1387 Final Protocol - Department of Health



Applicant Submitted ProtocolforCardiac Contractility Modulation (CCM) therapy for patients with Chronic Heart FailureMedical Services Advisory CommitteeApplication 1387Final ProtocolFebruary 2015Table of Contents TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u 1)Title of Application PAGEREF _Toc398209793 \h 12)Purpose of application PAGEREF _Toc398209794 \h 13)Population and medical condition eligible for the proposed medical services PAGEREF _Toc398209795 \h 24)Intervention – proposed medical service PAGEREF _Toc398209796 \h 35)Co-dependent information (if not a co-dependent application go to Section 6) PAGEREF _Toc398209797 \h 86)Comparator – clinical claim for the proposed medical service PAGEREF _Toc398209798 \h 87)Expected health outcomes relating to the medical service PAGEREF _Toc398209799 \h 98)Fee for the proposed medical service PAGEREF _Toc398209800 \h 119)Clinical Management Algorithm - clinical place for the proposed intervention PAGEREF _Toc398209801 \h 1510)Regulatory Information PAGEREF _Toc398209802 \h 1711)Decision analytic PAGEREF _Toc398209803 \h 1712)Healthcare resources PAGEREF _Toc398209804 \h 2013)Questions for public funding PAGEREF _Toc398209805 \h 20Title of ApplicationCardiac Contractility Modulation (CCM) therapy for patients with chronic heart failure.Purpose of applicationThis application requests the MBS listing of cardiac contraction modulation (CCM) therapy for the treatment of chronic heart failure (CHF). It is proposed that this protocol should guide the assessment of the safety, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of CCM therapy in the requested populations to inform MSACs decision-making regarding public funding of the procedure.The CCM device is a novel device that applies non-excitatory signals to the cardiac muscle during the absolute refractory period in patients with chronic heart failure. These signals modulate the strength of cardiac muscle contraction, which leads to improved exercise tolerance as well as quality of life (QoL). The OPTIMIZER? IVs is the only device available for CCM therapy in patients with chronic heart failure. There are currently no published systematic reviews on CCM therapy in patients with heart failure. The primary clinical evidence for CCM therapy is devised from three randomised, controlled trials:FIX-CHF-4 PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Cb3JnZ3JlZmU8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA4PC9ZZWFy

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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Abraham, Nademanee et al. 2011).The inclusion criteria for the above three trials stipulated the enrolment of a total of 641 patients with NYHA class III or IV HF and ejection fraction (EF) ≤35%. In practice, however, approximately 18% of the FIX-5 trial sub-population PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5BYnJhaGFtPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMTwvWWVhcj48

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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Abraham, Nademanee et al. 2011) reported an EF of >35% (average 40%; range 35% to 45%) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Borggrefe</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>14</RecNum><DisplayText>(Borggrefe and Burkhoff 2012)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>14</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="9rwdwz9ertf5roea2scxxfeh5fwdfdsff5ep" timestamp="1411441600">14</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Borggrefe, M.</author><author>Burkhoff, D.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Medicine (Department of Cardiology), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany. martin.borggrefe@umm.de</auth-address><titles><title>Clinical effects of cardiac contractility modulation (CCM) as a treatment for chronic heart failure</title><secondary-title>Eur J Heart Fail</secondary-title><alt-title>European journal of heart failure</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Eur J Heart Fail</full-title><abbr-1>European journal of heart failure</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Eur J Heart Fail</full-title><abbr-1>European journal of heart failure</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>703-12</pages><volume>14</volume><number>7</number><keywords><keyword>*Cardiac Pacing, Artificial</keyword><keyword>Gene Expression</keyword><keyword>Heart Failure/etiology/prevention &amp; control/*therapy</keyword><keyword>Hemodynamics</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Myocardial Contraction/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Myocardium</keyword><keyword>Oxygen Consumption</keyword><keyword>Stroke Volume</keyword><keyword>Ventricular Function, Left</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2012</year><pub-dates><date>Jul</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1879-0844 (Electronic)&#xD;1388-9842 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>22696514</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Borggrefe and Burkhoff 2012). In this subgroup, peak VO2 was 2.96 mL/kg/min greater (P=0.03), VAT was 0.57 mL/kg/min greater (P = NS), and MLWHFQ score was 18 points better (P=0.06) in the treatment group than the control group. Although not all of these differences were statistically significant in view of the small sample size, the trends showed even greater effects than in the group of patients with EF between 25 and 35%. ( ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Burkhoff</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>21</RecNum><DisplayText>(Burkhoff 2011)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>21</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="9rwdwz9ertf5roea2scxxfeh5fwdfdsff5ep" timestamp="1413177870">21</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Burkhoff, D.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Division of Cardiology, Columbia University, 177 Fort Washington Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA. db59@columbia.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Does contractility modulation have a role in the treatment of heart failure?</title><secondary-title>Curr Heart Fail Rep</secondary-title><alt-title>Current heart failure reports</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Curr Heart Fail Rep</full-title><abbr-1>Current heart failure reports</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Curr Heart Fail Rep</full-title><abbr-1>Current heart failure reports</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>260-5</pages><volume>8</volume><number>4</number><edition>2011/06/10</edition><keywords><keyword>Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy</keyword><keyword>Electrocardiography</keyword><keyword>Heart Failure/ physiopathology/therapy</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Myocardial Contraction</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2011</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1546-9549 (Electronic)&#xD;1546-9530 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>21656201</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Burkhoff 2011) In addition, an on-going open label registry currently includes 27/138 with an EF >35%. Results from this registry will be included in the MSAC submission. MBS listing is being sought for the following subgroup of patients who have the greatest clinical benefit:Symptomatic heart failure due to systolic left ventricular dysfunction despite failed Optimal Medical Therapy;NYHA Class III Heart Failure;≥ 18 years;Normal QRS duration (<120ms);Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) ≥25% and ≤45%.A full analysis for this subgroup is currently taking place, and at this stage results are not available. A comprehensive subgroup analysis for all efficacy endpoints in the three trials outlined above will be presented in the final MSAC submission-based assessment. The results from all treated patients can be extracted from the publications presented above. Population and medical condition eligible for the proposed medical servicesHeart failure (HF) is characterised by an underlying structural abnormality or cardiac dysfunction that impairs the ability of the ventricle of the heart to fill with or eject blood, particularly during physical activity. Chronic HF (CHF) occurs in 1.5–2.0% of Australians, and represents a major burden to the MBS, affecting 10% of people aged ≥65 years and over 50% of people aged ≥85 years. HF is one of the most common reasons for hospital admission and GP consultations in people aged 70 and older ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><RecNum>1</RecNum><DisplayText>(2011)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="9rwdwz9ertf5roea2scxxfeh5fwdfdsff5ep" timestamp="1408926745">1</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Government Document">46</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title>Guidelines for the prevention, detection and management of chronic heart failure in Australia. National Heart Foundation of Australia and the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand. &#xD;</title></titles><dates><year>2011</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><RecNum>1</RecNum><record><rec-number>1</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="9rwdwz9ertf5roea2scxxfeh5fwdfdsff5ep" timestamp="1408926745">1</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Government Document">46</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title>Guidelines for the prevention, detection and management of chronic heart failure in Australia. National Heart Foundation of Australia and the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand. &#xD;</title></titles><dates><year>2011</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>1</RecNum><record><rec-number>1</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="9rwdwz9ertf5roea2scxxfeh5fwdfdsff5ep" timestamp="1408926745">1</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Government Document">46</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title>Guidelines for the prevention, detection and management of chronic heart failure in Australia. National Heart Foundation of Australia and the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand. &#xD;</title></titles><dates><year>2011</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(2011)The prognosis for patients with CHF remains very poor. About half of people who develop heart failure die within 5 years of diagnosis (Heart Failure Fact Sheet|Data & Statistics|DHDSP|CDC). Whilst medical therapy has improved in recent years, many patients with advanced HF are refractory to medical therapy especially those with low left ventricular ejection fraction. (Improved medical therapy or the presence of HF refractory to medical therapy) has given rise to a host of device-based therapies, including Cardiac Resynchronisation Therapy (CRT), which is indicated for patients with NYHA class III or IV HF, with LVEF of ≤45% and wide QRS duration (≥120ms). The main limitation of CRT is that approximately 80% of patients with HF have a normal QRS duration ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Shenkman</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>8</RecNum><DisplayText>(Shenkman, Pampati et al. 2002)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>8</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="9rwdwz9ertf5roea2scxxfeh5fwdfdsff5ep" timestamp="1410314315">8</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Shenkman, H. J.</author><author>Pampati, V.</author><author>Khandelwal, A. K.</author><author>McKinnon, J.</author><author>Nori, D.</author><author>Kaatz, S.</author><author>Sandberg, K. R.</author><author>McCullough, P. A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Congestive heart failure and QRS duration: establishing prognosis study</title><secondary-title>Chest</secondary-title><alt-title>Chest</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Chest</full-title><abbr-1>Chest</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Chest</full-title><abbr-1>Chest</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>528-34</pages><volume>122</volume><number>2</number><keywords><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Echocardiography</keyword><keyword>*Electrocardiography</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Heart Failure/*diagnosis/epidemiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Prevalence</keyword><keyword>Prognosis</keyword><keyword>Stroke Volume</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2002</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0012-3692 (Print)&#xD;0012-3692 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>12171827</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Shenkman, Pampati et al. 2002). There is therefore a clear medical need for a new device-based treatment for patients with normal QRS duration and persistent symptoms despite optimal medical treatment (OMT). Impulse Dynamics have developed a cardiac contractility modulation (CCM) device for this group of patients. Impulse Dynamics are seeking the MBS listing of CCM therapy for the following patient population:Symptomatic heart failure due to systolic left ventricular dysfunction despite failed Optimal Medical Therapy;NYHA Class III Heart Failure;≥ 18 years;Normal QRS duration (<120ms);LVEF ≥25% and ≤45%.As outlined above, the OPTIMIZER? IVs is currently the only treatment option for approximately 80% of HF patients with advanced HF symptoms who are inadequately controlled on optimal medical therapy and have normal QRS duration. These patients are not suitable for CRT, as CRT is indicated for symptomatic HF patients with a wide QRS duration (≥120ms). Therefore, should CCM therapy not be available on the MBS, this group of patients would continue to have symptomatic and deteriorating HF.Table 1 provides a preliminary estimate of the prevalent pool of patients who are potential candidates for CCM therapy on the MBS. These preliminary estimates suggest a prevalent pool of approximately 3,233 patients who could be eligible for CCM therapy in Australia. The uptake of CCM therapy has not been considered for the proposed population, and this analysis will be included in the MSAC submission-based assessment. Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 1Estimation of prevalent pool of potential candidate patients for CCM therapy CCM therapy inclusion criteriaEstimated prevalence1Number in AustraliaSource≥ 18 years17,898,348ABS (2013) 3101.0 Australian demographic Statistics; Table 59Symptomatic heart failure1.75%313,221Heart Foundation (2011); Guidelines for the prevention, detection and management of chronic heart failure in AustraliaSystolic left ventricular dysfunction78%245,130 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Davies</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>9</RecNum><DisplayText>(Davies, Hobbs et al. 2001)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>9</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="9rwdwz9ertf5roea2scxxfeh5fwdfdsff5ep" timestamp="1410314419">9</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Davies, M.</author><author>Hobbs, F.</author><author>Davis, R.</author><author>Kenkre, J.</author><author>Roalfe, A. K.</author><author>Hare, R.</author><author>Wosornu, D.</author><author>Lancashire, R. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Cardiology, Selly Oak Hospital, Raddlebarn Road, Selly Oak, West Midlands, UK.</auth-address><titles><title>Prevalence of left-ventricular systolic dysfunction and heart failure in the Echocardiographic Heart of England Screening study: a population based study</title><secondary-title>Lancet</secondary-title><alt-title>Lancet</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Lancet</full-title><abbr-1>Lancet</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Lancet</full-title><abbr-1>Lancet</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>439-44</pages><volume>358</volume><number>9280</number><keywords><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Aged, 80 and over</keyword><keyword>*Echocardiography</keyword><keyword>England/epidemiology</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Heart Failure/*epidemiology/ultrasonography</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>*Mass Screening</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Prevalence</keyword><keyword>Random Allocation</keyword><keyword>Stroke Volume/physiology</keyword><keyword>Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/*epidemiology/ultrasonography</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2001</year><pub-dates><date>Aug 11</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0140-6736 (Print)&#xD;0140-6736 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>11513906</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Davies, Hobbs et al. 2001)Failed medical therapy26.5%64,959PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5NY011cnJheTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTQ8L1llYXI+

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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (McMurray, Packer et al. 2014)Normal QRS duration (<120ms) 79%51,318 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Shenkman</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>8</RecNum><DisplayText>(Shenkman, Pampati et al. 2002)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>8</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="9rwdwz9ertf5roea2scxxfeh5fwdfdsff5ep" timestamp="1410314315">8</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Shenkman, H. J.</author><author>Pampati, V.</author><author>Khandelwal, A. K.</author><author>McKinnon, J.</author><author>Nori, D.</author><author>Kaatz, S.</author><author>Sandberg, K. R.</author><author>McCullough, P. A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Congestive heart failure and QRS duration: establishing prognosis study</title><secondary-title>Chest</secondary-title><alt-title>Chest</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Chest</full-title><abbr-1>Chest</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Chest</full-title><abbr-1>Chest</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>528-34</pages><volume>122</volume><number>2</number><keywords><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Echocardiography</keyword><keyword>*Electrocardiography</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Heart Failure/*diagnosis/epidemiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Prevalence</keyword><keyword>Prognosis</keyword><keyword>Stroke Volume</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2002</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0012-3692 (Print)&#xD;0012-3692 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>12171827</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Shenkman, Pampati et al. 2002)NYHA Class III15%7,698 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Davies</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>9</RecNum><DisplayText>(Davies, Hobbs et al. 2001)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>9</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="9rwdwz9ertf5roea2scxxfeh5fwdfdsff5ep" timestamp="1410314419">9</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Davies, M.</author><author>Hobbs, F.</author><author>Davis, R.</author><author>Kenkre, J.</author><author>Roalfe, A. K.</author><author>Hare, R.</author><author>Wosornu, D.</author><author>Lancashire, R. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Cardiology, Selly Oak Hospital, Raddlebarn Road, Selly Oak, West Midlands, UK.</auth-address><titles><title>Prevalence of left-ventricular systolic dysfunction and heart failure in the Echocardiographic Heart of England Screening study: a population based study</title><secondary-title>Lancet</secondary-title><alt-title>Lancet</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Lancet</full-title><abbr-1>Lancet</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Lancet</full-title><abbr-1>Lancet</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>439-44</pages><volume>358</volume><number>9280</number><keywords><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Aged, 80 and over</keyword><keyword>*Echocardiography</keyword><keyword>England/epidemiology</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Heart Failure/*epidemiology/ultrasonography</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>*Mass Screening</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Prevalence</keyword><keyword>Random Allocation</keyword><keyword>Stroke Volume/physiology</keyword><keyword>Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/*epidemiology/ultrasonography</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2001</year><pub-dates><date>Aug 11</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0140-6736 (Print)&#xD;0140-6736 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>11513906</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Davies, Hobbs et al. 2001); Table 2LVEF ≥ 25% ≤ 45%b42%3,233 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Shenkman</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>8</RecNum><DisplayText>(Shenkman, Pampati et al. 2002)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>8</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="9rwdwz9ertf5roea2scxxfeh5fwdfdsff5ep" timestamp="1410314315">8</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Shenkman, H. J.</author><author>Pampati, V.</author><author>Khandelwal, A. K.</author><author>McKinnon, J.</author><author>Nori, D.</author><author>Kaatz, S.</author><author>Sandberg, K. R.</author><author>McCullough, P. A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Congestive heart failure and QRS duration: establishing prognosis study</title><secondary-title>Chest</secondary-title><alt-title>Chest</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Chest</full-title><abbr-1>Chest</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Chest</full-title><abbr-1>Chest</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>528-34</pages><volume>122</volume><number>2</number><keywords><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Echocardiography</keyword><keyword>*Electrocardiography</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Heart Failure/*diagnosis/epidemiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Prevalence</keyword><keyword>Prognosis</keyword><keyword>Stroke Volume</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2002</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0012-3692 (Print)&#xD;0012-3692 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>12171827</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Shenkman, Pampati et al. 2002)1. These preliminary estimates of the eligible population are indicative only at this stage. A more detailed estimate utilising a more extensive search of the literature will be provided in the MSAC application.Intervention – proposed medical service The proposed medical service being requested is the implantation, removal, replacement and interrogation of a cardiac contractility modulation device. The features of the implanted device are outlined below.The OPTIMIZERTM IVs delivers Cardiac Contractility Modulation (CCM) therapy. CCM signals are non-excitatory signals which, when applied during the absolute refractory period, enhance the strength of left ventricular (LV) contraction. These signals do not initiate a new contraction or modify activation sequence as is the case with other therapies such as CRT or pacemaker therapy. Rather, CCM signals increase the heart’s force of contraction by improving the function of the cardiac muscle cells. CCM therapy is delivered at regular intervals throughout the day.The OPTIMIZER? IVs Implantable Pulse Generator (IPG) is a microprocessor-controlled implantable device that includes intracardiac electrogram sensing circuits, control logic, and communications circuitry to generate the Cardiac Contractility Modulation (CCM) signals intended to improve cardiac function. Intracardiac electrogram signals are detected from, and CCM signals are delivered to, the heart using standard chronically-implantable bipolar pacing leads. The device’s safety algorithms continuously assess the electrical state of the heart and determine when it is appropriate to deliver CCM signals to the myocardium. This is accomplished by ensuring that the delivery of CCM signals is inhibited on suspected ectopic or arrhythmic beats. The OPTIMIZER? IVs IPG is programmable, allowing attending medical personnel to program the device to meet the patient’s needs. Programming of the IPG is done through the OMNI II Programmer. This programmer is a portable instrument with a user-friendly graphical interface, which provides attending medical personnel with all of the information and controls required to control the IPG under a diversity of clinical settings. The OPTIMIZER? IVs IPG and the OMNI II Programmer communicate via telemetry.The OMNI II Programmer performs the following functions:Interrogates the OPTIMIZER? IVs IPG. This involves downloading information such as the serial number, operational status, battery charge state and programmed parameters.Retrieves statistics accumulated by the IPG device as it operates. The device downloads information from IPG related to the number of cardiac events sensed, number of cardiac cycles where the CCM signal was delivered and changes in operational status.Stores standard programs for future useLogs the activity of the OPTIMIZER? IVs IPG deviceDisplays real-time telemetry along the patient’s surface ECG signalPerforms real-time diagnostics to aid clinical evaluation and setup of the IPG (e.g. lead impedance measurement and setting IPG’s sensitivity to intracardiac electrogram signals)Programs threshold levels to issue requests for follow-up by activating “Call Doctor” indicator in Optimizer Mini ChargerPrograms and modifies IPG operating parameters (e.g. mode, IEGM sensitivities and refractory times)Programs and modifies CCM therapy parameters (e.g. CCM pulse train characteristics and number of hours of CCM therapy per day) Programs the IPG device to safe parameter values in emergency situationsThe OMNI II Programmer is commonly used by clinicians and specialist nursing staff involved in the implantation of the IPG and care of the patient after implant. This could be either a cardiologist or an electrophysiology (EP) nurse.The OPTIMIZER? IVs IPG is powered by an implantable-grade rechargeable lithium-ion battery. The OPTIMIZER? IVs mini charger, allows patients to recharge the battery of the OPTIMIZER? IVs at home. Transmission of energy between the OPTIMIZER? IVs mini charger and the IPG is accomplished painlessly and non-invasively, via a resonant inductive coupling. The charger should be used on a weekly basis and charging sessions typically last about 45 minutes. The technology used in the battery, Quallion’s lithium-ion chemistry, has been designed to last 25 years implanted in the human body. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><RecNum>22</RecNum><record><rec-number>22</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="9rwdwz9ertf5roea2scxxfeh5fwdfdsff5ep" timestamp="1413178829">22</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles></titles><dates></dates><urls><related-urls><url> SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 1 Mini charger Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 2 OMNI II programmer and wandFigure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 3 PrinterFigure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 4 OPTIMIZER? IVsTable SEQ Table \* ARABIC 2 Dimensions for OPTIMIZER? IVsCharacteristicDimensionWidth65.4 ± 1.0 mmHeight47.5 ± 0.5 mmThickness11.5 ± 0.5 mmVolume30.0 ± 0.2 cm3Mass46 ± 3 gGenerally, the CCM device IPG is implanted in the right pectoral region. Subclavian venous access is preferred. The atrial lead is typically positioned in the right atrial appendage (RAA), and two right ventricular leads are placed for CCM signal delivery. One of these is inserted preferably in an anterior septal and the other in a posterior septal location. Placing both leads in anterior or posterior septal location is acceptable, provided the leads are separated by at least 2cms.The placement service provision does not have a registered trademark associated with it. The treating Physician uses a trademarked programmer and wand for interrogating and programming of the IPG. The OMNI II Programming System allows the physician to interrogate and program the OPTIMIZER? IVs IPG. The programmer software runs on a Lenovo Touch screen Laptop connected to a Programmer Interface box. Communication between the Programmer Interface and the OPTIMIZER? IVs IPG is accomplished with a Programming Wand placed directly over the implant site. The Programming Wand communicates via magnetic induction telemetry with the OPTIMIZER? IVs IPG implanted in the patient. Impulse Dynamics will provide information in the MSAC application to justify why a separate MBS item number is required for the interrogation of the device; who performs the interrogation, the benefits to the patient, including how this will be communicated to the patient. It is proposed that the insertion of the OPTIMIZER? IVs device will be delivered in either an inpatient private or public hospital setting, and requires one overnight hospital stay. As this is a cardiac procedure, an overnight stay is suggested to allow for initial monitoring of the patient post-surgery. The OPTIMIZER? IVs is implanted via a minimally invasive procedure usually under local anaesthetic. The procedure is performed by a cardiologist, and takes approximately 60 minutes to complete. For the purpose of this application cardiologist is defined as physician who is a fellow of the Royal Australasian College of Physicians (FRACP) with specialty training in cardiology. This could include physicians with specialist training in electrophysiology or interventional cardiology. In line with other cardiac devices, such as CRT, medical personnel will receive peer to peer training from experts who have experience and are competent in inserting and programming the OPTIMIZER? IVs device. Insertion of the OPTIMIZER? IVs device is similar to insertion of all current CRT and ICD devices, therefore, peer to peer training will be sufficient. Ongoing training support will be provided by the sponsor in the form of visits by an international clinician expert; provision of demonstration videos and training material. This will be further detailed in the MSAC application. The procedures will only be undertaken in a hospital capable of providing cardiac surgery. The OPTIMIZER? IVs IPG will be inserted into the subcutaneous pocket. The cardiologist would coil any excess lead and place these coils around the IPG or in the pocket inferior to the device. They would ensure that the leads form not more than a gentle curve where they exit the IPG connector terminal and that they are not under traction or strain. The IPG is secured to the fascia with a non-absorbable suture and close the pocket.Patients should receive standard post-operative care for a minimum of 24 hours prior to discharge. The use of narcotics for pain relief should be minimised. The OPTIMIZER? IVs device requires the insertion of three (3) bipolar leads, one is inserted into the right atrium and two are inserted into right ventricle. The OPTIMIZER? IVs is compatible with standard bipolar leads equipped with IS-1 connectors. The implanting physician can select any atrial lead according to their preference. The appropriate ventricular leads have to be used. These include the St. Jude Medical Tendril? 1388T/1688T/1788T/1888T/2088T/LPA1200M, Biotronik Setrox S / Siello S / Solia S or Boston Scientific Dextrus leads.There is a set procedure to determine whether the device is working correctly on implantation. After the leads are inserted and connected to the IPG, a testing cable is used to program, verify and store the treatment protocol for the device. Therapy is then commenced and this is confirmed by ECG. During implant all placements (leads and IPG) will be checked by fluoroscopy. After the implantation of the device, there is normal post-surgical follow-up. Generally 1 day post implant, an X-ray is performed to ensure the device and leads are in place and no pneumothorax was caused by the procedure.Thereafter, normal medical management of the patient will revert to the treating cardiologist. The application will address the likelihood of surgical revisions.The mini charger interrogates the OPTIMIZER? IVs automatically. ?The device only needs interrogation if the charger (which is functioning as a “home base”) transmits an alert; this occurs infrequently. ? Most centres use a “Needs Based Follow Up”, that is, only follow up when the charger communicates a problem.Co-dependent information (if not a co-dependent application go to Section 6)Not parator – clinical claim for the proposed medical serviceAs outlined previously, there are no alternative treatment options for the patient population with normal QRS duration, and patients would continue to have symptomatic heart failure that may worsen if not managed appropriately. Therefore, the appropriate comparator is failed Optimal Medical Therapy (OMT). Failed optimal medical management would include the use of diuretics followed by an ACE inhibitor and a beta-blocker. For those patients who cannot tolerate an ACE inhibitor, an ARB would be added. Some patients will also be treated with an add-on aldosterone antagonist or eplerenone. (Ref National Heart Foundation Chronic Heart Failure Guidelines 2011, p33). See figure below.Treatment failure is indicated by a continued deterioration in NYHA and LVEF measures Medical treatment is continued in patients suffering from treatment failure.For patients to have deemed to have failed OMT, they would be required to have been initiated on OMT at least three months prior to insertion of the device. This would cover patients who have been on therapy and progressed, and also patients who could not tolerate OMT.Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 5 Pharmacological treatment of systolic heart failure (LVEF < 40%) (NYHA Class II/III)National Heart Foundation of Australia ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>1</RecNum><DisplayText>(2011)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="9rwdwz9ertf5roea2scxxfeh5fwdfdsff5ep" timestamp="1408926745">1</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Government Document">46</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title>Guidelines for the prevention, detection and management of chronic heart failure in Australia. National Heart Foundation of Australia and the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand. &#xD;</title></titles><dates><year>2011</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(2011), p 33Expected health outcomes relating to the medical serviceIf CCM therapy is recommended for public funding, the expected patient-relevant outcomes would be:Improvement in exercise tolerance quantified by peak VO2 and 6 minute hall walk test;Improvement in quality of life, quantified by the MLWHFQ and utilities / QALYs;Improvement in heart failure severity, by NYHA class classification and LVEF;Improvement in hospitalisation rates;Improvement in all-cause mortality;Improvement in mortality due to heart failure;Device and surgery-related side-effectsThe pivotal trials did not directly measure the change in LVEF. 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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Kadish, Nademanee et al. 2011), p 333The proposed clinical claim for CCM therapy in the treatment of symptomatic HF inadequately controlled despite optimal medical therapy is:CCM therapy offers superior clinical efficacy compared to failed optimal medical therapy (OMT); and CCM therapy is non-inferior in terms of heart failure treatment safety compared to failed optimal medical therapy (OMT). Based on these claims, a cost-effective or cost-utility analysis is appropriate as outlined in Table 2. Note that in the absence of a full analysis of the clinical data (to be completed in the final submission) the sponsor is pre-empting the results that would form the basis of the economic evaluation.Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 3Classification of an intervention for determination of economic evaluation to be presentedComparative effectiveness versus comparatorSuperiorNon-inferiorInferiorComparative safety versus comparatorSuperiorCEA/CUACEA/CUANet clinical benefitCEA/CUANeutral benefitCEA/CUA*Net harmsNone^Non-inferiorCEA/CUACEA/CUA*None^InferiorNet clinical benefitComparison with failed OMTCEA/CUANone^None^Neutral benefitCEA/CUA*Net harmsNone^Abbreviations: CEA = cost-effectiveness analysis; CMA = cost-minimisation analysis; CUA = cost-utility analysis^No economic evaluation needs to be presented; MSAC is unlikely to recommend government subsidy of this intervention*May be reduced to cost-mimisation analysisFee for the proposed medical serviceThe proposed MBS item descriptors for CCM therapy are presented in Table 3. Separate item descriptors are suggested for the following:Insertion, removal or replacement of the CCM IPG;Insertion, removal or replacement of the three (3) bipolar leads;Interrogation of the CCM IPG device.The sponsor is seeking MBS listing for the following patient population:Symptomatic heart failure due to systolic left ventricular dysfunction despite failed Optimal Medical Therapy;NYHA Class III Heart Failure;≥ 18 years;Normal QRS duration (<120ms);LVEF ≥25% and ≤45%. We believe that this should remain in this sectionIt should be noted that the insertion and removal of both the CCM IPG and bipolar leads will require approximately the same technical complexity and duration. As such, the proposed MBS fees for the process of insertion and removal should be set at the same level. There are currently no reimbursed CCM therapies on the MBS. It is proposed that the implantation of the CCM IPG device and bipolar leads are similar to those associated with Implantable Cardiac Devices and cardiac electrodes (leads) (MBS item numbers 38353, 38356, 38365, 38368, 38654 and 11721). These MBS item numbers are appropriate, as they are representative of the technical characteristics of the insertion, removal or replacement of the CCM IPG and bipolar leads and follow-up interrogation. This is outlined in further detail in Table 4.The interrogation of the device should be eligible to be claimed by the treating cardiologist who manages the patient’s chronic heart failure. The results of the test would be communicated to the patient at the time that the interrogation is performed.Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 4 Proposed MBS item descriptorsCategory 3 - THERAPEUTIC PROCEDURESMBS Item number XXXXPermanent Cardiac Contractility Modulation (CCM) Implantable Pulse Generator (IPG) device insertion, removal or replacement of, for a patient with all of the following: Symptomatic heart failure due to systolic left ventricular dysfunction despite failed Optimal Medical Therapy;NYHA Class III;≥ 18 years;Normal QRS duration (<120ms);LVEF ≥25% and ≤45%.Fee: $255.45 Benefit: 75% = $191.60MBS Item number XXXXXThe permanent insertion, removal or replacement of three (3) bipolar leads, one in the right atrium and two (2) leads in the right ventricle. All three (3) leads are connected to the Cardiac Contractility Modulation (CCM) Implantable Pulse Generator (IPG).Fee: $1,224.60 Benefit: 75% = $918.45MBS Item number XXXXXInterrogation of the Cardiac Contractility Modulation (CCM) Implantable Pulse Generator (IPG) device for the following:Interrogate the IPG device parameters as currently programmed;Modify the IPG device parameters;Read ECG signals from patient and display for analysis;Retrieve statistics accumulated by the IPG device as it operates;Log the activity of the IPG device;Store standard programs for future use;Program the IPG device to safe parameter values in emergency situations.Fee: $69.75 Benefit: 75% = $52.35 85% = $59.30Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 5 Comparison of Schedule fees for MBS items relating to Implantable Cardiac Devices and cardiac electrodes (leads)DescriptionItem codeValue38353PERMANENT CARDIAC PACEMAKER, insertion, removal or replacement of, not for cardiac resynchronisation therapy, including cardiac electrophysiological services where used for pacemaker implantation$255.4538365Permanent cardiac synchronisation device (including a cardiac synchronisation device that is capable of defibrillation), insertion, removal or replacement of, for a patient$255.4538368Permanent transvenous left ventricular electrode, insertion, removal or replacement of through the coronary sinus, for the purpose of cardiac resynchronisation therapy, including right heart catheterisation and any associated venogram of left ventricular veins, other than a service associated with a service to which item 35200 or 38200 applies, for patients$1,224.6038654Permanent left ventricular electrode, insertion, removal or replacement of via open thoracotomy, for the purpose of cardiac resynchronisation therapy, for a patient$1,224.6038356DUAL CHAMBER PERMANENT TRANSVENOUS ELECTRODES, insertion, removal or replacement of, including cardiac electrophysiological services where used for pacemaker implantation$837.3511721IMPLANTED PACEMAKER TESTING of atrioventricular (AV) sequential, rate responsive, or antitachycardia pacemakers, including reprogramming when required, not being a service associated with a service to which Item 11700 or 11718 applies$69.75The following costs are relevant to CCM therapy, and will therefore be included in the economic evaluation: Insertion, removal or replacement of CCM IPG device;Insertion, removal or replacement of the bipolar leads;CCM IPG device;Bipolar leads; Anaesthesia;Cardiologist;Cardiac monitoring;Hospital stay;Ongoing interrogation of device;Prophylactic antibiotics;Cardiologist consultation;GP consultation;Outpatient visits;Heart Failure medications;Management of adverse events/complications;Emergency service;Interrogation during emergency service utilisation.Clinical Management Algorithm - clinical place for the proposed intervention Figure 6 outlines the current treatment algorithm and the proposed place of CCM therapy should it be listed on the MBS. The CCM device is currently the only treatment option for approximately 80% of HF patients with advanced HF symptoms who are inadequately controlled on optimal medical therapy and have normal QRS duration. These patients are not suitable for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT), as CRT is indicated for symptomatic HF patients with QRS duration of ≥120ms. The final MSAC application will assess the treatment effect of CCM therapy in patients with LVEF between 25-45% as well as sub-groups between 25-35%, and 35-45%.Figure 6 Treatment AlgorithmNote: Outcomes for patient subgroups with LVEF 25-35% and 35-45% will be explored in the MSAC application. Regulatory InformationThe OPTIMIZER? IVs has been approved by the Therapeutics Goods Administration (TGA). The indication is as follows: “The OPTIMIZER? IVs system is indicated for use in patients who are older than 18 years of age with symptomatic heart failure due to systolic left ventricular dysfunction despite appropriate medical therapy. The OPTIMIZER? IVs system delivers non-excitatory CCM signals to the heart and has no pacemaker or ICD functions”.The proposed MSAC listing currently is narrower than the TGA indication. This is the population for which the best quality clinical data are currently available.Decision analyticTable 5 summarises the population, intervention, comparator and outcomes of CCM therapy for the proposed population. Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 6 Summary of extended PICO to define research question that assessment will investigatePatientsInterventionComparatorOutcomes to be assessedHealthcare resources to be consideredPatient must meet all of the following criteria: (a) Symptomatic heart failure due to systolic left ventricular dysfunction despite failed Optimal Medical Therapy;(b) NYHA Class III (c) ≥ 18 years;(d) Normal QRS duration (<120ms);(e) LVEF ≥25% ≤45%Cardiac contractility modulation therapy + OMTFailed optimal medical therapy (OMT) Peak VO2Improvement in quality of life (MLWHF)Improvement in NYHA classification; and LVEFMean change in 6 minute hall walk test All-cause mortality and all-cause hospitalisations.Death or hospitalisation due to HFDevice and surgery-related side effectsSerious adverse eventsIncremental cost per life year savedIncremental cost per QALY gainInsertion, removal or replacement of CCM IPG deviceInsertion, removal or replacement of the bipolar leadsCCM IPG deviceDevice related costsBipolar leads AnaesthesiaCardiologistCardiac monitoringHospital stayOngoing interrogation of deviceProphylactic antibioticsCardiologist visitGP visits Outpatient visitsHeart Failure medicationsManagement of adverse events/complicationsOutpatient visitsEmergency service Outcomes for the economic model may include:Primary Efficacy OutcomesQALYOverall survivalSafety OutcomesAdverse EventsLead FailureAn example of a decision analytic model is provided below. There are no published cost effectiveness models available for CCM although published economic evaluations exist for CHF. A model will be prepared for the MSAC application. Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 7: Indicative decision diagram for cost effectiveness modelHealthcare resourcesSee below. Questions for public fundingWhat are the medical and financial implications of inadequately controlled systolic left ventricular dysfunction in patients with chronic HF?What is the ideal patient population that would get the maximum benefit from CCM therapy?Which clinical group will be initiating treatment with CCM therapy?What proportion of patients with normal QRS duration (<120ms), receiving optimal medical therapy still have uncontrolled heart failure?Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 7 List of resources to be considered in the economic analysisProvider of resourceSetting in which resource is providedProportion of patients receiving resourceNumber of units of resource per relevant time horizon per patient Disaggregated unit costMBSSafety nets*Other govt budgetPrivate health insurerPatientTotal costResources provided to identify eligible population None over and above current standard practiceResources provided to deliver proposed interventionInsertion, removal or replacement of IPG deviceSurgeon/ specialistPrivate/public hospital100%TBD$255.45TBDTBDInsertion, removal or replacement of the bipolar leadsSurgeon/ specialistPrivate/public hospital100%TBD$1,224.60TBDTBDIPG deviceManufacturersPrivate/public hospital100%TBDTBDTBDTBDBipolar leads ManufacturersPrivate/public hospital100%TBDTBDTBDTBDAnaesthesiaSpecialistPrivate/public hospital100%TBDTBDTBDCardiologistSurgeon/ specialistPrivate/public hospital100%TBDTBDTBDTBDCardiac monitoringHospitalPrivate/public hospital100%TBDTBDTBDHospital stayHospitalPrivate/public hospital100%TBDTBDTBDTBDOngoing interrogation of deviceHospitalPrivate/public hospital100%TBD$69.75TBDProphylactic antibioticsHospital/PBSPrivate/public hospital100%TBDTBDTBDTBDResources associated with the outcomes of therapyCardiologist visit SpecialistPrivate/public hospital100%TBDTBDTBDTBDGP visits GPCommunityTBDTBDTBDTBDTBDOutpatient visitsSpecialistPrivate/public hospitalTBDTBDTBDTBDHospital stay Private hospitalPrivate/public hospitalTBDTBDTBDTBDProvider of resourceSetting in which resource is providedProportion of patients receiving resourceNumber of units of resource per relevant time horizon per patient Disaggregated unit costMBSSafety nets*Other govt budgetPrivate health insurerPatientTotal costEmergency service HospitalPrivate/public hospitalTBDTBDTBDTBDInpatient nightsSurgeon/specialistPrivate/public hospitalTBDTBDTBDTBDTBDHeart Failure medicationsPBSCommunityTBDTBDTBDTBDTBDResources provided in association with comparatorCardiologist visit SpecialistPrivate/public hospital100%TBDTBDTBDTBDGP visits GPCommunityTBDTBDTBDTBDTBDOutpatient visitsHospitalPrivate/public hospitalTBDTBDTBDTBDHospital stay HospitalPrivate/public hospitalTBDTBDTBDTBDEmergency service HospitalPrivate/public hospitalTBDTBDTBDTBDInpatient nightsHospitalPrivate/public hospitalTBDTBDTBDTBDTBDHeart Failure medicationsPBSCommunityTBDTBDTBDTBDTBDResources used to manage patients successfully and unsuccessfully treated with the proposed interventionOngoing heart failure management, including GP and specialists consultations, A&E visits, hospitalisations as required (likely to vary according to outcomes achieved)Resources used to manage patients successfully and unsuccessfully treated with the proposed comparatorOngoing heart failure management, including GP and specialists consultations, A&E visits, hospitalisations as required (likely to vary according to outcomes achieved)References:Quallion ADDIN EN.REFLIST . from . downloaded 13 October 2014(2011). Guidelines for the prevention, detection and management of chronic heart failure in Australia. National Heart Foundation of Australia and the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand. Abraham, W. T., K. Nademanee, K. Volosin, S. Krueger, S. Neelagaru, N. Raval, O. Obel, S. Weiner, M. Wish, P. Carson, K. Ellenbogen, R. Bourge, M. Parides, R. P. Chiacchierini, R. Goldsmith, S. Goldstein, Y. Mika, D. Burkhoff, A. Kadish, F.-H.-. Investigators and Coordinators (2011). "Subgroup analysis of a randomized controlled trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of cardiac contractility modulation in advanced heart failure." J Card Fail 17(9): 710-717.Borggrefe, M. and D. Burkhoff (2012). "Clinical effects of cardiac contractility modulation (CCM) as a treatment for chronic heart failure." Eur J Heart Fail 14(7): 703-712.Borggrefe, M. M., T. Lawo, C. Butter, H. Schmidinger, M. Lunati, B. Pieske, A. R. Misier, A. Curnis, D. Bocker, A. Remppis, J. Kautzner, M. Stuhlinger, C. Leclerq, M. Taborsky, M. Frigerio, M. Parides, D. Burkhoff and G. Hindricks (2008). "Randomized, double blind study of non-excitatory, cardiac contractility modulation electrical impulses for symptomatic heart failure." Eur Heart J 29(8): 1019-1028.Burkhoff, D. (2011). "Does contractility modulation have a role in the treatment of heart failure?" Curr Heart Fail Rep 8(4): 260-265.Davies, M., F. Hobbs, R. Davis, J. Kenkre, A. K. Roalfe, R. Hare, D. Wosornu and R. J. Lancashire (2001). "Prevalence of left-ventricular systolic dysfunction and heart failure in the Echocardiographic Heart of England Screening study: a population based study." Lancet 358(9280): 439-444.Kadish, A., K. Nademanee, K. Volosin, S. Krueger, S. Neelagaru, N. Raval, O. Obel, S. Weiner, M. Wish, P. Carson, K. Ellenbogen, R. Bourge, M. Parides, R. P. Chiacchierini, R. Goldsmith, S. Goldstein, Y. Mika, D. Burkhoff and W. T. Abraham (2011). "A randomized controlled trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of cardiac contractility modulation in advanced heart failure." Am Heart J 161(2): 329-337 e321-322.McMurray, J. J., M. Packer, A. S. Desai, J. Gong, M. P. Lefkowitz, A. R. Rizkala, J. L. Rouleau, V. C. Shi, S. D. Solomon, K. Swedberg, M. R. Zile, P.-H. F. I. the and Committees (2014). "Angiotensin-Neprilysin Inhibition versus Enalapril in Heart Failure." N Engl J Med 371(11): 993-1004.Neelagaru, S. B., J. E. Sanchez, S. K. Lau, S. M. Greenberg, N. Y. Raval, S. Worley, J. Kalman, A. D. Merliss, S. Krueger, M. Wood, M. Wish, D. Burkhoff and K. Nademanee (2006). "Nonexcitatory, cardiac contractility modulation electrical impulses: feasibility study for advanced heart failure in patients with normal QRS duration." Heart Rhythm 3(10): 1140-1147.Shenkman, H. J., V. Pampati, A. K. Khandelwal, J. McKinnon, D. Nori, S. Kaatz, K. R. Sandberg and P. A. McCullough (2002). "Congestive heart failure and QRS duration: establishing prognosis study." Chest 122(2): 528-534.Vardas, P. E., A. Auricchio, J.-J. Blanc, J.-C. Daubert, H. Drexler, H. Ector, M. Gasparini, C. Linde, F. B. Morgado, A. Oto, R. Sutton, M. Trusz-Gluza, A. Vahanian, J. Camm, R. De Caterina, V. Dean, K. Dickstein, C. Funck-Brentano, G. Filippatos, I. Hellemans, S. D. Kristensen, K. McGregor, U. Sechtem, S. Silber, M. Tendera, P. Widimsky, J. L. Zamorano, S. G. Priori, C. Blomstr?m-Lundqvist, M. Brignole, J. B. Terradellas, J. Camm, P. Castellano, J. Cleland, J. Farre, M. Fromer, J.-Y. Le Heuzey, G. Y. Lip, J. L. Merino, A. S. Montenero, P. Ritter, M. J. Schalij and C. Stellbrink (2007). "Guidelines for cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy: The Task Force for Cardiac Pacing and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in Collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association." Europace 9(10): 959-998. ................
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