Central Bucks School District



P6 | Wiley | ON-2, American Empire, D___Name:right635000America’s Quest for Empire, at “Home” & Abroad, up to WWI (1914)Cartoon from the Boston Globe, 1898 – Well, I Hardly Know Which To Take First!What is meant by imperialism “at home”? Role of Imperialism in U.S. HistoryImperialism: a policy of imposing economic, political, and/or cultural control over other peoplesFor the U.S., when does it begin? Old AnswerNew Answer________________________________________________Any takeover(s) before that wasn’t imperialism, but rather ______________________________ The U.S. were expansionists but not imperialists, like their European counterpartsThe U.S. has _________________________ an imperial powerTaking of __________________________ landsAssimilationist policiesTaking of various islands occurred pre-1898In 1854, forced Japan to open to U.S. traderight120354At home: pp. 1-2Abroad, general: p. 3Alaska: p. 4Hawaii p. 4Spanish-American-Cuban War: pp. 4-5Philippine-American War pp. 6-7U.S.-China: p. 7Opposition to Imperialism: p. 7Roosevelt-Wilson Foreign Policy: p. 800At home: pp. 1-2Abroad, general: p. 3Alaska: p. 4Hawaii p. 4Spanish-American-Cuban War: pp. 4-5Philippine-American War pp. 6-7U.S.-China: p. 7Opposition to Imperialism: p. 7Roosevelt-Wilson Foreign Policy: p. 8Quest for Empire, at “Home”Expansion & Imperialism, up to 1850sLouisiana Purchase, 1803 (expansion)_____________________________________ Act, 1830 (imperialism)_____________________________________ War, 1846-’48 (imperialism) Case Study: Japan—Treaty of Kanagawa, 1854 and its ImpactJapan of the 17th – mid-19th centuries was a feudal society, shut off from almost all contact In 1853, U.S. Commodore Perry traveled to Japan (uninvited) and issued an ultimatum to the Japanese: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________Perry would come back in one year, with a larger force, to receive Japan’s replyU.S. motives included: coal deposits, whale oil, access to supply portsLess than a year later, Perry came back and the Japanese signed the Treaty of Kanagawa (1854)Japan opened ports to the U.S. led to the presence of other foreigners as wellJapanese leadership felt it had _____________________________________ but to acquiesce to the U.S. Aftermath of the TreatyModernization and ImperialismImpact of Japanese Rule in KoreaIn the aftermath of the forced opening of Japan, the Japanese ultimately came to the conclusion that the best way to _________________________________________________ Industrialization, modernization, and imperialismBecame an imperial power for the same reasons as Westerners did, and also to avoid being taken over itselfBy early 1900, Japan was the strongest military power in Asia and had beaten the ________________________________, and taken Taiwan, Manchuria, and KoreaPublic protest forbiddenKorean newspapers shut downKorean schools taken over by JapaneseKorean language and history replaced with JapaneseLand taken from Korean farmersForbade Koreans from going into businessHigh instances of rapeModernized Korean factories and transportation and communications systemsEvaluate America’s role in opening up Japan to the U.S. Consider the long-term consequences of this forced opening.Expansion & Imperialism, 1860 to WWI (1814)Incorporating the West (_____________________________________):Homestead Act, 1862 and subsidizing the railroads Indian policy _____________________________________):Dawes Act, 1887; Indian boarding school movement; Indian Wars: Case Study—Wounded Knee, 1890The U.S. looked abroad to expand its influence in (_____________________________________):Central and South America, the Caribbean, and Asia Homestead Act, 1862Passed by Lincoln administration during the Civil WarProvided __________________________________________________________________________Part of a broader plan to enable the government to assert authority over the direction and pace of expansion and settlement “The wilderness should be settled because we are safer if we do. . . . The man who goes and encouragers the frontier is as much a solider as he who bears the musket.” (James Jones, governor of Tennessee) 1862-1900: approximately ______________ families took up the government’s offer; some succeeded but many struggled with harsh climate and soilDawes Act, 1887Divided up Indian reservations into private land parcels under the banner of __________________________________________Land given to Indians was often useless for farming _____ of Indian land lost and opened for settlement under the Homestead Act_____________________________________ result given the origins of the act: Helen Hunt Jackson’s A Century of Dishonor “It makes no difference where one opens the record of the history of the Indians; every page and every year has its dark stain.”Motives / Revealing QuotesSenator Henry M. Teller, outspoken opponent of allotment: “The real aim of allotment was to get Indian lands and open them to settlement. The provisions for the apparent benefit of the Indians are but the pretext to get at his lands and occupy them . . . If this were done in the name of Greed, it would be bad enough; but to do it in the name of Humanity . . . is infinitely worse.”Colonel Militia Major: “Indians are an obstacle to civilization . . . [that] should be exterminated.”William T. Sherman, General of U.S. Army during Indian Wars: “The idea is to remove all of them to a safe place and then reduce them to a _____________________________________.” Richard H. Pratt, founder of an Indian boarding school: “These schools are necessary in order to kill the Indian and _____________________________________.”42284651460500Indian Boarding School Movement See course Indian Boarding School document. Picture: Football practice, Indian School 1911Wounded Knee Massacre, 1890Suffering Indian tribes turned to an Indian prophet who had a vision of a new world after the end of this one: native lands would be restored, the buffalo would return, and whites would disappear Prophet promised that if they performed the _____________________________________ ritual the vision would be realized (ghosts of their ancestors would return to earth—hence the word “ghost”)Military leaders demanded the practice be stopped When the _____________________________________to stop the ritual, U.S. military _____________________________________ hundreds of unarmed natives (current day South Dakota)Make a list of the ways in which the U.S. government attempted to “culturally imperialize” Native Americans (begin with elements of the Dawes Act):Subsidizing the RailroadsGovernment subsidized many railroad companies to extend westward (_____________________________________)Quest for Empire, AbroadU.S. Looks to Build an EmpireBy 1890s, U.S. government looked abroad for various political, economic, and social reasonsImportant context: _____________________________________, 1893"A new consciousness seems to have come upon us - the consciousness of strength - and with it a new appetite, the yearning to show our strength. . . . Ambition, interest, land hunger, pride, the mere joy of fighting, whatever it may be, we are animated by a new sensation. . . . The taste of Empire is in the _____________________________________. . . ." Editorial, Washington Post, 1898Economic ObjectivesImperialism was increasingly viewed as a _____________________________________ for continued economic growthNew markets would solve problem of _____________________________________“The trade of the world must and shall be ours. . . . We will establish trading-posts throughout the world as distributing points for American products. . . . [They will be] great colonies governing themselves, flying our flag…” – Senator Albert BeveridgePolitical & Military Objectives_____________________________________ scramble for empireMany wanted to become a great world powerSocial/Cultural ObjectivesBelief in racial and cultural superiorityU.S. had a __________________________________________________________________________ to the world’s inferior peopleThe White Man’s Burden – Rudyard Kipling, 1898"God has not been preparing the English-speaking . . . peoples for a thousand years for nothing . . . . No, He has made us adept in government that we may administer government among savage and senile peoples - He has marked the American people as His chosen nation to finally lead in the redemption of the world." Senator Albert J. Beveridge, 190033902652286000 Pictures: Missionaries in Japan and China. Context for China picture: By the end of the nineteenth century, women represented 60 percent of the American missionary force in foreign lands. This photograph shows two Methodist women using “back chairs,” a traditional form of transportation, at Mount Omei in Szechwan, China. If you had to choose one factor that contributed most directly to U.S. imperialism abroad, what would it be and why?Purchase of Alaska, 1867Russians built several military forts and settlements beginning in the 18th century but permanent settlement never occurred Land seemed to have little value and was hard to defend Russia offered to sell Alaska to the U.S. in 1859 but the Civil War delayed the sale; after the war, Secretary of State William Seward purchased Alaska U.S. paid little attention to Alaska; viewed as a wasteland until major gold deposit was discovered in 1896Became a territory in ______________ and a state in _________________50647603365500U.S. Interest/Involvement in HawaiiMissionaries arrived in 1790s, followed by sugar planters, and later, by merchants eager to use the islands as stepping stone to _____________________________________U.S. came to control most of the islands’ _____________________________________Benefited from U.S. duty-free tax on sugarBullied monarchs into giving political control to U.S. businessmen by 1880sPearl Harbor, U.S. naval base, built in 1887A new tariff in 1890 provoked crisis by eliminating the duty-free status of Hawaiian sugarPlanters/business community called for U.S. annexation Meanwhile, Queen _____________________________________ proposed changes in government that would restore political power to nativesBusiness leaders, U.S. ambassador _____________________________________, and pineapple tycoon Sanford B. Dole organized a coup in 1893 and deposed the queenPicture: Queen Liliuokalani sought to limit outside influence. American marines and sugar planters joined in 1893 to drive her from her throne. A century later, the U.S. government apologized to native Hawaiians for this illegal act. Annexation of Hawaii, 1898President _____________________________________ directed that the queen be restored; saw her removal as illegalDole (“president” of new regime) refused to surrender powerThe Queen refused to use violence; felt the U.S. would realize its errorPresident McKinley annexed Hawaii in _________, without giving a chance for Hawaiian’s to vote on annexation Background to Spanish-American-Cuban WarSpain had owned Cuba since late 15th centuryCuban wars for independence (1860s, 70s, + ‘90s) aroused concern among Americans _____________________________________ invested in CubaSpanish brutality (forced removal + concentration camps) increased U.S. _____________________________________ for CubaYellow _____________________________________ exaggerated atrocities to lure readers ($$) and provoke U.S. intervention366776025017500Spanish-American-Cuban War, 1898Though McKinley initially called for avoiding war, he had to concede after the _____________________________________ exploded and the press [_____________________________________] accused the Spanish “You furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the war” (newspaper editor William Randolph Hurst to artist)Despite Spanish cease-fire agreement, public opinion favored warTo many, the war began to “bring peace to Cuba”—but those orchestrating the war would generate a much more complicated resultThis illustration from the popular press depicts the explosion of the battleship “Maine” in the Havana harbor on February 15, 1898. War-mongering newspaper editors and journalists immediately charged the Spaniards with mining the harbor or torpedoing the ship. right20600Causes of S-A-C WarA decaying Spanish empireNavy needed coaling stations/ports; Spanish possessions offered good opportunities to _____________________________________U.S. had for a long time _____________________________________U.S.S. Maine blew up while in Havana Yellow journalismSympathy for Cuba’s people who had been fighting for independence American interest in _____________________________________S-A-C ResultsTook U.S. just _____ weeks to winHelped to unify the nation and increase prestigeU.S. army would govern Cuba for 4 years after war; oversaw constitution creation and tightened U.S. control over industry and agriculture Cuba felt betrayed _____________________________________, 1898U.S. would not annex Cuba but would exert control Spain ceded Puerto Rico and Guam to the U.S. U.S. paid $_____ million for Philippine IslandsCubans forced to add the _____________________________________ to their constitution in 1903U.S. had right to intervene to maintain order Cuba could not go into debtU.S. could buy/lease land for naval stations Led to _____________________________________ and Cuban calls for a return to arms to defend national honorU.S. army/government stood firm and Cubans reluctantly agreed U.S. assumed territorial control over southern portion of _____________________________________ in 1903Cuba since S-A-C WarCuban-American Relations, pre-1959Post-1959U.S. provided _____________________________________ aid and built schoolsInvested, and _____________________________________, all major industries_____________________________________ the island several times to quell popular uprisings Fidel Castro ushered in a communist era Cold War (failed Bay of Pigs invasion, Cuban Missile Crisis)Economic sanctions, embargo and travel restrictions due to Cuban nationalization of industry (seen as a violation of U.S. property rights) Diplomatic relations have just been restored by Obama (controversial)Obama plans to close the Guantanamo Bay detention center (controversial)Puerto Rico Since S-A-C WarGuam Since S-A-C WarU.S. companies were given many advantages over local owners; eventually led to U.S. _____________________________________ over the economyPuerto Rico became a _____________________________________which is “organized but unincorporated”Puerto Ricans were given citizenship in 1917 but couldn’t (and still can’t) vote in presidential elections or elect voting members of CongressToday, Puerto Ricans have one elected representative in the House, but they cannot vote on legislationDebate ensues in Puerto Rico: status quo, _____________________________________, or independence?U.S. territory and citizenship_____________________________________for U.S. governmentLocal autonomy; democratic governmentPopulation: 161,785 483743031115002908300254000Background to Philippine-American WarLike _____________________________________, the Philippines had also been fighting for independence from SpainNavy was sent to the Philippines on the eve of the S-A-C WarViewed as gateway to AsiaU.S. _____________________________________ Filipinos help in securing independenceBoth worked together to fight the Spanish in 1898Cartoon: President McKinley is shown holding the Philippines, depicted as a savage child, as the world looks on. The implied options for McKinley are to keep the Philippines, or give it back to Spain, which the cartoon compares to throwing a child off a cliff.Background to Philippine-American WarAfter the Treaty of Paris, Filipinos rightfully felt _____________________________________ by the U.S., who had promised they were “liberators” In retaliation, Filipinos drafted a constitution declaring themselves an independent republic but U.S. soldiers reinforced U.S. control Filipinos rose in armed revolt and fought the U.S. for _____ years until they eventually surrendered to the U.S. Philippine-American War, 1899-1902U.S. undermined population’s capacity to endure great suffering for sake of independence U.S. employed __________________________________________________________________________ membership in Anti-Imperialist League Part of U.S. mission was _____________________________________ through education: Filipino language, flags, or customs were illegalImmediate impact: U.S. would not be as ambitious when it came to imperialism in the future28809951333500Print shows Uncle Sam as a teacher, standing behind a desk in front of his new students who are labeled "Cuba, Porto Rico, Hawaii, [and] Philippines"; they do not look happy to be there. At the rear of the classroom are students holding books labeled "California, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, [and] Alaska". At the far left, an African American boy cleans the windows, and in the background, a Native boy sits by himself, reading an upside-down book labeled "ABC", an a Chinese boy stands just outside the door. A book on Uncle Sam's desk is titled "U.S. First Lessons in Self-Government".Aftermath of Philippine-American WarAfter the U.S. won the war, they imposed a military governmentFilipino’s would elect a lower houseU.S. set up schools and hospitals but continued in their attempts to __________________________________________right1537200McKinley’s Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation (1898)In performing this duty [the extension of American sovereignty throughout the Philippines by means of force] the military commander of the United States is enjoined to make known to the inhabitants of the Philippine Islands that in succeeding to the sovereignty of Spain, in severing the former political relations, and in establishing a new political power, the authority of the United States is to be exerted for the securing of the persons and property of the people of the Islands and for the confirmation of all private rights and relations. It will be the duty of the commander of the forces of occupation to announce and proclaim in the most public manner that we come not as invaders or conquerors, but as friends, to protect the natives in their homes, in their employment, and in their personal and religious rights. All persons who, either by active aid or by honest submission, cooperate with the Government of the United States to give effect to these beneficent purposes will receive the reward of its support and protection. All others will be brought within the lawful rule we have assumed, with firmness if need be, but without severity, so far as may be possible…. Finally, it should be the earnest and paramount aim of the military administration to win the confidence, respect, and affection of the inhabitants of the Philippines by assuring them in every possible way that full measure of individual rights and liberties which is the heritage of a free people, and by assuring them in every possible way that full measure of individual rights and liberties which is the heritage of a free people, and by proving to them that the mission of the United States is one of the benevolent assimilation, substituting the mild sway of justice and right for arbitrary rule. In the fulfillment of this high mission, supporting the temperate administration of affairs for the greatest good of the governed, there must be sedulously maintained the strong arm of authority, to repress disturbance and to overcome all obstacles to the bestowal of the blessings of good and stable government upon the people of the Philippine Islands under the flag of the United States. How does McKinley’s proclamation contrast with what occurred in the Philippines during this time?What commonalities can you discern from the cartoons related to the S-A-C War and Philippine-American War?Taken all of the information from S-A-C War to this point, what do you suspect truly motivated the U.S. government to declare war on Spain in 1898? Was the S-A-C, and subsequent Philippine-American War, justified? Why or why not?U.S.-China RelationsGrowing struggle among countries for control of China’s resources caused the U.S. to propose the ‘_____________________________________policy in 1899Open access to China’s coastal portsMaintain China’s _____________________________________ so all Westerners (+ Japan) could equally _____________________________________Remained in effect until after WWIIU.S. aided a 1900 international fight against Chinese ‘_____________________________________’ who were opposed to foreign infiltration 48812305111000Opposition to U.S. Imperialism, c. 1900Anti-Imperialist League formed 1898; roughly half a million members, including notables like Twain and Carnegie_____________________________________: dark-skinned and “ignorant” were unworthy of American citizenship _____________________________________: nonwhite immigration would overwhelm U.S. labor and take jobs away from white Americans _____________________________________: costs of maintaining military force large enough to protect positions abroad was too high Roosevelt’s Foreign PolicyTR wanted to increase the influence and prestige of the U.S. Believed that the exportation of American values and ideals would have an ennobling effect on the world“_____________________________________” diplomacy: America has a God-given role to promote a moral world order and would use force if necessary in order to protect American interestsright11112500Acted aggressively in foreign affairs, often acting without the support or consent of CongressRoosevelt & Latin AmericaFeared European intervention if Latin America defaulted on loansAdded _____________________________________ to Monroe Doctrine, stating the U.S. had police power in the region and Europe must stay outSupported _____________________________________ against Colombia to gain control of Panama Canal Zone Considered the canal his greatest achievement Evaluate Roosevelt’s actions in Colombia in order to gain control of the Panama Canal:right1535800Taft’s Foreign PolicyGiving support to American investors in Latin America and ChinaSubstituted investment for military interventionPolitical influence would follow increased U.S. trade/investment_____________________________________ in Latin America doubled_____________________________________ interventions occurred in Honduras and NicaraguaWilson’s Foreign Policy (minus WWI)Program of “missionary/moral diplomacy;” the U.S. had a moral responsibility to promote and help establish _____________________________________Sent marines into Latin America to put down revolts against democratic leadersGave the Philippines more political autonomy Apologized to the Colombian government for Roosevelt’s actions in PanamaBought the _____________________________________from Denmark for $25 millionAlmost started war with Mexico, until WWI diverted U.S. attentionWhat key similarities and differences can you locate between the foreign policies of the Progressive presidents? ................
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