Kings Park High School



TOM RICHEY CORONA VIRUS CROWDCAST LECTURESTuesday 3/17/20 World War I Treaty of Versailles (LEQ comparison to Congress of Vienna) Evaluate the extent to which the settlement reached at the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) differed from the terms of the Treaty of Versailles (1919).CONTEXTUALIZATION: French Revolution, Napoleonic Wars, Franco-Prussian War, Causes of World War I, IsmsCONGRESS OF VIENNATREATY OF VERSAILLESUNIQUE to the Congress of ViennaContrast / DifferencesUNIQUE to the Treaty of VersaillesContrast / DifferencesSIMILARITIESCONGRESS OF VIENNATREATY OF VERSAILLESFollowed the Napoleonic WarsConservatismLiberalism and NationalismMetternich (Austria dominated conference)US was not presentConcert System (Informal)Balance of PowerNo Effort to Punish FranceStrengthen the Great PowersNot another continental war of 99 yearsFollowed WWILiberalism and NationalismWilson (US) was a major figureLeague of Nations (Formal)Build an international orderPunish Germany (Article 231 - “War Guilt”)Break up EmpiresEurope at war 20 years laterBoth were settlements reached after a continental warBoth sought to prevent another warBoth established a system of transnational cooperationCOMPLEX THESIS:Although the Congress of Vienna and the Treaty of Versailles were both peace conferences that followed continental wars and established a system of cooperation between nations, the Treaty of Versailles differed greatly from the Congress of Vienna because it was driven by nationalism and also did not seek to preserve the European balance of power, while the Congress of Vienna was a conservative conference that sought to preserve the balance of power.This complex thesis takes into account both similarities and differences.ACCEPTABLE THESIS:The Treaty of Versailles differed greatly from the Congress of Vienna because the Allies decided to punish Germany and promote nationalism, while the Congress of Vienna did not try to punish France and was hostile to nationalism.REQUIRED: TWO VALID POINTS OF COMPARISONMonday 3/23/20 NEW IMPERIALISM EMPHASIS (for AP Euro) is on MOTIVATIONS AND METHODS.MOTIVATIONSMETHODSWhat motivated Europeans to embark on imperialist ventures?What facilitated European dominance in Africa and Asia?Nationalistic Rivalries (competition between European nations)Strategic concerns prompted European nations to project their military power and control key points around the globe. The Balance of Power in Europe was becoming a global Balance of Power.Europeans sought markets for their industrial goods and sources of new raw materials.A sense of cultural and racial superiorityTECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTSAdvanced weaponry (e.g., repeating rifles, ironclad battleships) created an unprecedented gap in military technology between the West and the rest of the world.Advances in communication and transportation allowed Europeans to travel the globe with unprecedented speed (e.g., railroads and steamships) and allowed information to travel even faster (e.g., the telegraph).Jules Verne, Around the World in 80 DaysNew medical technologies allowed Europeans to survive in areas that would have threatened their health before the late nineteenth century (e.g., inoculation and quinine)POSSIB CONTEXT: Second Industrial RevolutionGrowth of Nationalism (Unifications of Germany and Italy)Darwinism and Social Darwinism (could also be OE)OUTSIDE EVIDENCE:Darwinism and Social Darwinism (could also be Context)Cecil Rhodes and his role in the British EmpireBerlin Conference (a meeting of the Great Powers regarding Africa)Wed. 3/25/20 Nationalism 1789-1914Precursor- Louis XIC revoking Edict of Nantes w/ Edict of Fountainbleu- people begin to have identity w/France, rather than the Catholic ChurchNAPOLEON’s ACHEIVEMENTS solidified French nationalism, and sparks it in other nations looking to throw off French imperial ruleDOC ANALYSIS: Napoleon defeats the Holy Roman EmpireZollverein had already been in place- a free trade zone between many German states but no political unityThe German Confederation replaced the HRE- cultural but not political unityDOC ANALYSIS: The Constitution of Greece (1830)(analyze paragraph by paragraph- which ism is each paragraph driven by?)Liberalism? “despotic” = based on Enlightenment ideasNationalism?Romanticism?- a “holy war= note these were a Christian people revolting against Muslim TurksExample: Flag of modern Greece (Cross, stripes)Eugene Delacroix and Lord Byron as examplesLondon Protol- legitimizes Greece in the eyes of major European nationsDOC ANALYSIS: MAP OF AUSTRIAN EMPIRERead names of all the different ethnicities. In this case, nationalism does not unite, it dividesRevolution of 1848- Germany- Liberal nationalism in the Frankfurt Parliament- delegates are trying to create a constitutional monarchy, invade Frederick of Prussia to become King, he has no interest in uniting the 39 provinces of the Confederation, turn job down!Bismarck will get the job done- Blood and Iron, realpolitikFranco Prussian War= unfinished business going into WWIBismarck RAP- see link 3/27/20Impressionism, Culture of 19th cContext: (1870-1890) Increasing urbanization; Impressionist painters document changesMost of these paintings are of natural setting, with images of industry in backgroundElements: Visible brush strokesCreative use of colorDoesn’t actually look like the image but gives the impression of the imageDreyfus Affair- FranceJews were an equal and integral part of W. European society buy late 19th c. as evidenced by Dreyfus graduating from an elite military academy and becoming a general.When indications of military intelligence being leak to Germany emerges, he is accused and convicted w/out any real proof- humiliating and public court martial ceremonyEvidence of deep rooted antisemitism in France; Dreyfussards v. Anti Dreyfussards(the severe polarization of partisan political life between anticlerical republicans and monarchist CatholicsWriter Emole Zola pulishes J’Accuse, Dreyfus brought back from exile on Devil’s Island and is re-tried- despite evidence proving his innocence, he is re-convictedFinally, he is pardoned by president, but rift in society is slow to healZionism, the Jewish nationalist movement emerges in this contextTheodor Herzl, seeing the injustice of the Dreyfus Affair call for a Jewish state to be createdWomen’s Suffrage a woman’s the right to vote in European nations would not be achieved until after WWI (Britain: 1930, France, 1945)Emma Pankhurst organized the UK?suffragette?movement and helping women win the?right to vote.?She was widely criticized for her militant tactics and her party’s hunger strike resulted in imprisonment where participants were force fed . Positivism- was the embrace of a fully scientific mindset- empirical evidence (not including logic) must be present in order for one to know something was “positively” true. Created by August Compte, father of SociologyDarwinism, and the belief in survival of the fittest based on natural selection is linked to this b/c Charles Darwin based his theory on evidence he had actually seen in the Galapagos Islands and elsewhere. His theory contradicted the Bible in terms of human creation but he shrugged that off, “This is what I observed”- evidence of human evolution.Would later be used to justify ‘social Darwinism’ in which imperialists Western nations would justify their colonization and subjugation of African lands and peoplesMonday 3/30/20Renaissance ReviewContextualization: invention of the printing press, loss of some prestige of Catholic Church due to crises of the 14th c (Bubonic Plague and Avignon Papacy)Three Categories of Humanism1. Christian Humanism (Northern)ErasmusSir Thomas MoreValued Christian ideals of early church fathersImprovement of society based on humanistic idealsChallenges the practices (but not the doctrine) of Catholic Church2. Civic Humanism (Italy)Machiavelli, MediciCastiglioneHow can classical ideals help an individual be the best (Prince, Courtier) possible?Valued individualism, secularism of Roman emperors3. Italian Humanism (Italy)Pico de la MirandaLooks to the classics to improve an individualART- click on this link for great summary handout! Renaissance:Masaccio, The Tribute MoneyBrunelleschi, Florence Cathedral DomeBotticelli, The Birth of VenusPerugino, Delivery of the KeysHigh Renaissance:Da Vinci, Vitruvian ManMichelangelo, PietaDa Vinci, Last SupperDa Vinci, Mona LisaMichelangelo, DavidRaphael, School of AthensNorthern RenaissancePieter Bruegel the Elder, The HarvestersAlbrecht Durer, Self PortraitHans Holbein, Portrait of ErasmusWednesday, 4/1 The Protestant ReformationCatholicismAnglicanismKey PeopleErasmusIgnatius of LoyolaTeresa of AvilaHenry VIIIElizabeth IRegionsItaly, France, Spain, HRE (South), Austria, Poland, Netherlands (South)EnglandDegree of ReformThe Council of Trent reformed many Church practices (but not doctrines) Minimal Reforms (motive for the English Reformation was chiefly political)Economic change- dissolution of monasteries- this Church land was sold to Englishmen that became part of the “English Gentry Class” (not nobles, but as large landowners, became a v. powerful group)Free WillStrong---SalvationDivine Grace through Faith (and confirmed through good works)---Key Doctrines, Beliefs, and PracticesPapal Primacy (St. Peter)The Church hierarchy interprets Scripture according to tradition.Minimal Doctrinal ChangesElizabethan Settlement(Compromise & Uniformity)Church and StateThe Catholic Church believed religious authority to be superior to secular authority (Pope declared Elizabeth I illegitimate and absolved her subjects from allegiance to her)National Church - Merger of Church and State(Act of Supremacy made Henry VIII the SupremeHead of the Church of England - later revisedto Supreme Governor under Elizabeth I)NOTE: The Anabaptists, scattered in Northern Europe, did not believe that churches should be subject to secular authority.LutheranismCalvinismKey PeopleMartin LutherJohn CalvinJohn Knox (Scotland)RegionsHRE (North) and Scandinavia (Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Iceland)Geneva, Scotland, Dutch Republic (North), France (Huguenot Minority)Degree of ReformModerate doctrinal reformsProtested against the sale of IndulgencesRadical (but others were more radical)Free WillWeak (Simultaneously Saint and Sinner)Plays No Role (Total Depravity)SalvationSola Fide - Justification through FAITH alonePredestination - Divine grace saves the ELECTKey Doctrines, Beliefs, and PracticesSola Scriptura - Doctrines must be drawn from Scripture and the individual can interpretPriesthood of All BelieversIconoclasmDistinctive DressProtestant Ethic (contested)Wealth was a sign of God’s grace, but should not be flauntedChurch and StateClergy should submit to state authority (Luther condemned the German Peasants’ Revolt, urging peasants to submit to temporal authority. He was beholden to nobles [e.g., Frederick of Saxony] that protected him from Charles V)Calvin did not believe in any separation of Church and State.Calvin’s religious community at Geneva burned Michael Servetus as a heretic for denying the Holy Trinity.Social Impact of Reformation: 1. In Protestant countries, the increased use of the printing press and emphasis on reading the bible led to a sharp rise in literacy, esp. among women. Their belief in a personal relationship with God made reading the Bible a necessity, and it became the responsibility of good Christian mothers to teach their children how to read and write.2. Peasants’ Revolt- economically oppressed German peasants look to Luther to champion their rebellion against their landlords. He strongly refuses and remains loyal to the secular authority of the princes in the HRE. Revolt fails! ................
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