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[Pages:392]CK-12 Earth Science For High School Workbook

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Contents



Contents

1 HS What is Earth Science? Worksheets

1

1.1 The Nature of Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.2 Earth Science and Its Branches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2 HS Studying Earth's Surface Worksheets

10

2.1 Earth's Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2.2 Where in the World Are You? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2.3 Modeling Earth's Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2.4 Topographic Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

2.5 Using Satellites and Computers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

3 HS Earth's Minerals Worksheets

30

3.1 Matter Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

3.2 Minerals and Mineral Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

3.3 Mineral Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

3.4 Mineral Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

3.5 Mining and Mineral Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

4 HS Rocks Worksheets

50

4.1 Types of Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

4.2 Igneous Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

4.3 Sedimentary Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

4.4 Metamorphic Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

5 HS Earth's Energy Worksheets

66

5.1 Energy Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

5.2 Non-renewable Energy Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

5.3 Renewable Energy Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

6 HS Plate Tectonics Worksheets

79

6.1 Inside Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

6.2 Continental Drift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

6.3 Seafloor Spreading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

6.4 Theory of Plate Tectonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

7 HS Earthquakes Worksheets

96

7.1 Stress in Earth's Crust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

7.2 The Nature of Earthquakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

7.3 Measuring and Predicting Earthquakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

7.4 Staying Safe in Earthquakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

8 HS Volcanoes Worksheets

113

8.1 Where Volcanoes Are Located . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

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Contents

8.2 Volcanic Eruptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 8.3 Types of Volcanoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 8.4 Volcanic Landforms and Geothermal Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

9 HS Weathering and Formation of Soil Worksheets

130

9.1 Weathering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

9.2 Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

10 HS Erosion and Deposition Worksheets

139

10.1 Water Erosion and Deposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

10.2 Wave Erosion and Deposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

10.3 Wind Erosion and Deposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

10.4 Glacial Erosion and Deposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

10.5 Erosion and Deposition by Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

11 HS Evidence About Earth's Past Worksheets

159

11.1 Fossils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

11.2 Relative Ages of Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

11.3 Absolute Ages of Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

12 HS Earth's History Worksheets

172

12.1 Early Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

12.2 The Precambrian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

12.3 Phanerozoic Earth History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

12.4 History of Earth's Complex Life Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

13 HS Earth's Fresh Water Worksheets

189

13.1 Water on Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

13.2 Surface Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

13.3 Groundwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

14 HS Earth's Oceans Worksheets

202

14.1 Introduction to the Oceans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

14.2 Ocean Movements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

14.3 The Seafloor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

14.4 Ocean Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

15 HS Earth's Atmosphere Worksheets

219

15.1 The Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

15.2 Atmospheric Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

15.3 Energy in the Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

15.4 Air Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

16 HS Weather Worksheets

236

16.1 Weather and Atmospheric Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

16.2 Changing Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

16.3 Storms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

16.4 Weather Forecasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

17 HS Climate Worksheets

253

17.1 Climate and Its Causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

17.2 World Climates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

17.3 Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

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Contents



18 HS Ecosystems and Human Populations Worksheets

266

18.1 Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

18.2 The Carbon Cycle and the Nitrogen Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

18.3 Human Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

19 HS Human Actions and the Land Worksheets

279

19.1 Loss of Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

19.2 Pollution of the Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284

20 HS Human Actions and Earth's Resources Worksheets

288

20.1 Use and Conservation of Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

20.2 Energy Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

21 HS Human Actions and Earth's Water Worksheets

296

21.1 Humans and the Water Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

21.2 Problems with Water Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

21.3 Water Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

21.4 Protecting the Water Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

22 HS Human Actions and the Atmosphere Worksheets

313

22.1 Air Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314

22.2 Effects of Air Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318

22.3 Reducing Air Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322

23 HS Observing and Exploring Space Worksheets

326

23.1 Telescopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

23.2 Early Space Exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331

23.3 Recent Space Exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335

24 HS Earth, Moon, and Sun Worksheets

339

24.1 Planet Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340

24.2 Earth's Moon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344

24.3 The Sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348

24.4 The Sun and the Earth-Moon System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352

25 HS The Solar System Worksheets

356

25.1 Introduction to the Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357

25.2 Inner Planets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361

25.3 Outer Planets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365

25.4 Other Objects in the Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369

26 HS Stars, Galaxies, and the Universe Worksheets

373

26.1 Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374

26.2 Galaxies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378

26.3 The Universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382

27 CK-12 Earth Science For High School Workbook Answers

386

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Chapter 1. HS What is Earth Science? Worksheets

1 CHAPTER

HS What is Earth Science?

Worksheets

Chapter Outline

1.1

THE NATURE OF SCIENCE

1.2

EARTH SCIENCE AND ITS BRANCHES

1

1.1. The Nature of Science

1.1 The Nature of Science



Lesson 1.1: True or False

Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false. _____ 1. Science is both a way of gaining knowledge and a body of knowledge. _____ 2. There is no place for imagination and creativity in science. _____ 3. All science is based on evidence and logical thinking. _____ 4. Any idea can be investigated through scientific inquiry. _____ 5. Scientific investigations always follow the same sequence of steps. _____ 6. A good experiment must have one factor that can be manipulated. _____ 7. Data in the form of numbers is called qualitative data. _____ 8. Taking many measurements and averaging the results may correct random errors in data. _____ 9. If data from an experiment do not support a hypothesis, then the experiment is a failure. _____ 10. A scientific theory is just an educated guess about why something occurs.

Lesson 1.1: Critical Reading

Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Read this passage based on the text and answer the questions that follow. The Importance of Community in Science Although each scientist may perform experiments in her lab alone or with a few helpers, she will write up her results and present her work to the community of scientists in her field. Initially, she may present her data and conclusions at a scientific conference, where she can talk with other scientists and get feedback on her work. Using what she learns, she may go on to write a professional paper about her research and submit it to a scientific journal. Before the paper is accepted for publication, several scientists who are experts in the same field will review it. This is called peer review. These other scientists may suggest changes to the paper, and they will recommend whether or not the paper should be published. Once a paper is published, other scientists can learn about the work and may incorporate the results into their own research. Some scientists may try to replicate the experiment to see whether they get the same results. In this way, the knowledge base of science builds toward a greater understanding of nature. The scientific community influences the quality and type of research that is done by scientists. For example, other scientists help determine which research projects receive funding. Most scientific research is expensive, so a scientist must write a research proposal to a funding agency, such as the National Science Foundation, requesting money to pay for equipment, supplies, and salaries. Scientific proposals are reviewed by other scientists in the field. In many fields, the funding rate is low and the money goes only to the most worthy research projects.

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