Chapter 13; The Blood



Chapter 21; Blood

Functions of Blood

Transportation

* ____, CO2, metabolic wastes, nutrients, heat & ________________

Regulation

* helps regulate pH through _____________

* helps regulate body ______________________

* coolant properties of ________________;_________________________________

* ___________________ of surface vessels dump ________

* helps regulate water content of ____________ by interactions with dissolved ions and ___________

Protection from _____________ & loss of _________________

Components of Blood

Hematocrit

* 55% _____________

* 45% ____________; 99% RBCs; < 1% WBCs and platelets

Blood Plasma

0ver 90% _________________;___________________________________________________

7% plasma _____________

* ________________ used to maintain blood osmotic ________________

* globulins (___________________________________)

* _______________________ bind to foreign substances called ______________

* form antigen-antibody ___________________

* fibrinogen; for ______________________

Formed Elements of Blood

Red blood cells ( _______________________ )

White blood cells ( _____________________________ )

* granular leukocytes; _________________________________________________

* agranular leukocytes;_____________________________________________________________

______________________ (special cell fragments);____________________________________

Hematocrit

Percentage of blood occupied by _______

___________________; not enough RBCs or not enough hemoglobin

_________________; too many RBCs (over 65%) due to ____________________, tissue hypoxia, blood doping in ___________________

Formation of Blood Cells

Most blood cells types need to be continually _____________________

* die within ___________________________________

* process of blood cells formation is _______________________ or ____________________

* occurs only in red ______________ of flat bones like sternum, ribs, ____________ & pelvis and ends of ______________ bones

Red Blood Cells or __________________________

Contain oxygen-carrying protein _________________ that gives blood its _________ color

* 1/3 of cell’s weight is hemoglobin

_________________ disk 8 microns in diameter

* increased _____________________/volume ratio

* flexible ____________ for narrow passages

* no _______________ or other organelles

* no cell _______________ or mitochondrial ________ formation

RBC Life Cycle

RBCs live only ____________ days

* wear out from bending to fit through ______________________

* no repair possible due to lack of _____________________

Worn out cells removed by fixed ___________________ in spleen & ________

Breakdown products are ____________;__________________________________________

WBC Anatomy and Types

All WBCs (leukocytes) have a _______________ and no _________________________

Granular or ___________________ classification based on presence of cytoplasmic _______________

WBC Physiology

Less numerous than _______________ (how many per RBC?________________)

______________ is a high white blood cell count; due to microbes, strenuous exercise

__________________________ is low white blood cell count; due to radiation, shock or _______________

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

Screens for _______________ and infection

Total __________, WBC & platelet counts; differential WBC; hematocrit and ________________________

Normal hemoglobin range; 12 to 18g/100mL of blood

Platelet Adhesion

_______________ stick to exposed collagen underlying damaged endothelial cells in vessel __________

Blood Clotting

Blood drawn from the body ___________________ into a gel

If clotting occurs in an unbroken vessel is called a ______________________

Substances required for clotting are _______, enzymes synthesized by liver cells and substances released by ______________________ or damaged tissues

Role of Vitamin K in Clotting

Normal clotting requires adequate vitamin _________

Produced by ____________________ in _______________ intestine

Intravascular Clotting

Thrombosis

* clot (_______________) forming in an unbroken blood vessel

* may dissolve spontaneously or dislodge & ____________________

_______________ is a clot, air bubble or fat from broken bone in the blood

Low dose _____________ blocks synthesis of thromboxane A2 & reduces inappropriate _______ formation

Blood Groups and Blood Types

RBC surfaces are marked by genetically determined _____________________________

* agglutinogens or ___________________________

* distinguishes at least 24 different blood groups; ___________________________________

Fill in the figure below from book/presentation;

[pic]

ABO Blood Groups

Based on 2 antigens called A and B found on the surface of RBCs

* display only antigen A -- blood type _____

* display only antigen B -- blood type ______

* display both antigens A & B -- blood type _______

* display neither antigen -- blood type ______

Plasma contains antibodies or agglutinins to the A or B antigens not found in your blood

* anti-_____ antibody reacts with antigen A

* anti-______ antibody reacts with antigen B

Universal Donors and Recipients

People with type AB blood called “universal _____________” since have no _________________________

People with type ______ blood cell called “universal _____________” since have no antigens on their cells

* theoretically can be given to __________________________

Anemia = Not Enough RBCs; Symptoms

* _____________-carrying capacity of blood is reduced

* ____________________, cold intolerance & paleness

Types of anemia

* _________________ =lack of absorption or loss of iron

* _________________ = lack of intrinsic factor for B12 absorption

* ___________________ = loss of RBCs due to bleeding (ulcer)

* ____________________ = defects in cell membranes cause rupture

* _______________________ = hereditary deficiency of hemoglobin

* ___________________ = destruction of bone marrow (radiation/toxins)

Sickle-cell Anemia (SCA)

Genetic defect in _____________________ molecule

* at low very O2 levels, _______ is deformed by changes in _____________ molecule

Found among populations in __________________ belt

* Mediterranean Europe, sub-Saharan _____________________

Person with one sickle cell gene has an increased resistance to ____________

Hemophilia

Inherited deficiency of __________________ factors

* __________________ spontaneously or after ______________ trauma

* subcutaneous & intramuscular ________________

* _________________, blood in urine, articular bleeding & ________

Treatment is ___________________ of fresh plasma or concentrates of the missing ______________ factor

Leukemia

Acute leukemia

* uncontrolled production of immature __________________

* crowding out of normal red bone marrow cells by production of immature __________

* prevents production of ____________________________

Chronic leukemia; accumulation of mature _________ in bloodstream because they do not die

Review Questions;

1. What things are transported by blood?

2. What things are regulated by blood?

3. How does the blood help regulate body temperature?

4. What two things do the components of blood protect you from?

5. How much of blood is plasma?

6. How much of blood is cells?

7. Most of the cells in the blood are;

8. Blood plasma is mostly;

9. What are the three types of plasma proteins?

10. The osmotic pressure of the blood is maintained by;

11. What are the antibodies that bind to antigens?

12. What substance in plasma assists in the clotting process?

13. What is the scientific term for a red blood cell?

14. What is the scientific term for a white blood cell?

15. What are the two main categories of leukocytes?

16. What are the three types of granular leukocytes?

17. What are the two types of agranular leukocytes?

18. What are the special cell fragments that assist in clotting?

19. The percentage of blood occupied by cells is called:

20. Females have a higher average hematocrit than do males; T/F

21. When there is not enough RBCs or not enough hemoglobin in the cells, this is;

22. Too many RBCs results in;

23. What factors can lead to polycythemia?

24. Most blood cell types live many years; T/F

25. What two terms refer to blood cell formation?

26. Where does hematopoiesis occur?

27. What is the oxygen-carrying molecule that gives RBCs their red color?

28. How long do most RBCs live?

29. Why can’t RBCs repair themselves?

30. What makes bile look green?

31. What classifies a WBC as granular?

32. WBCs are more common than RBCs; T/F

33. An abnormally high WBC count is called;

34. An abnormally low WBC count is called;

35. What might cause leukopenia?

36. What do platelets stick to when there is a damaged vessel?

37. Blood clotting in an unbroken vessel is called a;

38. Calcium is important in what parts of the body? (cumulative; think about it from previous ch’s)

39. What vitamin is essential for normal blood clotting?

40. Where do you normally acquire vitamin K?

41. A clot, air bubble, or fat from a broken bone in a blood vessel is a;

42. What types of people are most at risk for embolisms? How can they avoid them?

43. The most common drug used to treat inappropriate clot formation in people at risk for heart disease is very rare and expensive; T/F

44. What are the symptoms of anemia?

45. Which type of anemia is due to a bleeding ulcer?

46. Which type of anemia is due to a hereditary deficiency of hemoglobin?

47. What disease is characterized by a genetically inherited deficiency of clotting factors?

48. What is the difference between chronic and acute leukemia?

49. How could leukemia kill you?

Essay; Fill in the figure (above in notes) and explain how blood types work. Describe the differences between universal donors and recipients.

Essay; How can the gene for sickle-cell anemia be considered both beneficial and harmful? Explain.

Essay: What is a CBC? What is it used for? What does it count. Explain

Essay; How are RBC’s different from WBCs in shape, contents, numbers, and functions?

Extra credit; What famous family is famous for having hemophilia? How did so many of them acquire it? Why don’t more “regular” people have it?

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