Hebrew Grammar - FarAboveAll



The Hebrew AlphabetGraham G. Thomason11 June 2012. Revised 23 January 2023Transliteration and Unicode CodingTransliterated vowels with length markings (applicable to Hebrew, Greek, Latin...)e.g. forbasicAEIOUYaeiouybubfbibebabreve?????Y??????y?b/bvbjunicode01020114012C014E016C+030601030115012D014F016D+0306macron?????Y?āēīōūy?|buob|bib'bfunicode01000112012A014C016A+030401010113012B014D016B+0304circumflex???????ê????ybi yb' hbfunicode00C200CA00CE00D400DB017600E200EA00EE00F400FB0177w3b Gwbgrave?èybeunicode00C800E8shewaeb;superNotesThe unicode codes marked with a leading plus, e.g. +0306, are independent nonspacing diacritics. Do not mistake a caron for a breve: ? ? ? ? ? Y? ǎ ě ǐ ǒ ǔ y? (01CD 011A 01CF 01D1 01D3 +030C etc.) Acute accents : ?=00C9, é=00E9 (others easy to find on the character map; nonspacing: +0301)In Word, ALT/X will toggle a selected character between its hex value and its representation.Hebrew consonants#$o#c(+x)??????????????unicode01610160015B015A1E631E6202BF1E6D1E6C1E251E2402BENotesThe IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) symbols for aleph and ayin are ()??unicode02C102C0The AlphabetHebrsquareHand-writtenHebrew nameTrans-literationof namePopularnameScholarlytranslit-erationAVtranslit-erationRemarks1))Ple)f?ālepaleph?-a glottal plosive2ab%b%tyb%'bêtbethB b (+bb)bb2bbbB bboriginally bilabial (?)modern pronunciation is v3ag@g@lmeyg@Ig?melgimelG g (+gg)gg3bggG ggoriginally a velar fricativemodern pronunciation is g4ad%d%tledf%dāletdalethD d (+dd)dd4bddD ddoriginally voiced thmodern pronunciation is d5hh)h'hē?héH hhh6wwwwFwāwwawW wvoriginally w (?)modern pronunciation is v7zzNyIzAzayinzayinZ zzz8xxtyx'?êtheth? ?ha pharyngeal unvoiced fricative9++ty+'?êtteth? ?tpharyngealized t10yydowyy?dyodY yj/iy11aK@ k%K@ k%Pk%fkāpkaphK k (+kk)ck11bK kK kK kcha velar fricative12lldmelflāmedlamedL lll13M mM mMm'mēmmemM mmm14N nN nNw3nn?nnunN nnn15ssKmesfsāmeksamekhS sss16((NyI(a?ayinayin?-a pharyngeal voiced fricative17aP3 pZP3 pZhpZ'pēhpéP p (+pp)pp17bP pP pP pphmodern pronunciation is f18C cC cyd'cf?ādêtsadé? ?zoriginally pharyngealized smodern pronunciation is ts.19qqPowqq?pqophQ qka uvular voiceless plosive20rr#$yr'rê?reshR rrrolled or uvular21ao#o#Ny#i$??nsin? ?ss, not distinguished from samekh21b#$#$Nyo#i??nshin? ?shsh22atZtZwtaZtawtawT t (+tt)tt22bttT tthoriginally voiceless thNotes on the alphabetThe Hebrew alphabet consists of 22 basic consonants. The other consonants are variations of the 22 fundamental consonants.The handwritten forms are in imitation of printed letters, which is as Biblical Hebrew is normally taught, and are not the way Modern Hebrew is normally written (which is rather different).Six letters (tpkdgb) have a hard and soft form. In pointed script, the hard form takes a dot or dagesh (tpZk%d%g@b%) whereas the soft form does not (tpkdgb). These two forms are not regarded as separate letters, and do not have separate dictionary ordering. One must also distinguishDagesh lene. A dagesh lene will always be present when no vowel precedes the consonant.Dagesh forte. If there is a dagesh when a vowel precedes the consonant, it is a dagesh forte, in which case the transliteration will be a double letter.Although the soft forms are transcribed in the same way as the hard forms with dagesh lene, the forms (including when reading a transcription) can be read with a soft (fricative) pronunciation, so e.g. p will be read as f.o# and #$ are counted as one letter and do not (traditionally) have separate dictionary ordering.Five letters (cpnmk) have separate final forms (CPNMK). These are used at the end of a word.Identical sounds in modern Hebrew) (b wk% qk xg g@d d%s o#t t@ +c st stZ s+ o#t o#tZ o#+ but these are distinguishedb% bk% kpZ pSome other fontsHebrewSquareSiloam /PalaeoSamaritanQumranRabbinic(Rashi)Hand-writtenSquareModern cursive)))))))bbbbbbbgggggggdddddddhhhhhhhwwwwwwwzzzzzzzxxxxxxx+++++++yyyyyyyK kkkKkKkK kK klllllllM mmmMmmM mM mN nnnNnnN nN nsssssss(((((((P pppPpPpP pP p3C cccCcCcC cC cqqqqqqqrrrrrrro#####o#o##$#$#$tttttttMeanings of the letters and gematriaHebrewSquareHebrew NameMeaningGematria)Ple)fOx1btyb%'House2glmeyg@ICamel3dtledf%Door4h)h'Window5wwwFHook6zNyIzAWeapon7xtyx'Fence8+ty+'Snake9ydowyHand10kPk%fPalm of hand20ldmelfGoad30mMm'Water40nNw3nFish50sK7mesfProp60(NyI(aEye70phpZ'Mouth80cyd'cfFish-hook?90qPowqEye of needle?100r#$yr'Head200o#Ny#i$Tooth300#$Nyo#i(same)(same)twtaZCross400K500M600N700P800C900VowelsSummary of the vowelsAEIOUlong with mater lectionishbf%yb'%yb%iGwb%w3b%b?bêb?b?b?long without mater lectionisb%fb%'|b%iob%|b%ubābēbībōbūshortb%ab%eb%ib%fb%ushewab@%;babebibobubehurriedb%jb%vb%/long e graveybe%b?b?b?bèDetailed Table of vowels with Hebrew names, transliterated names and informal names.AEIOUlong withmater hbf%yb'%lowdgF yr'c'?ērê gād?lyb%ilowdgF qreyxi??req gād?lGwb%lowdgF Mleowx??lem gād?lw3b%qrew3#$??reqlectionisb?bêtseré gadolb?chireq gadolb?cholem gadolb?shureqlong withoutmater b%fCmeqfqāme?b%'yr'c'?ērê|b%iqreyxi??reqob%Mleowx??lem|b%uCw3b%qiqibb??lectionisbāqametsbētserébīchireqbōcholembūqibbutsshortb%axtapaZpata?b%elowgs;seg?lb%iqreyxi??reqb%fPw3+xf Cmeqfqāme? ?āt?pb%uCw3b%qiqibb??bapatachbesegolbichireqboqamets chatuphbuqibbutshurriedb%jxtapaZ P+'xf?ātēp pata?b%vlowgs; P+'xf?ātēp seg?lb%/Pw3+xf Cmeqf P+'xf?ātēp qāme? ?āt?pb?chateph pata?b?chateph segolb?chateph qamets chatuphshewab@%;)wF#;$?ewa?beshewalong e graveybe%lowdgF lowgs;seg?l gād?lbèsegol gadolNotesGenerally, hbf% (b?) will only occur at the end of a word; elsewhere bf% (bā) is used.There are some (rather complex) ways to distinguish between bf%= bā and bf%=bo, e.g.Word pattern (short closed unstressed syllable) + (stressed syllable [open/closed long/short]): hmfk;xf (?okm?) (wisdom), l+aq;hf (hoq?al) (he was caused to be killed)A meteg, as in w3bt;|k%f (kātev?) (they wrote) indicates an ā.Standard grammatical forms reveal the vowel, e.g. hofal btZak;hf? from btak%f and Mkey#$'d;x?f from #$deox.Transliterate hb'% by bēh, hbe% and h@be% both by beh, )b%f by bā?, and h@b%f by bāh.As in precise orthography, the GGTAmos font can distinguish, by the position of the dot, a consonantal waw+ ??lem (ow) from a vocalic ??lem on o mater lectionis (Gw).As in precise orthography, the GGTAmos font can distinguish, by the position of the dot, a consonantal waw with dagesh (w[) from a ??req (w3).The GGTAmos font can distinguish, by a convention, bf%=bā from bf%?=bo. ................
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