Oskui,P.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>French,W.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Herring,M.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mayeda,G.S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Burstein,S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kloner,R.A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2013/11/15</Date_Primary><Keywords>administration & dosage</Keywords><Keywords>Animals</Keywords><Keywords>Biomarkers</Keywords><Keywords>blood</Keywords><Keywords>Cardiology</Keywords><Keywords>Cardiovascular Diseases</Keywords><Keywords>Cardiovascular System</Keywords><Keywords>deficiency</Keywords><Keywords>diagnosis</Keywords><Keywords>drug therapy</Keywords><Keywords>Hormone Replacement Therapy</Keywords><Keywords>Humans</Keywords><Keywords>metabolism</Keywords><Keywords>mortality</Keywords><Keywords>physiopathology</Keywords><Keywords>Prognosis</Keywords><Keywords>Risk Factors</Keywords><Keywords>Severity of Illness Index</Keywords><Keywords>testosterone</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>e000272</Start_Page><Periodical>J.Am.Heart Assoc.</Periodical><Volume>2</Volume><Issue>6</Issue><User_Def_5>PMC3886770</User_Def_5><Misc_3>jah3361 [pii];10.1161/JAHA.113.000272 [doi]</Misc_3><Address>Department of Cardiology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA</Address><Web_URL>PM:24242682</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J.Am.Heart Assoc.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>1 Serum testosterone concentrations are known to decrease with age. 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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 11 Any association between endogenous testosterone concentrations and CVD in women has yet to be established. The effects of endogenous testosterone on CVD have been well documented previously. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Webb</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>255</RecNum><IDText>Testosterone and coronary artery disease in men</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>255</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Testosterone and coronary artery disease in men</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Webb,C.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Collins,P.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2010/9</Date_Primary><Keywords>Arteries</Keywords><Keywords>blood</Keywords><Keywords>Cause of Death</Keywords><Keywords>Coronary Artery Disease</Keywords><Keywords>deficiency</Keywords><Keywords>Endothelium,Vascular</Keywords><Keywords>etiology</Keywords><Keywords>Heart</Keywords><Keywords>Hemorheology</Keywords><Keywords>Hormone Replacement Therapy</Keywords><Keywords>Humans</Keywords><Keywords>Male</Keywords><Keywords>pathology</Keywords><Keywords>physiology</Keywords><Keywords>physiopathology</Keywords><Keywords>Plaque,Atherosclerotic</Keywords><Keywords>Risk</Keywords><Keywords>Risk Factors</Keywords><Keywords>testosterone</Keywords><Keywords>therapeutic use</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>15</Start_Page><End_Page>19</End_Page><Periodical>Maturitas</Periodical><Volume>67</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><Misc_3>S0378-5122(10)00138-6 [pii];10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.03.029 [doi]</Misc_3><Address>Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK. c.webb@imperial.ac.uk</Address><Web_URL>PM:20447781</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Maturitas</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>12 Current interest has been focussed more on the cardiovascular effects of exogenous testosterone, testosterone treatment, and its effects on the cardiovascular pathophysiology. This has been driven by an increase in testosterone replacement use in men with ‘low’ testosterone concentrations, even without other symptoms of hypogonadism, particularly in North America. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Handelsman</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>268</RecNum><IDText>Global trends in testosterone prescribing, 2000-2011: expanding the spectrum of prescription drug misuse</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>268</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Global trends in testosterone prescribing, 2000-2011: expanding the spectrum of prescription drug misuse</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Handelsman,D.J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2013/10/21</Date_Primary><Keywords>11</Keywords><Keywords>Andropause</Keywords><Keywords>Australia</Keywords><Keywords>Cross-Cultural Comparison</Keywords><Keywords>deficiency</Keywords><Keywords>drug effects</Keywords><Keywords>economics</Keywords><Keywords>Evidence-Based Medicine</Keywords><Keywords>Forecasting</Keywords><Keywords>Health Care Costs</Keywords><Keywords>Health Surveys</Keywords><Keywords>Hormone Replacement Therapy</Keywords><Keywords>Humans</Keywords><Keywords>Male</Keywords><Keywords>Off-Label Use</Keywords><Keywords>Practice Patterns,Physicians'</Keywords><Keywords>Prescription Drug Misuse</Keywords><Keywords>Research</Keywords><Keywords>testosterone</Keywords><Keywords>therapeutic use</Keywords><Keywords>trends</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>548</Start_Page><End_Page>551</End_Page><Periodical>Med.J.Aust.</Periodical><Volume>199</Volume><Issue>8</Issue><Misc_3>10.5694/mja13.10111 [pii]</Misc_3><Address>ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. djh@anzac.edu.au</Address><Web_URL>PM:24138381</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Med.J.Aust.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>13 In the following discussion we will present the current evidence and expert opinions on the cardiovascular effects of testosterone treatment, primarily in men as the evidence in women is currently less dependable.Testosterone and treatment of CVDThe purpose of testosterone replacement is to normalise low testosterone levels to improve symptoms. Clinically this is advised in patients with symptomatic hypogonadism supported by biochemical evidence, however many of the studies presented in the following discussion have included men with low testosterone but not necessarily other signs of hypogonadism. Research interest has focussed mainly on the effects of testosterone treatment on cardiovascular conditions of coronary atherosclerosis, myocardial ischaemia, heart failure and more recently in cardiac electrophysiology (Figure 2). Metabolic effects of testosterone treatmentEndogenous testosterone concentrations are generally inversely related to CVD risk factors in men. Modifiable metabolic risk factors that are affected by testosterone levels include dyslipidaemia, central adiposity, insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes (T2DM) - epidemiological and observational studies largely show that low endogenous testosterone concentrations are independently associated with an atherogenic lipid profile, the metabolic syndrome and T2DM. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Rao</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>310</RecNum><IDText>Testosterone and insulin resistance in the metabolic syndrome and T2DM in men</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>310</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Testosterone and insulin resistance in the metabolic syndrome and T2DM in men</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Rao,P.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kelly,D.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Jones,T.H.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2013/8</Date_Primary><Keywords>Adipose Tissue</Keywords><Keywords>blood</Keywords><Keywords>Cholesterol</Keywords><Keywords>Cytokines</Keywords><Keywords>deficiency</Keywords><Keywords>Diabetes Mellitus</Keywords><Keywords>Diabetes Mellitus,Type 2</Keywords><Keywords>Female</Keywords><Keywords>Homeostasis</Keywords><Keywords>Hormones</Keywords><Keywords>Humans</Keywords><Keywords>Hypogonadism</Keywords><Keywords>Insulin</Keywords><Keywords>Insulin Resistance</Keywords><Keywords>Male</Keywords><Keywords>Metabolic Syndrome X</Keywords><Keywords>metabolism</Keywords><Keywords>mortality</Keywords><Keywords>Obesity</Keywords><Keywords>physiology</Keywords><Keywords>Prevalence</Keywords><Keywords>Risk</Keywords><Keywords>Risk Factors</Keywords><Keywords>Sex Factors</Keywords><Keywords>Syndrome</Keywords><Keywords>testosterone</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>479</Start_Page><End_Page>493</End_Page><Periodical>Nat.Rev.Endocrinol.</Periodical><Volume>9</Volume><Issue>8</Issue><Misc_3>nrendo.2013.122 [pii];10.1038/nrendo.2013.122 [doi]</Misc_3><Address>Academic Unit of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, UK</Address><Web_URL>PM:23797822</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Nat.Rev.Endocrinol.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>14 Lipid profileThe evidence to date indicate that testosterone treatment reduces total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations.PFJlZm1hbj48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkpvbmVzPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMTwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 15-17 The data are less clear for HDL-cholesterol and may depend on route of administration and resultant plasma concentrations of testosterone. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Rao</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>310</RecNum><IDText>Testosterone and insulin resistance in the metabolic syndrome and T2DM in men</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>310</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Testosterone and insulin resistance in the metabolic syndrome and T2DM in men</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Rao,P.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kelly,D.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Jones,T.H.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2013/8</Date_Primary><Keywords>Adipose Tissue</Keywords><Keywords>blood</Keywords><Keywords>Cholesterol</Keywords><Keywords>Cytokines</Keywords><Keywords>deficiency</Keywords><Keywords>Diabetes Mellitus</Keywords><Keywords>Diabetes Mellitus,Type 2</Keywords><Keywords>Female</Keywords><Keywords>Homeostasis</Keywords><Keywords>Hormones</Keywords><Keywords>Humans</Keywords><Keywords>Hypogonadism</Keywords><Keywords>Insulin</Keywords><Keywords>Insulin Resistance</Keywords><Keywords>Male</Keywords><Keywords>Metabolic Syndrome X</Keywords><Keywords>metabolism</Keywords><Keywords>mortality</Keywords><Keywords>Obesity</Keywords><Keywords>physiology</Keywords><Keywords>Prevalence</Keywords><Keywords>Risk</Keywords><Keywords>Risk Factors</Keywords><Keywords>Sex Factors</Keywords><Keywords>Syndrome</Keywords><Keywords>testosterone</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>479</Start_Page><End_Page>493</End_Page><Periodical>Nat.Rev.Endocrinol.</Periodical><Volume>9</Volume><Issue>8</Issue><Misc_3>nrendo.2013.122 [pii];10.1038/nrendo.2013.122 [doi]</Misc_3><Address>Academic Unit of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, UK</Address><Web_URL>PM:23797822</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Nat.Rev.Endocrinol.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>14 Triglycerides are generally not changed by testosterone treatment. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Agledahl</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>306</RecNum><IDText>Impact of testosterone treatment on postprandial triglyceride metabolism in elderly men with subnormal testosterone levels</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>306</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Impact of testosterone treatment on postprandial triglyceride metabolism in elderly men with subnormal testosterone levels</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Agledahl,I.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hansen,J.B.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Svartberg,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2008</Date_Primary><Keywords>Aged</Keywords><Keywords>blood</Keywords><Keywords>Body Composition</Keywords><Keywords>Body Mass Index</Keywords><Keywords>Cholesterol</Keywords><Keywords>Chylomicrons</Keywords><Keywords>Double-Blind Method</Keywords><Keywords>drug effects</Keywords><Keywords>Fasting</Keywords><Keywords>Humans</Keywords><Keywords>Lipid Metabolism</Keywords><Keywords>Lipoproteins</Keywords><Keywords>Lipoproteins,VLDL</Keywords><Keywords>Male</Keywords><Keywords>metabolism</Keywords><Keywords>methods</Keywords><Keywords>Middle Aged</Keywords><Keywords>Norway</Keywords><Keywords>Postprandial Period</Keywords><Keywords>Research</Keywords><Keywords>testosterone</Keywords><Keywords>therapeutic use</Keywords><Keywords>Triglycerides</Keywords><Keywords>Waist Circumference</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>641</Start_Page><End_Page>648</End_Page><Periodical>Scand.J.Clin.Lab Invest</Periodical><Volume>68</Volume><Issue>7</Issue><Address>Department of Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway. ingvild.agledahl@fagmed.uit.no</Address><Web_URL>PM:19378437</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Scand.J.Clin.Lab Invest</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>18 The TIMES2 study showed a reduction in lipoprotein (a) in hypogonadal men with and without T2DM or/and the metabolic syndrome treated with testosterone gel.PFJlZm1hbj48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkpvbmVzPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMTwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 15 In contrast, high doses of testosterone or anabolic steroids dramatically derange lipid profile. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Hartgens</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>311</RecNum><IDText>Effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids in athletes</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>311</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids in athletes</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hartgens,F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kuipers,H.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2004</Date_Primary><Keywords>Anabolic Agents</Keywords><Keywords>Androgens</Keywords><Keywords>blood</Keywords><Keywords>Blood Pressure</Keywords><Keywords>Body Composition</Keywords><Keywords>Cardiovascular Diseases</Keywords><Keywords>Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury</Keywords><Keywords>chemically induced</Keywords><Keywords>Depression</Keywords><Keywords>Doping in Sports</Keywords><Keywords>drug effects</Keywords><Keywords>Exercise</Keywords><Keywords>Female</Keywords><Keywords>Genital Diseases,Male</Keywords><Keywords>Humans</Keywords><Keywords>Male</Keywords><Keywords>Mental Disorders</Keywords><Keywords>Muscle,Skeletal</Keywords><Keywords>Netherlands</Keywords><Keywords>pharmacology</Keywords><Keywords>Physical Endurance</Keywords><Keywords>Research</Keywords><Keywords>Risk</Keywords><Keywords>Risk Factors</Keywords><Keywords>Steroids</Keywords><Keywords>surgery</Keywords><Keywords>testosterone</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>513</Start_Page><End_Page>554</End_Page><Periodical>Sports Med.</Periodical><Volume>34</Volume><Issue>8</Issue><Misc_3>3483 [pii]</Misc_3><Address>Department of Surgery, Outpatient Clinic Sports Medicine, University Hospital Maastricht, and Sports Medicine Center Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands. fhartgens@home.nl</Address><Web_URL>PM:15248788</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Sports Med.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>19Dysglycaemia and diabetesThe evidence consistently shows an association between low testosterone concentrations in men and insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and T2DM. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Rao</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>310</RecNum><IDText>Testosterone and insulin resistance in the metabolic syndrome and T2DM in men</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>310</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Testosterone and insulin resistance in the metabolic syndrome and T2DM in men</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Rao,P.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kelly,D.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Jones,T.H.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2013/8</Date_Primary><Keywords>Adipose Tissue</Keywords><Keywords>blood</Keywords><Keywords>Cholesterol</Keywords><Keywords>Cytokines</Keywords><Keywords>deficiency</Keywords><Keywords>Diabetes Mellitus</Keywords><Keywords>Diabetes Mellitus,Type 2</Keywords><Keywords>Female</Keywords><Keywords>Homeostasis</Keywords><Keywords>Hormones</Keywords><Keywords>Humans</Keywords><Keywords>Hypogonadism</Keywords><Keywords>Insulin</Keywords><Keywords>Insulin Resistance</Keywords><Keywords>Male</Keywords><Keywords>Metabolic Syndrome X</Keywords><Keywords>metabolism</Keywords><Keywords>mortality</Keywords><Keywords>Obesity</Keywords><Keywords>physiology</Keywords><Keywords>Prevalence</Keywords><Keywords>Risk</Keywords><Keywords>Risk Factors</Keywords><Keywords>Sex Factors</Keywords><Keywords>Syndrome</Keywords><Keywords>testosterone</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>479</Start_Page><End_Page>493</End_Page><Periodical>Nat.Rev.Endocrinol.</Periodical><Volume>9</Volume><Issue>8</Issue><Misc_3>nrendo.2013.122 [pii];10.1038/nrendo.2013.122 [doi]</Misc_3><Address>Academic Unit of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, UK</Address><Web_URL>PM:23797822</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Nat.Rev.Endocrinol.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>14 A number of interventional studies show an improvement in insulin resistance and glycaemic control in men with T2DM taking testosterone treatment.PFJlZm1hbj48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkthcG9vcjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDY8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 15, 20, 21 In the European TIMES2 study, testosterone gel reduced measures of insulin resistance by up 16% after one year in men with the metabolic syndrome with or without T2DM.PFJlZm1hbj48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkpvbmVzPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMTwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 22 Testosterone treatment and atherosclerosisObservational studies indicate a detrimental effect of low testosterone concentrations on atherosclerosis. For example, testosterone concentrations are negatively associated with carotid artery intima-media thickness, a measure of atheroma burden.PFJlZm1hbj48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPk11bGxlcjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDQ8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 23 The long-term consequences of testosterone supplementation on atherosclerosis in older men has been the focus of a number of recent studies. The Testosterone’s Effects on Atherosclerosis Progression in Aging Men (TEAAM) trial was designed to determine the effect of increasing circulating testosterone concentrations into a range that is mid-normal for young men on subclinical atherosclerosis progression in older men with low or low-normal testosterone levels but not necessarily with symptoms of hypogonadism.PFJlZm1hbj48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkJhc2FyaWE8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE1PC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 26 Compared with placebo, testosterone treatment was associated with a significantly greater increase in coronary artery non-calcified plaque volume and total plaque volume. Similar to the TEAAM trial, there was no significant effect on coronary calcium score. An increase in atheroma burden does not necessarily translate into increased rate of cardiovascular events, and neither study were powered to draw conclusions on this. These studies provide evidence for caution in the use of testosterone treatment, however larger studies are needed to understand the clinical implications of these findings.Coronary blood flow, myocardial ischaemia and angina in men with CADTestosterone has direct effects on arteries independent of the reproductive system. Evidence for this has come from both basic sciencePFJlZm1hbj48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPll1ZTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5OTU8L1llYXI+PFJlY051
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 30 To investigate the effects of longer-term testosterone treatment on coronary blood flow, cardiac magnetic resonance myocardial perfusion scans were performed in men with CAD before and 8 weeks following oral testosterone treatment in a placebo-controlled, cross-over study.PFJlZm1hbj48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPldlYmI8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA4PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNO
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 31 Myocardial perfusion was enhanced in myocardium supplied by unobstructed coronary arteries, but not in areas supplied by coronary arteries with significant atherosclerosis, concurring with previous findings.PFJlZm1hbj48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPldlYmI8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA4PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNO
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 30, 31 The lack of effect of testosterone on myocardium supplied by significantly diseased coronary arteries may explain studies of oral, transdermal and intramuscular testosterone treatment that failed to demonstrate an improvement in the frequency of anginal symptoms of men with CAD.PFJlZm1hbj48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkVuZ2xpc2g8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDAwPC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 36, 38, 39 The number of studies that have investigated this is small, each enrolling relatively few numbers of patients, and each using a different preparation of testosterone. The conclusions that can be drawn from these data, and used to direct clinical practice, are therefore limited. The largest study to date included 46 men with stable angina and baseline testosterone concentrations at the lower end of the normal range who were treated with a transdermal testosterone patch or placebo for 12 weeks in a parallel designed study.PFJlZm1hbj48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkVuZ2xpc2g8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDAwPC9ZZWFyPjxS
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PgB=
ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 36 Time to exercise-induced myocardial ischaemia was prolonged by testosterone treatment compared with placebo, with the effect being more pronounced in men with lower baseline testosterone concentrations.PFJlZm1hbj48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkVuZ2xpc2g8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDAwPC9ZZWFyPjxS
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PgB=
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PgB=
ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 36 The study of longest duration thus far is a 12 month parallel, placebo-controlled trial using a testosterone undecanoate injection administered 4 times per year.PFJlZm1hbj48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPk1hdGh1cjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDk8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 39 Thirteen men with angina, signs of myocardial ischaemia on treadmill exercise testing and plasma testosterone concentrations below 12 nmol/l completed the study, with the results showing a significant delay in time to myocardial ischaemia in men taking testosterone versus placebo.PFJlZm1hbj48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPk1hdGh1cjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDk8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 39 Larger studies are needed to clarify any clinical application of testosterone treatment in men with myocardial ischaemia, anginal symptoms and low testosterone concentrations.Testosterone and heart failureTestosterone deficiency is estimated to affect approximately a third of men with chronic heart failure. Low circulating levels of testosterone independently correlate with exercise intolerance in men with heart failurePFJlZm1hbj48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkphbmtvd3NrYTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDk8L1llYXI+
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 40 and relate to the muscle wasting characteristic of the condition.PFJlZm1hbj48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPnZvbiBIYWVobGluZzwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTc8L1ll
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 41, 42 and in the past decade testosterone has been investigated as a potential therapy to correct the anabolic balance. The first study was a small randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial that included men with chronic heart failure. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Pugh</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>239</RecNum><IDText>Acute haemodynamic effects of testosterone in men with chronic heart failure</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>239</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Acute haemodynamic effects of testosterone in men with chronic heart failure</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pugh,P.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Jones,T.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Channer,K.S.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2003/5</Date_Primary><Keywords>Aged</Keywords><Keywords>Analysis of Variance</Keywords><Keywords>Cardiac Output</Keywords><Keywords>Cardiac Output,Low</Keywords><Keywords>Cardiology</Keywords><Keywords>Cross-Over Studies</Keywords><Keywords>Double-Blind Method</Keywords><Keywords>drug effects</Keywords><Keywords>drug therapy</Keywords><Keywords>Gonadal Steroid Hormones</Keywords><Keywords>Heart</Keywords><Keywords>Heart Failure</Keywords><Keywords>Hormones</Keywords><Keywords>Humans</Keywords><Keywords>Male</Keywords><Keywords>methods</Keywords><Keywords>Middle Aged</Keywords><Keywords>physiopathology</Keywords><Keywords>Research</Keywords><Keywords>testosterone</Keywords><Keywords>therapeutic use</Keywords><Keywords>therapy</Keywords><Keywords>Vascular Resistance</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>909</Start_Page><End_Page>915</End_Page><Periodical>Eur.Heart J.</Periodical><Volume>24</Volume><Issue>10</Issue><Misc_3>S0195668X03000836 [pii]</Misc_3><Address>Department of Cardiology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, S10 2JF, Sheffield, UK</Address><Web_URL>PM:12714022</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Eur.Heart J.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>43 Compared with placebo, a single dose of buccal testosterone increased cardiac output and reduced systemic vascular resistance, with maximal effect coinciding with maximal free testosterone concentrations at 180 minutes. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Pugh</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>239</RecNum><IDText>Acute haemodynamic effects of testosterone in men with chronic heart failure</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>239</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Acute haemodynamic effects of testosterone in men with chronic heart failure</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pugh,P.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Jones,T.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Channer,K.S.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2003/5</Date_Primary><Keywords>Aged</Keywords><Keywords>Analysis of Variance</Keywords><Keywords>Cardiac Output</Keywords><Keywords>Cardiac Output,Low</Keywords><Keywords>Cardiology</Keywords><Keywords>Cross-Over Studies</Keywords><Keywords>Double-Blind Method</Keywords><Keywords>drug effects</Keywords><Keywords>drug therapy</Keywords><Keywords>Gonadal Steroid Hormones</Keywords><Keywords>Heart</Keywords><Keywords>Heart Failure</Keywords><Keywords>Hormones</Keywords><Keywords>Humans</Keywords><Keywords>Male</Keywords><Keywords>methods</Keywords><Keywords>Middle Aged</Keywords><Keywords>physiopathology</Keywords><Keywords>Research</Keywords><Keywords>testosterone</Keywords><Keywords>therapeutic use</Keywords><Keywords>therapy</Keywords><Keywords>Vascular Resistance</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>909</Start_Page><End_Page>915</End_Page><Periodical>Eur.Heart J.</Periodical><Volume>24</Volume><Issue>10</Issue><Misc_3>S0195668X03000836 [pii]</Misc_3><Address>Department of Cardiology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, S10 2JF, Sheffield, UK</Address><Web_URL>PM:12714022</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Eur.Heart J.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>43 Since then, the same group and others have shown beneficial effects of a variety of testosterone preparations on exercise capacity, oxygen consumption and functional class with treatment periods lasting 12 weeks to 12 months.PFJlZm1hbj48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPk1hbGtpbjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDY8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 47 Given via a transdermal patch for 6 months, testosterone significantly increased the distance walked in a 6-min walk test, and improved peak oxygen consumption, despite the women having pre-treatment testosterone concentrations in the normal range.PFJlZm1hbj48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkllbGxhbW88L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDEwPC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 47 The authors speculated a peripheral mechanism of action may explain this effect. A meta-analysis published in 2012 reinforced a beneficial effect of testosterone treatment on exercise capacity and oxygen consumption in patients with heart failure.PFJlZm1hbj48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPlRvbWE8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDEyPC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNO
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 48 Reports of the effects of testosterone treatment on muscle strength in men with heart failure are not consistent however, with some showing a null effect ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Malkin</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>216</RecNum><IDText>Testosterone therapy in men with moderate severity heart failure: a double-blind randomized placebo controlled trial</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>216</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Testosterone therapy in men with moderate severity heart failure: a double-blind randomized placebo controlled trial</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Malkin,C.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pugh,P.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>West,J.N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>van Beek,E.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Jones,T.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Channer,K.S.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2006/1</Date_Primary><Keywords>12</Keywords><Keywords>Adult</Keywords><Keywords>Aged</Keywords><Keywords>Androgens</Keywords><Keywords>Cardiology</Keywords><Keywords>Chronic Disease</Keywords><Keywords>Cohort Studies</Keywords><Keywords>Double-Blind Method</Keywords><Keywords>drug therapy</Keywords><Keywords>Exercise</Keywords><Keywords>Heart</Keywords><Keywords>Heart Failure</Keywords><Keywords>Hemodynamics</Keywords><Keywords>Hormone Replacement Therapy</Keywords><Keywords>Humans</Keywords><Keywords>Male</Keywords><Keywords>methods</Keywords><Keywords>Middle Aged</Keywords><Keywords>physiopathology</Keywords><Keywords>Research</Keywords><Keywords>testosterone</Keywords><Keywords>therapeutic use</Keywords><Keywords>therapy</Keywords><Keywords>Treatment Outcome</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>57</Start_Page><End_Page>64</End_Page><Periodical>Eur.Heart J.</Periodical><Volume>27</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><Misc_3>ehi443 [pii];10.1093/eurheartj/ehi443 [doi]</Misc_3><Address>Department of Cardiology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK</Address><Web_URL>PM:16093267</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Eur.Heart J.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>44 and others finding a benefit.PFJlZm1hbj48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkNhbWluaXRpPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwOTwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 45 This may be because none of these studies included patients with cachexia or muscle wasting. Apart from the testosterone patch, ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Malkin</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>216</RecNum><IDText>Testosterone therapy in men with moderate severity heart failure: a double-blind randomized placebo controlled trial</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>216</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Testosterone therapy in men with moderate severity heart failure: a double-blind randomized placebo controlled trial</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Malkin,C.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pugh,P.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>West,J.N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>van Beek,E.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Jones,T.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Channer,K.S.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2006/1</Date_Primary><Keywords>12</Keywords><Keywords>Adult</Keywords><Keywords>Aged</Keywords><Keywords>Androgens</Keywords><Keywords>Cardiology</Keywords><Keywords>Chronic Disease</Keywords><Keywords>Cohort Studies</Keywords><Keywords>Double-Blind Method</Keywords><Keywords>drug therapy</Keywords><Keywords>Exercise</Keywords><Keywords>Heart</Keywords><Keywords>Heart Failure</Keywords><Keywords>Hemodynamics</Keywords><Keywords>Hormone Replacement Therapy</Keywords><Keywords>Humans</Keywords><Keywords>Male</Keywords><Keywords>methods</Keywords><Keywords>Middle Aged</Keywords><Keywords>physiopathology</Keywords><Keywords>Research</Keywords><Keywords>testosterone</Keywords><Keywords>therapeutic use</Keywords><Keywords>therapy</Keywords><Keywords>Treatment Outcome</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>57</Start_Page><End_Page>64</End_Page><Periodical>Eur.Heart J.</Periodical><Volume>27</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><Misc_3>ehi443 [pii];10.1093/eurheartj/ehi443 [doi]</Misc_3><Address>Department of Cardiology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK</Address><Web_URL>PM:16093267</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Eur.Heart J.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>44 generally testosterone was well tolerated in the heart failure studies to date. However, on average these studies only lasted a few months and the numbers included were small. Future studies with a longer duration of treatment, a larger study population, and including patients with muscle wasting should produce valuable evidence with which to guide clinical practice. Testosterone and CV eventsControversy surrounds the conflicting evidence on the effects of testosterone on CV events. Prospective population studies such as the Health in Men Study found that low testosterone concentrations were associated with an increased risk of incident stroke, but other studies reported no association between testosterone levels and CV events. PFJlZm1hbj48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkJhcnJldHQtQ29ubm9yPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk4ODwv
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 49-52 Data from a more recent study in Sweden show an inverse association between both serum testosterone and SHBG concentrations and the risk of CV events, with high testosterone (≥550 ng/dl) predicting reduced fatal and nonfatal CV events.PFJlZm1hbj48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPk9obHNzb248L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDExPC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 53 Whether testosterone treatment has a favourable effect on cardiovascular events in men is a contentious issue however. Two large observational studies reported an increased risk of adverse outcomes (death, myocardial infarction and stroke) in testosterone-treated men, particularly in men aged greater than 75 years.PFJlZm1hbj48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkZpbmtsZTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTQ8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 59 The discrepancies in the findings of these observational studies may be explained by differences in age of the study cohorts, co-existing disease (Vigen et al included men referred for coronary angiography; 45 the population studied by Sharma et al were healthy with no known CVD49)PFJlZm1hbj48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPlZpZ2VuPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMzwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 24, 26, 61 There are obvious parallels with the HRT in women story of the past decades, where observational studies indicated a benefit of postmenopausal hormone therapy on CVD risk but the randomised trials did not support this. Unequivocal trials of testosterone treatment in a clinically relevant population are needed to inform users and prescribers of the safety of testosterone treatment, however we must acknowledge that this would be an enormous undertaking.PFJlZm1hbj48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPk9uYXNhbnlhPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNjwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 62 Risks of testosterone treatmentTestosterone administration in hypogonadal men can cause side effects such as erythrocytosis (more so with oral preparations), fluid retention, benign prostatic hyperplasia, hepatotoxic and neoplastic effects (mostly with oral preparations but not testosterone undecanoate), gynaecomastia, acne and skin reactions (mostly with patches), and benign prostatic hyperplasia. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Rhoden</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>265</RecNum><IDText>Risks of testosterone-replacement therapy and recommendations for monitoring</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>265</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Risks of testosterone-replacement therapy and recommendations for monitoring</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Rhoden,E.L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Morgentaler,A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2004/1/29</Date_Primary><Keywords>administration & dosage</Keywords><Keywords>adverse effects</Keywords><Keywords>Age Distribution</Keywords><Keywords>blood</Keywords><Keywords>Cardiovascular Diseases</Keywords><Keywords>chemically induced</Keywords><Keywords>deficiency</Keywords><Keywords>Drug Monitoring</Keywords><Keywords>drug therapy</Keywords><Keywords>etiology</Keywords><Keywords>Hormone Replacement Therapy</Keywords><Keywords>Humans</Keywords><Keywords>Hypogonadism</Keywords><Keywords>Lipids</Keywords><Keywords>Male</Keywords><Keywords>methods</Keywords><Keywords>Polycythemia</Keywords><Keywords>Prostate-Specific Antigen</Keywords><Keywords>Prostatic Diseases</Keywords><Keywords>Research</Keywords><Keywords>Risk</Keywords><Keywords>Risk Factors</Keywords><Keywords>testosterone</Keywords><Keywords>therapeutic use</Keywords><Keywords>therapy</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>482</Start_Page><End_Page>492</End_Page><Periodical>N.Engl.J.Med.</Periodical><Volume>350</Volume><Issue>5</Issue><Misc_3>10.1056/NEJMra022251 [doi];350/5/482 [pii]</Misc_3><Address>Division of Urology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA</Address><Web_URL>PM:14749457</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">N.Engl.J.Med.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>63 Increased haematocrit and haemoglobin, and small detrimental effects on lipids have also been documented. There is much controversy over the association of testosterone treatment and increased incidence of prostate cancer, discussed in detail elsewhere.PFJlZm1hbj48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPlJob2RlbjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDQ8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 63, 64 In brief, there is no evidence for an increased risk of prostate-cancer-specific death related to testosterone treatment in either direction, however there is evidence implying that testosterone treatment may adversely affect the progression of prostate cancer. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Klotz</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>191</RecNum><IDText>Testosterone therapy and prostate cancer--safety concerns are well founded</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>191</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Testosterone therapy and prostate cancer--safety concerns are well founded</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Klotz,L.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2015/1</Date_Primary><Keywords>adverse effects</Keywords><Keywords>Androgens</Keywords><Keywords>Biomarkers</Keywords><Keywords>Biomarkers,Tumor</Keywords><Keywords>Cardiovascular Diseases</Keywords><Keywords>chemically induced</Keywords><Keywords>deficiency</Keywords><Keywords>diagnosis</Keywords><Keywords>Health</Keywords><Keywords>Hormone Replacement Therapy</Keywords><Keywords>Humans</Keywords><Keywords>Male</Keywords><Keywords>Medical Overuse</Keywords><Keywords>metabolism</Keywords><Keywords>Prostatic Neoplasms</Keywords><Keywords>Receptors,Androgen</Keywords><Keywords>Risk</Keywords><Keywords>testosterone</Keywords><Keywords>therapy</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>48</Start_Page><End_Page>54</End_Page><Periodical>Nat.Rev.Urol.</Periodical><Volume>12</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><Misc_3>nrurol.2014.338 [pii];10.1038/nrurol.2014.338 [doi]</Misc_3><Address>University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, #MG 408, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada</Address><Web_URL>PM:25563848</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Nat.Rev.Urol.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>65 Large-scale, long-term trials are needed to clarify the safety of testosterone treatment. The current recommendation from the Endocrine Society is to make ‘a careful diagnosis of androgen deficiency only in men with consistent symptoms and signs and unequivocally low serum testosterone levels,’ then to treat with testosterone therapy in men with confirmed symptomatic androgen deficiency.PFJlZm1hbj48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkJoYXNpbjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTA8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 66 Once testosterone treatment is initiated, it is suggested to aim at achieving mid-normal range testosterone levels, and to monitor therapy using a standardised plan.PFJlZm1hbj48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkJoYXNpbjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTA8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 66ConclusionsLow endogenous testosterone concentrations can affect risk factors for CVD, atheroma development and vasomotion beyond the blood vessels of the reproductive system, and are associated with coronary atherosclerosis and heart failure in approximately a third of men. The discrepant results of clinical studies of testosterone replacement in older men with hypogonadism have resulted in controversy over its clinical use, largely concerning variances in CV event rate and the ability of these studies to generate reliable data on this endpoint. Testosterone treatment is not without side effects and risks. The Endocrine Society 2010 clinical practice guideline and the European menopause and Andropause Society (EMAS) give detailed recommendations for testosterone therapy in men with androgen deficiency, supporting such treatment in men with symptomatic androgen deficiency (repeated early morning low serum testosterone levels) followed by scheduled testing for efficacy and adverse events.PFJlZm1hbj48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkJoYXNpbjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTA8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 66, 67 Individualised management of patients is recommended including evaluation of comorbidities and careful risk/benefit assessment, and not general prescription of testosterone therapy to all aging men with low testosterone.PFJlZm1hbj48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkJoYXNpbjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTA8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 66, 67 A number of professional organisations agree that there is no consistent evidence that testosterone treatment either increases or decreases CV risk.PFJlZm1hbj48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkRpbW9wb3Vsb3U8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE2PC9ZZWFy
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 67 Large studies with hard cardiovascular endpoints in older symptomatic hypogonadal men are needed, encompassing longer-term treatment periods and investigating the differing types of testosterone replacement available, to provide strong evidence on which to base clinical decisions in this population.Conflicts of interestNoneProvenanceCommissioned ADDIN REFMGR.REFLIST References1. Oskui PM, French WJ, Herring MJ, Mayeda GS, Burstein S, Kloner RA. Testosterone and the cardiovascular system: a comprehensive review of the clinical literature. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2 (6): e000272.2. Corona G, Rastrelli G, Monami M, Guay A, Buvat J, Sforza A, Forti G, Mannucci E, Maggi M. Hypogonadism as a risk factor for cardiovascular mortality in men: a meta-analytic study. Eur J Endocrinol 2011; 165 (5): 687-701.3. Ruige JB, Mahmoud AM, De BD, Kaufman JM. Endogenous testosterone and cardiovascular disease in healthy men: a meta-analysis. Heart 2011; 97 (11): 870-875.4. 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