Mr. Sault's Classroom



right247650Blood ComponentsBloodis a body fluid that delivers necessary substances, such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells. Have ~5-6 liters of bloodThere are components of blood:PlasmaBlood cells (red blood cells and white blood cells)PlateletsFunctions of the Blood TransportationO2 from lungs to cells of the body, CO2 from cells to lungsNutrients from digestive system to cellsHormones from endocrine glands to organs.Waste products (urea to kidney)RegulationControl and maintain body temperature (~37oC)Maintain normal pH levels (~ pH 7.4)Maintaining fluid volumeProtection Prevent infection through white blood cells and antibodies detecting and attacking foreign substances Prevention of loss of fluids by blood clottingComponents of the BloodPlasmaLiquid part of the bloodStraw-coloured, sticky fluidMakes up 55% of blood volumeComposed of 91.5% water and 7% proteins, 1.5 % dissolved solutes.Plasma has three proteins in it. Albumins — Maintains blood pressureFibrinogen — Necessary for blood clottingGlobulins — Are transport proteins and some involved in immune response (antibodies)Blood CellsTwo types: Red Blood Cells (RBC’s) White Blood Cells (WBC’s) rightcenterRed Blood Cells --- also called Erythrocytes No nucleus (present during development but shrinks and disintegrates as it matures)This is important because the loss of the nucleus decreases the size of the cell and increases the overall surface area of the cell, therefore carrying more O2 and CO2.No organellesDisc-shaped: flattened discs with depressed centersShape is ideal for gas exchangeCreated by the bone marrowHematopoiesis – the process by which blood cells are producedLive about 120 daysReplacement rate: 1-2 million per second!Contains hemoglobin structure that transports O2Main function is to transport respiratory gases (O2 and CO2).144780030670500White Blood Cells --- also called leukocytesComplete cells – has a nucleus and organellesThey are spherical and can change shapeLarger in size than red blood cells (RBC’s)Less numerous than RBC’sMain function is to protect the body by fighting foreign invaders and infection.From most abundant to least abundant WBC’s:Neutrophils > Lymphocytes > Monocytes > Eosinophils > Basophils.(Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas)018034000WBCs are Granular or AgranularGranular Leukocytes: contains granulesIncludes: neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils.Roughly spherical in shapeLobed nucleusGranules in cytoplasm (secretory vesicles)Neutrophils - most abundant phagocyte in the bodyEosinophil – kill parasites by secreting toxin on themBasophil – contribute to the inflammatory response Agranular Leukocytes: lack granulesIncludes: lymphocytes and monocytes.Spherical or kidney-shaped nucleusLymphocytes - T, B, and Natural Killer cells (NK) B cells – produce antibodiesT Cells - recognize and respond to abnormal or infected cells.NK cells - destroy infected cells. Monocytes – large phagocytesPlateletsCell fragments (derived from Megakaryocyte in bone marrow) No nucleusLive about 7 daysMain Function is blood clot formation.The Blood Clotting ProcessBlood Clotting is actually a complicated chemical process. This is how it works. When a blood vessel is ruptured the following happens: Step 1: Platelets rush to the area. They release an enzyme called Thromboplastin. Step 2: Thromboplastin causes prothrombin (a protein) to be converted in thrombin (enzyme). Thromboplastin Prothrombin ---------------------------------------------> Thrombin Step 3: Thrombin causes fibrinogen (found in blood plasma) to be changed into fibrin. Thrombin Fibrinogen ---------------------------------------------------> Fibrin Step 4: Fibrin forms a net of fibres over the cut and traps red blood cells and platelets and forms a blood clot.Blood DisordersHemophiliaHereditary bleeding disorderCaused by either a lack of clotting factor VIII (8) or clotting factor IX (9)Symptoms often include: nosebleeds, easy to bruise, joint and muscle pain due to bleeding, blood in urine. No cure. Patients often treated through injections of purified clotting factor or transfusion of blood plasma.AnemiaLack of healthy red blood cellsMay be caused by many conditions. Examples: loss of blood, infections, and poor nutrition (low intake of iron needed for hemoglobin structure)Symptoms often include: fatigue, pale skin, short of breath and feeling cold. Treatment depends on the cause of anemia. Treatments may range from nutritional supplements (such as iron) to blood transfusions.Sickle Cell AnemiaFatal hereditary blood disorder The gene for sickle cell is prominent in people of recent African decent having one copy of gene protects against malaria, having two copies is fatal (one from mom, one from dad)Causes misshapen red blood cells (crescent shaped) which makes them less effective at gas exchangeLeukemiaType of cancer where the body makes too many white blood cells.Most common type of cancer in childrenCan interfere with production of RBCs and/or function of WBCsCauses the immune system to not function properlyOften treated with chemotherapyHodgkin’s DiseaseCancer of the lymphocytes, typically in the lymph nodes.Can easily spread to the bloodstream and infect other parts of the body. Causes weaken immune system.Typically treated with chemotherapy and radiation therapy.Blood TypingFour major types:ABABOBlood types are determined by proteins called antigens found on surface of RBCAntigensAntibodiesType A: has antigen-A on its membraneType B: has antigen on its membraneType AB: has antigen-A and antigen-BType O: has NO antigensUniversal DonorType ORh-Has no antigens on RBC to react with antibodies in recipient’s plasmaUniversal RecipientType ABRh+Has no antibodies in plasma to react with any donor blood antigensGenetics10855961452626OOOO10795001205230ABAB1079551963981BB or BOBB or BO1080770724205AA or AOAA or AOFor example: If a mother is heterozygous for TYPE A blood and the father is TYPE O blood, draw a Punnett Square to show the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring.One more example:Both mom and dad are heterozygous for TYPE B blood (BO). Using a Punnett Square, determine the phenotypic and genotypic ration for their offspring. Rh Blood Group SystemThe Rh (Rhesus) factor was first found in Rhesus monkeys, hence the name. The Rh factor is an inherited trait that refers to a specific protein found on the surface of red blood cells. This protein commonly is the D antigen.Another Blood Antigen Rh Factor Rh PositiveRh NegativeIf D antigen is present, blood is Rh+If D antigen is missing, blood is Rh-Approximately 85% of the human population is Rh+.Antibody to Rh factors does not develop automaticallyOnly develops when Rh- person is exposed to the Rh antigen from transfusion/pregnancy.Rh Factor Transfusion SummaryCan donate to…Can receive from…Rh+Rh-Predict: Which Transfusions are Successful?Use an “X” for an unsuccessful transfusion and a “√” for a successful transfusion.586596111460Donors O-O+A-A+B- B+AB-AB+345057328845RecipientsO-O+A-A+B-B+AB-AB+Rh Factor ComplicationsComplications with Rh factors are related to pregnancyMom is Rh-. Baby is Rh+. Baby received the Rh+ factor from the father. During birth, some of the baby’s blood will pass into the mother’s bloodstream as the placenta detaches. The mother’s immune system will form antibodies against the baby’s Rh+ antigens The 1st pregnancy results in the delivery of a healthy baby. The 2nd pregnancy, if the baby is also Rh+, the mother antibodies will affect the developing fetus, causing a condition known as erythroblastis fetalis. The mother’s antibodies destroy the fetus’ red blood cells leading to anemia, and in severe cases brain damage and even death.3238519494500The Blood Typing Game to the link above. Play the game as many times as needed to gain a better understanding of blood typing and blood transfusion.Then, click on main menu on the top right corner.Read: What is a blood type?How do you determine a patient’s blood type?How do you perform safe blood transfusions?Answer the questions below.Question AnalysisThese questions can be found within the reading sections above.What are the components of blood? List and provide a description of each. (Hint: there are 4 components)The ABO and Rh blood groups system are used to classify which type of blood cell?How many different blood types are there?For each of the following blood types, indicate the types of antigens and antibodies that are associated.A-AB+O-B+What happens if you get the wrong blood in a transfusion?Critical Thinking QuestionsThese questions may not be found on the website. Try to think these questions through before answering them. You are encouraged to use your notes to help you answer them.A person, by the name of Byall Lahgi, was rushed to the hospital. He had lost a large amount of blood from his accident. There was no time to perform a blood test to determine his blood type. Usually patients should be receiving blood from a donor whose blood type matches perfectly. However, since we do not know the patients’ blood type, in this situation, in order to perform a safe blood transfusion, the donor must have which blood type? Why might the plasma of a person with Type A blood contain Anti-B antibodies but not Anti-A antibodies?How come someone with Rh+ blood can receive blood from a donor who is Rh- but an Rh- person cannot receive blood from an Rh+ person?Early blood transfusions consisted of whole blood, but modern day medical practice commonly uses only red blood cells. Why do you think this change in medical practices occurred? ................
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