Reference Tables for Physical Setting/EARTH SCIENCE

[Pages:16]The University of the State of New York ? THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT ? Albany, New York 12234 ?

Reference Tables for Physical Setting/EARTH SCIENCE

Radioactive Decay Data

RADIOACTIVE DISINTEGRATION HALF-LIFE

ISOTOPE

(years)

Carbon-14

14C 14N

5.7 ? 103

Potassium-40 Uranium-238

40K 238U

40Ar 40Ca

206Pb

1.3 ? 109 4.5 ? 109

Rubidium-87

87Rb 87Sr

4.9 ? 1010

Equations

Specific Heats of Common Materials

MATERIAL

Liquid water Solid water (ice) Water vapor Dry air Basalt Granite Iron Copper Lead

SPECIFIC HEAT

(Joules/gram ? ?C) 4.18 2.11 2.00 1.01 0.84 0.79 0.45 0.38 0.13

Eccentricity =

distance between foci length of major axis

change in field value

Gradient =

distance

Rate

of change =

change in value time

Density

=

mass volume

Properties of Water

Heat energy gained during melting . . . . . . . . . . 334 J/g Heat energy released during freezing . . . . . . . . 334 J/g Heat energy gained during vaporization . . . . . 2260 J/g Heat energy released during condensation . . . 2260 J/g

Density at 3.98?C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 g/mL

Average Chemical Composition of Earth's Crust, Hydrosphere, and Troposphere

ELEMENT (symbol)

Oxygen (O) Silicon (Si) Aluminum (Al) Iron (Fe) Calcium (Ca) Sodium (Na) Magnesium (Mg) Potassium (K) Nitrogen (N) Hydrogen (H) Other

CRUST

Percent by mass Percent by volume

46.10

94.04

28.20

0.88

8.23

0.48

5.63

0.49

4.15

1.18

2.36

1.11

2.33

0.33

2.09

1.42

HYDROSPHERE

Percent by volume

33.0

66.0

0.91

0.07

1.0

TROPOSPHERE

Percent by volume

21.0

78.0 1.0

2011 EDITION

This edition of the Earth Science Reference Tables should be used in the classroom beginning in the 2011?12 school year. The first examination for which these tables will be used is the January 2012 Regents Examination in Physical Setting/Earth Science.

Eurypterus remipes New York State Fossil

Champlain Lowlands

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables -- 2011 Edition

Generalized Landscape Regions of New York State

Grenville Province (Highlands)

Interior LowlaStn. Ldawsrence

Lowlands

Interior Lowlands

Adirondack Mountains

Lake Ontario

Tug Hill Plateau

Lake Erie

Erie-Ontario Lowlands (Plains)

Allegheny Plateau

Hudson-TMaochoaniwckMLoouwlntaainndss

New (HiEgnhgllaanndds)Province

Appalachian P

The Catskills

lateau

(Uplands)

Key

Major geographic province boundary Landscape region boundary State boundary International boundary

LoNwleawnadrsk

HMuadnshoanttHanigPhlraonndgs

Atlantic Coastal Plain

Miles

N

0 10 20 30 40 50

W

E

0 20 40 60 80

Kilometers

S

2

LAKE CHAMPLAIN VERMONT

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables -- 2011 Edition

Generalized Bedrock Geology of New York State

modified from

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

76?

1989

St. Lawrence River

75? 45?

MASSENA

74?

73? 45?

PLATTSBURGH

44?

WATERTOWN

elevation 75 m

LAKE ONTARIO

79?

78?

77?

OLD FORGE

OSWEGO

iagara River Genesee River

43?

elevation 175 m

LAKE ERIE

N

NIAGARA FALLS BUFFALO

ROCHESTER

SYRACUSE

FINGER LAKES

ITHACA

UTICA Mohawk

River

MT. MARCY

River ALBANY

Hudson

44? 43?

L CONNECTICUT MASSACHUSETTS

River

River

JAMESTOWN

42? 79?

ELMIRA

BINGHAMTON Susquehanna

78?

77?

76?

P E N N S Y LVA N I A

Hudson

SLIDE MT. KINGSTON

42?

Delaware River

GEOLOGIC PERIODS AND ERAS IN NEW YORK

} } CRETACEOUS and PLEISTOCENE (Epoch) weakly consolidated to unconsolidated gravels, sands, and clays

LATE TRIASSIC and EARLY JURASSIC conglomerates, red sandstones, red shales, basalt, and diabase (Palisades sill)

PENNSYLVANIAN and MISSISSIPPIAN conglomerates, sandstones, and shales

DEVONIAN SILURIAN

limestones, shales, sandstones, and conglomerates SILURIAN also contains salt, gypsum, and hematite.

75?

Dominantly sedimentary origin

} ORDOVICIAN

CAMBRIAN

limestones, shales, sandstones, and dolostones

NEW JERSEY

41?

NEW YORK CITY

CAMBRIAN and EARLY ORDOVICIAN sandstones and dolostones moderately to intensely metamorphosed east of the Hudson River

CAMBRIAN and ORDOVICIAN (undifferentiated) quartzites, dolostones, marbles, and schists intensely metamorphosed; includes portions of the Taconic Sequence and Cortlandt Complex

TACONIC SEQUENCE sandstones, shales, and slates slightly to intensely metamorphosed rocks of CAMBRIAN through MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN ages

MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC gneisses, quartzites, and marbles Lines are generalized structure trends.

MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC anorthositic rocks

} Dominantly metamorphosed rocks

74?

} Intensely metamorphosed rocks (regional metamorphism about 1,000 m.y.a.)

ONG IS7L3A4?N1D? SOUND

RIVERHEAD

41? 72?

LONG ISLAND

ATLANTIC OCEAN

73?30'

40?30' 73?

Miles

Miles

N

0 100 20103200 4030 5400 50

0 20 40 60 8W0

E

0 20 40 60 80

KilomeKtielorsmeters

S

3

Surface Ocean Currents

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables -- 2011 Edition

4

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables -- 2011 Edition

Tectonic Plates

East African Rif

Eurasian Plate

Aleutian Trench Juan de

Fuca Plate

North American Plate

Yellowstone Hot Spot

Iceland Hot Spot

Eurasian Plate

Mid-Atlantic Ridge

AraPblaiatne

-Indian Ridge

t

Mid

Philippine Plate

M

Fiji Plate

SouthweRsidt gInedian outheast

S

Indian Ridge

Indian-Australian Plate

Tasman Hot Spot

Antarctic Plate

Traerinacnha

To n ga Tre n c

h

San Andreas Fault

Hawaii Hot Spot

Pacific Plate

Cocos Plate

Easter Island Hot Spot

CarPiblabteean

Canary Islands Hot Spot

Galapagos Hot Spot

Per

Nazca Plate

South American

Plate

African Plate

St. Helena Hot Spot

Mid-Atlantic Ridge

u-Chile Trench

Pacific Ridge

East

Antarctic Plate

Scotia Plate

Sandwich Plate

Bouvet Hot Spot

Key

Relative motion at plate boundary

Transform plate boundary (transform fault)

NOTE: Not all mantle hot spots, plates, and boundaries are shown.

Divergent plate boundary (usually broken by transform faults along mid-ocean ridges)

overriding plate

subducting plate

Convergent plate boundary (subduction zone)

Complex or uncertain plate boundary

Mantle hot spot

5

EXTRUSIVE (Volcanic)

(relative by volume) C

ENVIRONMENT OF FORMATION

1000 500 100 50 10 5 1 0.5 0.1 0.05 0.01

Erosion

Melting Heat aMnedt/aomr Porrepshsisumre

Rock Cycle in Earth's Crust

ompCaecmtioenntaantido/nor

aDndepBousriitaiol n SEDIMENTS

Erosion

&

SEDIMENTARY ROCK

Weatheri(nUgp&liftE) rosion HeaMt eatnadm/oorrpPhreissmsure

(Uplift) Weathering

METAMORPHIC ROCK

Melting

Weath(eUripnlMgifte&)ltEinrgosion

IGNEOUS ROCK

ation

MAGMA

Solidific

PARTICLE DIAMETER (cm)

Relationship of Transported

Particle Size to Water Velocity

100.0 10.0

Boulders 25.6

Cobbles 6.4

1.0

Pebbles

0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001

0.2

Sand

0.006 Silt

0.0004 Clay

STREAM VELOCITY (cm/s)

This generalized graph shows the water velocity needed to maintain, but not start, movement. Variations occur due to differences in particle density and shape.

IGNEOUS ROCKS

Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification CRYSTAL SIZE

TEXTURE

noncrystalline

Obsidian (usually appears black)

Pumice Vesicular rhyolite

Vesicular andesite

Rhyolite

Andesite

Granite

Diorite

Basaltic glass

Scoria Vesicular basalt

Basalt

Diabase Gabbro

Peridotite

less than 1 mm

Glassy Fine

Nonvesicular

Vesicular (gas

pockets)

Coarse

Nonvesicular

1 mm t o

10 mm

Dunite

Pegmatite

Very coarse

INTRUSIVE (Plutonic)

10 mm o r

larger

CHARACTERISTICS

MINERAL COMPOSITION

LIGHTER LOWER FELSIC

(rich in Si, Al) 100%

75%

50%

Potassium feldspar

(pink to white)

Quartz (clear to white)

25%

0%

COLOR DENSITY COMPOSITION

DARKER

HIGHER

MAFIC (rich in Fe, Mg)

100%

Plagioclase feldspar (white to gray)

Biotite (black)

Amphibole (black)

Pyroxene (green)

Olivine (green)

75% 50% 25% 0%

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables -- 2011 Edition

6

TEXTURE

Scheme for Sedimentary Rock Identification

INORGANIC LAND-DERIVED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

GRAIN SIZE

COMPOSITION

COMMENTS

ROCK NAME

MAP SYMBOL

Clastic (fragmental)

TEXTURE

Pebbles, cobbles, and/or boulders embedded in sand, silt, and/or clay

Sand (0.006 to 0.2 cm)

Silt (0.0004 to 0.006 cm)

Clay (less than 0.0004 cm)

Mostly quartz, feldspar, and clay minerals; may contain fragments of other rocks and minerals

Rounded fragments Angular fragments

Fine to coarse

Very fine grain Compact; may split easily

Conglomerate Breccia

Sandstone Siltstone

Shale

CHEMICALLY AND/OR ORGANICALLY FORMED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

GRAIN SIZE

COMPOSITION

COMMENTS

ROCK NAME

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

MAP SYMBOL

Crystalline

Crystalline or bioclastic Bioclastic

Fine to

coarse crystals

Microscopic to very coarse

Halite Gypsum Dolomite Calcite Carbon

Crystals from chemical precipitates and evaporites

Precipitates of biologic origin or cemented shell fragments Compacted plant remains

Rock salt Rock gypsum

Dolostone Limestone Bituminous coal

FOLIATED MINERAL ALIGNMENT

Scheme for Metamorphic Rock Identification

BANDING

TEXTURE

GRAIN SIZE

Fine

Fine to

medium

Medium to

coarse

COMPOSITION

TYPE OF METAMORPHISM

Regional (Heat and pressure increases)

COMMENTS

Low-grade metamorphism of shale

Foliation surfaces shiny from microscopic mica crystals

Platy mica crystals visible from metamorphism of clay or feldspars

High-grade metamorphism; mineral types segregated into bands

ROCK NAME Slate

Phyllite Schist Gneiss

MAP SYMBOL

MICA QUARTZ FELDSPAR AMPHIBOLE GARNET PYROXENE

Fine

Carbon

Regional

Metamorphism of bituminous coal

Anthracite coal

Various

Fine

minerals

Contact (heat)

Various rocks changed by heat from nearby magma/lava

Hornfels

NONFOLIATED

Fine to

coarse

Quartz

Calcite and/or dolomite

Coarse

Various minerals

Regional or

contact

Metamorphism of quartz sandstone

Quartzite

Metamorphism of limestone or dolostone

Marble

Pebbles may be distorted Metaconglomerate or stretched

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables -- 2011 Edition

7

GEOLOGIC HISTORY

Eon

Era

Million years ago 0

PHANEROZOIC

CENOZOIC

500 1000

L A T E

M First

I D D

sexually reproducing organisms

L

E

MESOZOIC

PROTEROZOIC

2000

E

A

R L

Oceanic oxygen begins to enter

Y the atmosphere

PALEOZOIC

PRECAMBRIAN

3000 4000

ARCHEAN

L A T

Oceanic oxygen produced by cyanobacteria

E

combines with

M I D

iron, forming iron oxide layers on ocean floor

D

L

E Earliest stromatolites

Oldest microfossils

E A Evidence of biological R carbon L Y

Oldest known rocks

4600

Estimated time of origin of Earth and solar system

CARBONIFEROUS

Period

QUATERNARY NEOGENE PALEOGENE

Epoch

Life on Earth

Million years ago

HOLOCENE 0

PLEISTOCENE PLIOCENE

0.01 1.8 5.3

Humans, mastodonts, mammoths Large carnivorous mammals

MIOCENE

OLIGOCENE

23.0 33.9

Abundant grazing mammals Earliest grasses

EOCENE

PALEOCENE

55.8 65.5

Many modern groups of mammals Mass extinction of dinosaurs, ammonoids, and

many land plants

LATE

NY Rock Record

Sediment

Bedrock

CRETACEOUS

EARLY

Earliest flowering plants Diverse bony fishes

JURASSIC

146 LATE MIDDLE

EARLY 200

Earliest birds Abundant dinosaurs and ammonoids

TRIASSIC PERMIAN

LATE

MIDDLE

EARLY LATE

251

MIDDLE

Earliest mammals Earliest dinosaurs

Mass extinction of many land and marine organisms (including trilobites)

Mammal-like reptiles

EARLY

Abundant reptiles

PENNSYLVANIAN MISSISSIPPIAN

DEVONIAN SILURIAN ORDOVICIAN CAMBRIAN

LATE 299 EARLY 318 LATE MIDDLE EARLY

359 LATE

MIDDLE

EARLY 416

LATE

EARLY 444

LATE

MIDDLE

EARLY 488

LATE

MIDDLE

EARLY 542 580

Extensive coal-forming forests Abundant amphibians Large and numerous scale trees and seed ferns

(vascular plants); earliest reptiles

Earliest amphibians and plant seeds Extinction of many marine organisms Earth's first forests Earliest ammonoids and sharks Abundant fish

Earliest insects Earliest land plants and animals Abundant eurypterids

Invertebrates dominant Earth's first coral reefs

Burgess shale fauna (diverse soft-bodied organisms) Earliest fishes Extinction of many primitive marine organisms Earliest trilobites Great diversity of life-forms with shelly parts Ediacaran fauna (first multicellular, soft-bodied

marine organisms)

(Index fossils not drawn to scale)

1300 Abundant stromatolites

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

Cryptolithus

Valcouroceras

Centroceras

Eucalyptocrinus Tetragraptus

Coelophysis

Stylonurus

Elliptocephala

Phacops

Hexameroceras

Manticoceras

Ctenocrinus

Dicellograptus

Eurypterus

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables -- 2011 Edition

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