Reference Tables for Physical Setting/EARTH SCIENCE
[Pages:16]The University of the State of New York ? THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT ? Albany, New York 12234 ?
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/EARTH SCIENCE
Radioactive Decay Data
RADIOACTIVE DISINTEGRATION HALF-LIFE
ISOTOPE
(years)
Carbon-14
14C 14N
5.7 ? 103
Potassium-40 Uranium-238
40K 238U
40Ar 40Ca
206Pb
1.3 ? 109 4.5 ? 109
Rubidium-87
87Rb 87Sr
4.9 ? 1010
Equations
Specific Heats of Common Materials
MATERIAL
Liquid water Solid water (ice) Water vapor Dry air Basalt Granite Iron Copper Lead
SPECIFIC HEAT
(Joules/gram ? ?C) 4.18 2.11 2.00 1.01 0.84 0.79 0.45 0.38 0.13
Eccentricity =
distance between foci length of major axis
change in field value
Gradient =
distance
Rate
of change =
change in value time
Density
=
mass volume
Properties of Water
Heat energy gained during melting . . . . . . . . . . 334 J/g Heat energy released during freezing . . . . . . . . 334 J/g Heat energy gained during vaporization . . . . . 2260 J/g Heat energy released during condensation . . . 2260 J/g
Density at 3.98?C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 g/mL
Average Chemical Composition of Earth's Crust, Hydrosphere, and Troposphere
ELEMENT (symbol)
Oxygen (O) Silicon (Si) Aluminum (Al) Iron (Fe) Calcium (Ca) Sodium (Na) Magnesium (Mg) Potassium (K) Nitrogen (N) Hydrogen (H) Other
CRUST
Percent by mass Percent by volume
46.10
94.04
28.20
0.88
8.23
0.48
5.63
0.49
4.15
1.18
2.36
1.11
2.33
0.33
2.09
1.42
HYDROSPHERE
Percent by volume
33.0
66.0
0.91
0.07
1.0
TROPOSPHERE
Percent by volume
21.0
78.0 1.0
2011 EDITION
This edition of the Earth Science Reference Tables should be used in the classroom beginning in the 2011?12 school year. The first examination for which these tables will be used is the January 2012 Regents Examination in Physical Setting/Earth Science.
Eurypterus remipes New York State Fossil
Champlain Lowlands
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables -- 2011 Edition
Generalized Landscape Regions of New York State
Grenville Province (Highlands)
Interior LowlaStn. Ldawsrence
Lowlands
Interior Lowlands
Adirondack Mountains
Lake Ontario
Tug Hill Plateau
Lake Erie
Erie-Ontario Lowlands (Plains)
Allegheny Plateau
Hudson-TMaochoaniwckMLoouwlntaainndss
New (HiEgnhgllaanndds)Province
Appalachian P
The Catskills
lateau
(Uplands)
Key
Major geographic province boundary Landscape region boundary State boundary International boundary
LoNwleawnadrsk
HMuadnshoanttHanigPhlraonndgs
Atlantic Coastal Plain
Miles
N
0 10 20 30 40 50
W
E
0 20 40 60 80
Kilometers
S
2
LAKE CHAMPLAIN VERMONT
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables -- 2011 Edition
Generalized Bedrock Geology of New York State
modified from
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
76?
1989
St. Lawrence River
75? 45?
MASSENA
74?
73? 45?
PLATTSBURGH
44?
WATERTOWN
elevation 75 m
LAKE ONTARIO
79?
78?
77?
OLD FORGE
OSWEGO
iagara River Genesee River
43?
elevation 175 m
LAKE ERIE
N
NIAGARA FALLS BUFFALO
ROCHESTER
SYRACUSE
FINGER LAKES
ITHACA
UTICA Mohawk
River
MT. MARCY
River ALBANY
Hudson
44? 43?
L CONNECTICUT MASSACHUSETTS
River
River
JAMESTOWN
42? 79?
ELMIRA
BINGHAMTON Susquehanna
78?
77?
76?
P E N N S Y LVA N I A
Hudson
SLIDE MT. KINGSTON
42?
Delaware River
GEOLOGIC PERIODS AND ERAS IN NEW YORK
} } CRETACEOUS and PLEISTOCENE (Epoch) weakly consolidated to unconsolidated gravels, sands, and clays
LATE TRIASSIC and EARLY JURASSIC conglomerates, red sandstones, red shales, basalt, and diabase (Palisades sill)
PENNSYLVANIAN and MISSISSIPPIAN conglomerates, sandstones, and shales
DEVONIAN SILURIAN
limestones, shales, sandstones, and conglomerates SILURIAN also contains salt, gypsum, and hematite.
75?
Dominantly sedimentary origin
} ORDOVICIAN
CAMBRIAN
limestones, shales, sandstones, and dolostones
NEW JERSEY
41?
NEW YORK CITY
CAMBRIAN and EARLY ORDOVICIAN sandstones and dolostones moderately to intensely metamorphosed east of the Hudson River
CAMBRIAN and ORDOVICIAN (undifferentiated) quartzites, dolostones, marbles, and schists intensely metamorphosed; includes portions of the Taconic Sequence and Cortlandt Complex
TACONIC SEQUENCE sandstones, shales, and slates slightly to intensely metamorphosed rocks of CAMBRIAN through MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN ages
MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC gneisses, quartzites, and marbles Lines are generalized structure trends.
MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC anorthositic rocks
} Dominantly metamorphosed rocks
74?
} Intensely metamorphosed rocks (regional metamorphism about 1,000 m.y.a.)
ONG IS7L3A4?N1D? SOUND
RIVERHEAD
41? 72?
LONG ISLAND
ATLANTIC OCEAN
73?30'
40?30' 73?
Miles
Miles
N
0 100 20103200 4030 5400 50
0 20 40 60 8W0
E
0 20 40 60 80
KilomeKtielorsmeters
S
3
Surface Ocean Currents
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables -- 2011 Edition
4
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables -- 2011 Edition
Tectonic Plates
East African Rif
Eurasian Plate
Aleutian Trench Juan de
Fuca Plate
North American Plate
Yellowstone Hot Spot
Iceland Hot Spot
Eurasian Plate
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
AraPblaiatne
-Indian Ridge
t
Mid
Philippine Plate
M
Fiji Plate
SouthweRsidt gInedian outheast
S
Indian Ridge
Indian-Australian Plate
Tasman Hot Spot
Antarctic Plate
Traerinacnha
To n ga Tre n c
h
San Andreas Fault
Hawaii Hot Spot
Pacific Plate
Cocos Plate
Easter Island Hot Spot
CarPiblabteean
Canary Islands Hot Spot
Galapagos Hot Spot
Per
Nazca Plate
South American
Plate
African Plate
St. Helena Hot Spot
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
u-Chile Trench
Pacific Ridge
East
Antarctic Plate
Scotia Plate
Sandwich Plate
Bouvet Hot Spot
Key
Relative motion at plate boundary
Transform plate boundary (transform fault)
NOTE: Not all mantle hot spots, plates, and boundaries are shown.
Divergent plate boundary (usually broken by transform faults along mid-ocean ridges)
overriding plate
subducting plate
Convergent plate boundary (subduction zone)
Complex or uncertain plate boundary
Mantle hot spot
5
EXTRUSIVE (Volcanic)
(relative by volume) C
ENVIRONMENT OF FORMATION
1000 500 100 50 10 5 1 0.5 0.1 0.05 0.01
Erosion
Melting Heat aMnedt/aomr Porrepshsisumre
Rock Cycle in Earth's Crust
ompCaecmtioenntaantido/nor
aDndepBousriitaiol n SEDIMENTS
Erosion
&
SEDIMENTARY ROCK
Weatheri(nUgp&liftE) rosion HeaMt eatnadm/oorrpPhreissmsure
(Uplift) Weathering
METAMORPHIC ROCK
Melting
Weath(eUripnlMgifte&)ltEinrgosion
IGNEOUS ROCK
ation
MAGMA
Solidific
PARTICLE DIAMETER (cm)
Relationship of Transported
Particle Size to Water Velocity
100.0 10.0
Boulders 25.6
Cobbles 6.4
1.0
Pebbles
0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001
0.2
Sand
0.006 Silt
0.0004 Clay
STREAM VELOCITY (cm/s)
This generalized graph shows the water velocity needed to maintain, but not start, movement. Variations occur due to differences in particle density and shape.
IGNEOUS ROCKS
Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification CRYSTAL SIZE
TEXTURE
noncrystalline
Obsidian (usually appears black)
Pumice Vesicular rhyolite
Vesicular andesite
Rhyolite
Andesite
Granite
Diorite
Basaltic glass
Scoria Vesicular basalt
Basalt
Diabase Gabbro
Peridotite
less than 1 mm
Glassy Fine
Nonvesicular
Vesicular (gas
pockets)
Coarse
Nonvesicular
1 mm t o
10 mm
Dunite
Pegmatite
Very coarse
INTRUSIVE (Plutonic)
10 mm o r
larger
CHARACTERISTICS
MINERAL COMPOSITION
LIGHTER LOWER FELSIC
(rich in Si, Al) 100%
75%
50%
Potassium feldspar
(pink to white)
Quartz (clear to white)
25%
0%
COLOR DENSITY COMPOSITION
DARKER
HIGHER
MAFIC (rich in Fe, Mg)
100%
Plagioclase feldspar (white to gray)
Biotite (black)
Amphibole (black)
Pyroxene (green)
Olivine (green)
75% 50% 25% 0%
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables -- 2011 Edition
6
TEXTURE
Scheme for Sedimentary Rock Identification
INORGANIC LAND-DERIVED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
GRAIN SIZE
COMPOSITION
COMMENTS
ROCK NAME
MAP SYMBOL
Clastic (fragmental)
TEXTURE
Pebbles, cobbles, and/or boulders embedded in sand, silt, and/or clay
Sand (0.006 to 0.2 cm)
Silt (0.0004 to 0.006 cm)
Clay (less than 0.0004 cm)
Mostly quartz, feldspar, and clay minerals; may contain fragments of other rocks and minerals
Rounded fragments Angular fragments
Fine to coarse
Very fine grain Compact; may split easily
Conglomerate Breccia
Sandstone Siltstone
Shale
CHEMICALLY AND/OR ORGANICALLY FORMED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
GRAIN SIZE
COMPOSITION
COMMENTS
ROCK NAME
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
MAP SYMBOL
Crystalline
Crystalline or bioclastic Bioclastic
Fine to
coarse crystals
Microscopic to very coarse
Halite Gypsum Dolomite Calcite Carbon
Crystals from chemical precipitates and evaporites
Precipitates of biologic origin or cemented shell fragments Compacted plant remains
Rock salt Rock gypsum
Dolostone Limestone Bituminous coal
FOLIATED MINERAL ALIGNMENT
Scheme for Metamorphic Rock Identification
BANDING
TEXTURE
GRAIN SIZE
Fine
Fine to
medium
Medium to
coarse
COMPOSITION
TYPE OF METAMORPHISM
Regional (Heat and pressure increases)
COMMENTS
Low-grade metamorphism of shale
Foliation surfaces shiny from microscopic mica crystals
Platy mica crystals visible from metamorphism of clay or feldspars
High-grade metamorphism; mineral types segregated into bands
ROCK NAME Slate
Phyllite Schist Gneiss
MAP SYMBOL
MICA QUARTZ FELDSPAR AMPHIBOLE GARNET PYROXENE
Fine
Carbon
Regional
Metamorphism of bituminous coal
Anthracite coal
Various
Fine
minerals
Contact (heat)
Various rocks changed by heat from nearby magma/lava
Hornfels
NONFOLIATED
Fine to
coarse
Quartz
Calcite and/or dolomite
Coarse
Various minerals
Regional or
contact
Metamorphism of quartz sandstone
Quartzite
Metamorphism of limestone or dolostone
Marble
Pebbles may be distorted Metaconglomerate or stretched
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables -- 2011 Edition
7
GEOLOGIC HISTORY
Eon
Era
Million years ago 0
PHANEROZOIC
CENOZOIC
500 1000
L A T E
M First
I D D
sexually reproducing organisms
L
E
MESOZOIC
PROTEROZOIC
2000
E
A
R L
Oceanic oxygen begins to enter
Y the atmosphere
PALEOZOIC
PRECAMBRIAN
3000 4000
ARCHEAN
L A T
Oceanic oxygen produced by cyanobacteria
E
combines with
M I D
iron, forming iron oxide layers on ocean floor
D
L
E Earliest stromatolites
Oldest microfossils
E A Evidence of biological R carbon L Y
Oldest known rocks
4600
Estimated time of origin of Earth and solar system
CARBONIFEROUS
Period
QUATERNARY NEOGENE PALEOGENE
Epoch
Life on Earth
Million years ago
HOLOCENE 0
PLEISTOCENE PLIOCENE
0.01 1.8 5.3
Humans, mastodonts, mammoths Large carnivorous mammals
MIOCENE
OLIGOCENE
23.0 33.9
Abundant grazing mammals Earliest grasses
EOCENE
PALEOCENE
55.8 65.5
Many modern groups of mammals Mass extinction of dinosaurs, ammonoids, and
many land plants
LATE
NY Rock Record
Sediment
Bedrock
CRETACEOUS
EARLY
Earliest flowering plants Diverse bony fishes
JURASSIC
146 LATE MIDDLE
EARLY 200
Earliest birds Abundant dinosaurs and ammonoids
TRIASSIC PERMIAN
LATE
MIDDLE
EARLY LATE
251
MIDDLE
Earliest mammals Earliest dinosaurs
Mass extinction of many land and marine organisms (including trilobites)
Mammal-like reptiles
EARLY
Abundant reptiles
PENNSYLVANIAN MISSISSIPPIAN
DEVONIAN SILURIAN ORDOVICIAN CAMBRIAN
LATE 299 EARLY 318 LATE MIDDLE EARLY
359 LATE
MIDDLE
EARLY 416
LATE
EARLY 444
LATE
MIDDLE
EARLY 488
LATE
MIDDLE
EARLY 542 580
Extensive coal-forming forests Abundant amphibians Large and numerous scale trees and seed ferns
(vascular plants); earliest reptiles
Earliest amphibians and plant seeds Extinction of many marine organisms Earth's first forests Earliest ammonoids and sharks Abundant fish
Earliest insects Earliest land plants and animals Abundant eurypterids
Invertebrates dominant Earth's first coral reefs
Burgess shale fauna (diverse soft-bodied organisms) Earliest fishes Extinction of many primitive marine organisms Earliest trilobites Great diversity of life-forms with shelly parts Ediacaran fauna (first multicellular, soft-bodied
marine organisms)
(Index fossils not drawn to scale)
1300 Abundant stromatolites
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
Cryptolithus
Valcouroceras
Centroceras
Eucalyptocrinus Tetragraptus
Coelophysis
Stylonurus
Elliptocephala
Phacops
Hexameroceras
Manticoceras
Ctenocrinus
Dicellograptus
Eurypterus
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables -- 2011 Edition
8
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