Elsevier: Karen M. Tobias Spencer A. Johnston: Veterinary ...



SECTION V: Skin and Reconstruction

Chapter 75: Primary Wound Closure

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REFERENCES

1. Akgun K, Korpinar MA, Kalkan MT, et al: Temperature changes in superficial and deep tissue layers with respect to time of cold gel pack application in dogs. Yonsei Med J 45(4):711–718, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

2. Berger N, Eeg PH: Veterinary laser surgery: a practical guide, ed 1, Ames, IA, 2006, Blackwell Publishing.

3. Blomme EA, Chinn KS, Hardy MN, et al: Selective cyclooxygenase inhibition does not affect the healing of cutaneous full-thickness incisional wounds in SKH-1 mice. Br J Dermatol 148:211–223, 2003.

4. Bohling MW, Henderson RA, Swaim SF, et al: Comparison of the role of the subcutaneous tissues in cutaneous wound healing in the dog and cat. Vet Surg 35:3–14, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

5. Bohling MW, Henderson RA, Swaim SF, et al: Cutaneous wound healing in the cat: a macroscopic description and comparison with cutaneous wound healing in the dog. Vet Surg 33:579–587, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

6. Cahill RA, Sheehan KM, Scanlon RW, et al: Effects of a selective cyclo-oxygenase 2 inhibitor on colonic anastomotic and skin wound integrity. Br J Surg 91:1613–1618, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

7. Cengiz Y, Blomquist P, Israelsson LA: Small tissue bites and wound strength. Arch Surg 136:272–275, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

8. Chu C, vonFraunhofer JA, Greisler HP: Wound closure biomaterials and devices, ed 1, Boca Raton, FL, 1997, CRC Press.

9. Doughty DB, Sparks-Defriese B: Wound-healing physiology. In Bryant RA, Nix DP, editors: Acute & chronic wounds, ed 3, St Louis, 2007, Mosby, p 56.

10. Eidelman A, Weiss JM, Enu IK, et al: Comparative efficacy and costs of various topical anesthetics for repair of dermal lacerations: a systematic review of randomized, controlled trials. J Clin Anesth 17:106–116, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

11. Fahie MA, Shettko D: Evidence-based wound management: a systematic review of therapeutic agents to enhance granulation and epithelialization. Vet Clin North Am Sm Anim Pract 37:559–577, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

12. Freeman LJ, Pettit GD, Robinette JD, et al: Tissue reaction to suture material in the feline linea alba: retrospective, prospective, and histologic study. Vet Surg 16:440, 1987. PUBMED Abstract

13. Gellman CL, Barroso EG, Britton CT, et al: The effect of lasers, electrocautery and sharp dissection on cutaneous flaps. Plast Reconst Surg 94:829, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

14. Hamamoto T, Yabuki A, Yamate O, et al: Immunohistochemical analysis of cyclooxygenase-2 induction during wound healing in dog skin. Res Vet Sci 87(3):349–354, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

15. Hohenleutner U, Egner N, Hohenleutner S, et al: Intradermal buried vertical mattress suture as sole skin closure: evaluation of 149 cases. Acta Derm Venereol 80:344–347, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

16. Hosgood G: Stages of wound healing and their clinical relevance. Vet Clin North Am Sm Anim Pract 36:667–685, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

17. Irwin DHG: Tension lines in the skin of the dog. J Small Anim Pract 7:593, 1966. PUBMED Abstract

18. Johnson RG, Cohn WE, Thurer RL, et al: Cutaneous closure after cardiac operations. A controlled, randomized, prospective comparison of intradermal versus staple closures. Ann Surg 226(5):606–612, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

19. Kettle C, Hills RK, Ismail KMK: Continuous versus interrupted sutures for repair of episiotomy or second degree tears [review]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;(4): CD000947. PUBMED Abstract

20. Kirpensteijn J, Maarschalkerweerd RJ, Koeman JP, et al: Comparison of two suture materials for intradermal skin closure in dogs. Vet Q 19:20–22, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

21. Knecht CD, Clark RL, Fletcher OJ: Healing of sharp incisions and electroincisions in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 159:1447–1452, 1971. PUBMED Abstract

22. Ko J, Weil A, Maxwell L, et al: Plasma concentrations of lidocaine in dogs following lidocaine patch application. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 43:280–283, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

23. Kummeling A, van Sluijs FJ: Closure of the rectus sheath with a continuous looped suture and the skin with staples in dogs: speed, safety, and costs compared to closure of the rectus sheath with interrupted sutures and the skin with a continuous subdermal suture. Vet Q 20:126–130, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

24. Lee KS, Kim NG, Jang PY, et al: Statistical analysis of surgical dog-ear regression. Dermatol Surg 34:8, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

25. Mauldin GE, Davidson JR: Nutritional support of hospitalized cats and dogs. In Slatter D, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders, p 87.

26. Mbugua SW, Skoglund LA, Lokken P: Effects of phenylbutazone and indomethacin on the post-operative course following experimental orthopaedic surgery in dogs. Acta Vet Scan 30:27, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

27. Orgill D, Demling RH: Current concepts and approaches to wound healing. Crit Care Med 16:899–908, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

28. Pavletic MM: Atlas of small animal reconstructive surgery, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1999, Saunders.

29. Pavletic MM: The integument. In Slatter D, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders, p 250.

30. Pearl ML, Rayburn WF: Choosing abdominal incision and closure techniques: a review. J Reprod Med 49:662–670, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

31. Richey ML, Roe SC: Assessment of knot security in continuous intradermal wound closures. J Surg Res 123:284–288, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

32. Rosin E, Robinson GM: Knot security of suture materials. Vet Surg 18:269–273, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

33. Savvas I, Papazoglou LG, Kazakos G, et al: Incisional block with bupivacaine for analgesia after celiotomy in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 44:60–66; 2008. PUBMED Abstract

34. Scardino MS, Swaim SF, Morse BS, et al: Evaluation of fibrin sealants in cutaneous wound closure. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 48:315–321, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

35. Silverman EB, Read RW, Boyle CR, et al: Histologic comparison of canine skin biopsies collected using monopolar electrosurgery, CO2 laser, radiowave radiosurgery, skin biopsy punch, and scalpel. Vet Surg 36:50–56, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

36. Smeak DD: Avoiding skin tension without flaps. North American Veterinary Conference, 2006. Available at: . asp?LA=1.

37. Smeak DD: Buried continuous intradermal suture closure. Comp Contin Ed Pract Vet 14:907–919, 1992.

38. Smoot E, Clyde MD: Method for securing a subcuticular suture with minimal buried knot. Plast Reconst Surg 102:2447–2449, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

39. Stanley BJ: Impaired wound healing challenges. North American Veterinary Conference, 2007. Available at: 512.asp?LA=1.

40. Stewart JB: Tissue sparing repair. A new approach to shorten excisional lines. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 18:822–826, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

41. Swaim SF, Henderson RA: Small animal wound management, ed 2, Baltimore, 1997, Williams & Wilkins.

42. Sylvestre A, Wilson J, Hare J: A comparison of 2 different suture patterns for skin closure of canine ovariohysterectomy. Can Vet J 43:699–702, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

43. Taylor GI, Minabe T: The angiosomes of the mammals and other vertebrates. Plast Reconstr Surg 89:181, 1192.

44. Temple WJ, Voitk AJ, Snelling CF, et al: Effect of nutrition, diet and suture material on long-term wound healing. Ann Surg 182:93–97, 1975. PUBMED Abstract

45. Toombs JP, Clarke KM: Basic operative techniques. In Slatter D, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders, p 199.

46. Trott AT: Wounds and lacerations: emergency care and closure, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2005, Elsevier Mosby.

47. Trout NJ: Principles of plastic and reconstructive surgery. In Slatter D, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders, p 274.

48. VanWinkle W, Hastings JC: Considerations in the choice of suture material for various tissues. Surg Gynecol Obstet 135:113–126, 1972.

49. Vasconcellos CH, Matera JM, Dagli ML: Clinical evaluation of random skin flaps based on the subdermal plexus secured with sutures or sutures and cyanoacrylate adhesive for reconstructive surgery in dogs. Vet Surg 34:59–63, 2005.

50. Weiland L, Croubels S, Baert K, et al: Pharmacokinetics of a lidocaine patch 5% in dogs. J Vet Med 53:34–39, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

51. Wilson DA: Early wound management. North American Veterinary Conference, 2007. Available at . proceedings/navc/2006/LA/096.asp?LA=1.

Chapter 76: Open Wounds

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REFERENCES

1. Adkesson MJ, Travis EK, Weber MA, et al: Vacuum-assisted closure for treatment of a deep shell abscess and osteomyelitis in a tortoise. J Am Vet Med Assoc 231:1249, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

2. Argenta LC, Morykwas MJ: Vacuum-assisted closure: a new method for wound control and treatment: clinical experience. Ann Plast Surg 38:563, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

3. Australian Wound Management Association: Standard for wound management, 2002, Available at .

4. Australian Wound Management Association: Bacterial impact on wound healing: from contamination to infection. Position Document of the Australian Wound Management Association, 2002, Available at .

5. Baldwin C, Potter M, Clayton E, et al: Topical negative pressure stimulates endothelial migration and proliferation: a suggested mechanism for improved integration of Integra. Ann Plast Surg 62:92, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

6. Bang LM, Buntting C, Molan P: The effect of dilution on the rate of hydrogen peroxide production in honey and its implications for wound healing. J Altern Complement Med 9:267, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

7. Bardy J, Slevin NJ, Mais KL, et al: A systematic review of honey uses and its potential value within oncology care. J Clin Nurs 17:2604, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

8. Ben-Amotz R, Lanz OI, Miller JM, et al: The use of vacuum-assisted closure therapy for the treatment of distal extremity wounds in 15 dogs. Vet Surg 36:684, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

9. Blackburn JH 2nd, Boemi L, Hall WW, et al: Negative-pressure dressings as a bolster for skin grafts. Ann Plast Surg 40:453, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

10. Bohling MW, Henderson RA, Swaim SF, et al: Comparison of the role of the subcutaneous tissues in cutaneous wound healing in the dog and cat. Vet Surg 35:3, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

11. Bohling MW, Henderson RA, Swaim SF, et al: Cutaneous wound healing in the cat: a macroscopic description and comparison with cutaneous wound healing in the dog. Vet Surg 33:579, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

12. Bovill E, Banwell PE, Teot L, et al: Topical negative pressure wound therapy: a review of its role and guidelines for its use in the management of acute wounds. Int Wound J 5:511, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

13. Bowler PG, Jones SA, Walker M, et al: Microbicidal properties of a silver-containing hydrofiber dressing against a variety of burn wound pathogens. J Burn Care Rehabil 25:192, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

14. Buffa EA, Lubbe AM, Verstraete FJM, et al: The effect of wound lavage solution on canine fibroblasts: an in vitro study. Vet Surg 26:460, 1986.

15. Cazander G, van Veen KE, Bernards AT, et al: Do maggots have an influence on bacterial growth? A study on the susceptibility of strains of six different bacterial species to maggots of Lucilia sericata and their excretions/secretions. J Tissue Viability 18:80, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

16. Chatterjee JS: A critical review of irrigation techniques in acute wounds. Int Wound J 2:258, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

17. Fernandez R, Griffiths R: Water for wound cleansing. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD003861, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

18. Fong J, Wood F, Fowler B: A silver coated dressing reduces the incidence of early burn wound cellulitis and associated costs of inpatient treatment: comparative patient care audits. Burns 31:562, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

19. French VM, Cooper RA, Molan PC: The antibacterial activity of honey against coagulase-negative staphylococci. J Antimicrob Chemother 56:228, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

20. Gabriel A, Shores J, Heinrich C, et al: Negative pressure wound therapy with instillation: a pilot study describing a new method for treating infected wounds. Int Wound J 5:399, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

21. Gregor S, Maegele M, Sauerland S, et al: Negative pressure wound therapy: a vacuum of evidence? Arch Surg 143:189, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

22. Guille AE, Tseng LW, Orsher RJ: Use of vacuum-assisted closure for management of a large skin wound in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 230:1669, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

23. Gupta A: A review of the use of maggots in wound therapy. Ann Plast Surg 60:224, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

24. Jacobs S, Simhaee DA, Marsano A, et al: Efficacy and mechanisms of vacuum-assisted closure (vac) therapy in promoting wound healing: a rodent model. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 62(10):1331–1338, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

25. Jaklic D, Lapanje A, Zupancic K, et al: Selective antimicrobial activity of maggots against pathogenic bacteria. J Med Microbiol 57:617, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

26. Jeschke MG, Sandmann G, Schubert T, et al: Effect of oxidized regenerated cellulose/collagen matrix on dermal and epidermal healing and growth factors in an acute wound. Wound Repair Regen 13:324, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

27. Jones SA, Bowler PG, Walker M, et al: Controlling wound bioburden with a novel silver-containing hydrofiber dressing. Wound Repair Regen 12:288, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

28. Jull A, Walker N, Parag V, et al: Randomized clinical trial of honey-impregnated dressings for venous leg ulcers. Br J Surg 95:175, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

29. Jull AB, Rodgers A, Walker N: Honey as a topical treatment for wounds. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD005083, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

30. Kairinos N, Solomons M, Hudson DA: Negative-pressure wound therapy I: the paradox of negative-pressure wound therapy. Plast Reconstr Surg 123:589, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

31. Kairinos N, Voogd AM, Botha PH, et al: Negative-pressure wound therapy II: negative-pressure wound therapy and increased perfusion. Just an illusion? Plast Reconstr Surg 123:601, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

32. Labler L, Rancan M, Mica L, et al: Vacuum-assisted closure therapy increases local interleukin-8 and vascular endothelial growth factor levels in traumatic wounds. J Trauma 66:749, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

33. Lee WR, Tobias KM, Bemis DA, et al: In vitro efficacy of a polyhexamethylene biguanide-impregnated gauze dressing against bacteria found in veterinary patients. Vet Surg 33:404, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

34. Loebl EC, Marvin JA, Heck EL, et al: The method of quantitative burn-wound biopsy cultures and its routine use in the care of the burned patient. Am J Clin Pathol 61:20, 1974. PUBMED Abstract

35. Loebl EC, Marvin JA, Heck EL, et al: The use of quantitative biopsy cultures in bacteriologic monitoring of burn patients. J Surg Res 16:1, 1974. PUBMED Abstract

36. Malmsjo M, Ingemansson R, Martin R, et al: Negative-pressure wound therapy using gauze or open-cell polyurethane foam: similar early effects on pressure transduction and tissue contraction in an experimental porcine wound model. Wound Repair Regen 17:200, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

37. McNulty AK, Schmidt M, Feeley T, et al: Effects of negative pressure wound therapy on fibroblast viability, chemotactic signaling, and proliferation in a provisional wound (fibrin) matrix. Wound Repair Regen 15:838, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

38. Metzmacher I, Ruth P, Abel M, et al: In vitro binding of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), MMP-9, and bacterial collagenase on collagenous wound dressings. Wound Repair Regen 15:549, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

39. Mitchell V, Galizia JP, Fournier L: Precise diagnosis of infection in burn wound biopsy specimens. Combination of histologic technique, acridine orange staining, and culture. J Burn Care Rehabil 10:195, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

40. Mitsui A, Mathews KG, Linder KE, et al: Effects of fascial abrasion, fasciotomy, and fascial excision on cutaneous wound healing in cats. Am J Vet Res 70:532, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

41. Monstrey S, Hoeksema H, Verbelen J, et al: Assessment of burn depth and burn wound healing potential. Burns 34:761, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

42. Morykwas MJ, Argenta LC, Shelton-Brown EI, et al: Vacuum-assisted closure: a new method for wound control and treatment: animal studies and basic foundation. Ann Plast Surg 38:553, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

43. Moscati RM, Mayrose J, Priya A: A meta-analysis of wound irrigation comparing tap-water versus sterile saline. Ann Emerg Med 48:S84, 2006.

44. Moscati RM, Mayrose J, Reardon RF, et al: A multicenter comparison of tap water versus sterile saline for wound irrigation. Acad Emerg Med 14:404, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

45. Mueller SW, Krebsbach LE: Impact of an antimicrobial-impregnated gauze dressing on surgical site infections including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Am J Infect Control 36:651, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

46. Nguyen TT, Cox CS, Traber DL, et al: Free radical activity and loss of plasma antioxidants, vitamin e, and sulfhydryl groups in patients with burns: the 1993 Moyer Award. J Burn Care Rehabil 14:602, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

47. Olaitan PB, Adeleke OE, Ola IO: Honey: a reservoir for microorganisms and an inhibitory agent for microbes. Afr Health Sci 7:159, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

48. Potter MJ, Banwell P, Baldwin C, et al: In vitro optimisation of topical negative pressure regimens for angiogenesis into synthetic dermal replacements. Burns 34:164, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

49. Pruitt BA Jr, Foley FD: The use of biopsies in burn patient care. Surgery 73:887, 1973. PUBMED Abstract

50. Ramundo J, Gray M: Enzymatic wound debridement. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 35:273, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

51. Robson MC, Heggers JP: Delayed wound closure based on bacterial counts. J Surg Oncol 2:379, 1970. PUBMED Abstract

52. Sanchez IR, Nusbaum KE, Swaim SF: Chlorhexidine diacetate and povidone-iodine cytotoxicity to canine embryonic fibroblasts and Staphylococcus aureus. Vet Surg 17:182, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

53. Saxena V, Hwang CW, Huang S, et al: Vacuum-assisted closure: microdeformations of wounds and cell proliferation, Plast Reconstr Surg 114:1086, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

54. Schallberger SP, Stanley BJ, Hauptman JG, et al: Effect of porcine small intestinal submucosa on acute full-thickness wounds in dogs. Vet Surg 37:515, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

55. Senet P: Becaplermin gel (Regranex gel). Ann Dermatol Venereol 131:351, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

56. Swaim SF, Gillette RL, Sartin EA, et al: Effects of a hydrolyzed collagen dressing on the healing of open wounds in dogs. Am J Vet Res 61:1574, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

57. Ubbink DT, Westerbos SJ, Nelson EA, et al: A systematic review of topical negative pressure therapy for acute and chronic wounds. Br J Surg 95:685, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

58. Ueno H, Murakami M, Okumura M, et al: Chitosan accelerates the production of osteopontin from polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Biomaterials 22:1667, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

59. Ueno H, Ohya T, Ito H, et al: Chitosan application to x-ray irradiated wound in dogs. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 60:304, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

60. Wackenfors A, Gustafsson R, Sjogren J, et al: Blood flow responses in the peristernal thoracic wall during vacuum-assisted closure therapy. Ann Thorac Surg 79:1724, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

61. Whaley S: Tap water or normal saline for cleansing traumatic wounds? Br J Community Nurs 9:471, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

62. Wheeler CB, Rodeheaver GT, Thacker JG, et al: Side-effects of high pressure irrigation. Surg Gynecol Obstet 143:775, 1976. PUBMED Abstract

63. White JW Jr, Subers MH, Schepartz AI: The identification of inhibine, the antibacterial factor in honey, as hydrogen peroxide and its origin in a honey glucose-oxidase system. Biochim Biophys Acta 73:57, 1963. PUBMED Abstract

64. Wiegand C, Heinze T, Hipler UC: Comparative in vitro study on cytotoxicity, antimicrobial activity, and binding capacity for pathophysiological factors in chronic wounds of alginate and silver-containing alginate. Wound Repair Regen 17:511, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

65. Wijesinghe M, Weatherall M, Perrin K, et al: Honey in the treatment of burns: a systematic review and meta-analysis of its efficacy. N Z Med J 122:47, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

66. Wilkes R, Zhao Y, Kieswetter K, et al: Effects of dressing type on 3d tissue microdeformations during negative pressure wound therapy: a computational study. J Biomech Eng 131:031012, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

67. Willix DJ, Molan PC, Harfoot CG: A comparison of the sensitivity of wound-infecting species of bacteria to the antibacterial activity of Manuka honey and other honey. J Appl Bacteriol 73:388, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

68. Winkler JT, Swaim SF, Sartin EA, et al: The effect of a porcine-derived small intestinal submucosa product on wounds with exposed bone in dogs. Vet Surg 31:541, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

Chapter 77: Tension-Relieving Techniques

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REFERENCES

1. Abramson DL, Gibstein LA, Pribaz JJ: An inexpensive method of intraoperative skin stretching for closure of large cutaneous wounds. Ann Plast Surg 38:540–542, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

2. Al-Bagdadi F: The Integument. In Evans HE, editor: Miller’s anatomy of the dog, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1993, Saunders, pp 98–121.

3. Alvarado A: Reciprocal incisions for closure of circular skin defects. Plast Reconstr Surg 67:482–491, 1981. PUBMED Abstract

4. Austin BR, Henderson RA: Buried tension sutures: force-tension comparisons of pulley, double butterfly, mattress, and simple interrupted suture patterns. Vet Surg 35:43–48, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

5. Bailey JV, Jacobs KA: The mesh expansion method of suturing wounds on the legs of horses. Vet Surg 12:78–82, 1983.

6. Belkoff SM, Naylor EC, Walshaw R, et al: Effects of subcutaneous expansion on the mechanical properties of porcine skin. J Surg Res 58:117–123, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

7. Hamilton HL, McLaughlin SA, Whitley RD, et al: Surgical reconstruction of severe cicatricial ectropion in a puppy. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 34:212–218, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

8. Hedlund CS: Large trunk wounds. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 36:847–872, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

9. Hedlund CS: Surgery of the integumentary system. In Fossum TW, editor: Small animal surgery, ed 2, St Louis, 2002, Mosby, pp 134–228.

10. Hochman M, Branham G, Thomas JR: Relative effects of intraoperative tissue expansion and undermining on wound closing tensions. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 118:1185–1187, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

11. Irwin DH: Tension lines in the skin of the dog. J Small Anim Pract 7:593–598, 1966. PUBMED Abstract

12. Johnson TM, Brown MD, Sullivan MJ, et al: Immediate intraoperative tissue expansion. J Am Acad Dermatol 22:283–287, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

13. Johnston DE: Tension-relieving techniques. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 20:67–80, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

14. Johnston DE: Tissue expanders. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 20:227–234, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

15. Keller WG, Aron DN, Rakich PM, et al: Rapid tissue expansion for the development of rotational skin flaps in the distal portion of the hindlimb of dogs: an experimental study. Vet Surg 23:31–39, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

16. Liang MD, Briggs P, Heckler FR, et al: Presuturing—a new technique for closing large skin defects: clinical and experimental studies. Plast Reconstr Surg 81:694–702, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

17. Mackay DR, Saggers GC, Kotwal N, et al: Stretching skin: undermining is more important than intraoperative expansion. Plast Reconstr Surg 86:722–730, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

18. Melis P, Noorlander ML, van der Horst CM, et al: Rapid alignment of collagen fibers in the dermis of undermined and not undermined skin stretched with a skin-stretching device. Plast Reconstr Surg 109:674–680; discussion 681–672, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

19. Melis P, Noorlander ML, van der Kleij AJ, et al: Oxygenation and microcirculation during skin stretching in undermined and nonundermined skin. Plast Reconstr Surg 112:1295–1301, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

20. Pavletic MM: Skin stretching techniques. In Atlas of small animal reconstructive surgery, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1999, Saunders, pp 173–189.

21. Pavletic MM: Tension-relieving techniques. In Atlas of small animal reconstructive surgery, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1999, Saunders, pp 131–171.

22. Pavletic MM: The integument. In Slatter DH, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 3, vol 1, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders, pp 250–259.

23. Pavletic MM: Use of an external skin-stretching device for wound closure in dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 217:350–354, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

24. Ridge MD, Wright V: The directional effects of skin. A bio-engineering study of skin with particular reference to Langer’s lines. J Invest Dermatol 46:341–346, 1966. PUBMED Abstract

25. Scardino MS, Swaim SF, Henderson RA, et al: Enhancing wound closure on the limbs. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 18:919–933, 1996.

26. Shapiro AL, Hochman M, Thomas JR, et al: Effects of intraoperative tissue expansion and skin flaps on wound closing tensions. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 122:1107–1111, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

27. Sharobaro VI, Moroz VY, Starkov YG, et al: First experience of endoscopic implantation of tissue expanders in plastic and reconstructive surgery. Surg Endosc 18: 513–517, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

28. Spodnick GJ, Pavletic MM, Clark GN, et al: Controlled tissue expansion in the distal extremities of dogs. Vet Surg 22:436–443, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

29. Swaim SF, Bradley DM, Vaughn DM, et al: The greyhound dog as a model for studying pressure ulcers. Decubitus 6:32–35, 38–40, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

30. Swaim SF, Henderson RA: Management of skin tension. In Small animal wound management, ed 2, Baltimore, 1997, Williams & Wilkins, pp 143–190.

31. Swaim SF, Henderson RA: Various shaped wounds. In Small animal wound management, ed 2, Baltimore, 1997, Williams & Wilkins, pp 235–274.

32. Trout NJ: Principles of plastic and reconstructive surgery. In Slatter DH, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 3, vol 1, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders, pp 274–292.

33. Webb AJ, Calhoun ML: The microscopic anatomy of the skin of mongrel dogs. Am J Vet Res 15:274–280, 1954. PUBMED Abstract

34. Webster RC, Davidson TM, Smith RC, et al: M-plasty techniques. J Dermatol Surg 2:393–396, 1976. PUBMED Abstract

35. Wilhelmi BJ, Blackwell SJ, Mancoll JS, et al: Creep vs. stretch: a review of the viscoelastic properties of skin. Ann Plast Surg 41:215–219, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

36. Zeng YJ, Xu CQ, Yang J, et al: Biomechanical comparison between conventional and rapid expansion of skin. Br J Plast Surg 56:660–666, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

Chapter 78: Local or Subdermal Plexus Flaps

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REFERENCES

1. Al Bagdadi F: The integument. In Evans HE, editor: Miller’s anatomy of the dog, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1993, Saunders.

2. Basher A: Foot injuries in dogs and cats. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 16:1159, 1994.

3. Bradley DM, Shealy PM, Swaim SF: Meshed skin graft and phalangeal fillet for paw salvage: a case report. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 29:427, 1993.

4. Friedman HIF: An evidence-based appraisal of the use of hyperbaric oxygen on flaps and grafts. Plast Reconstr Surg 117:175S, 2007.

5. Ghali S, Butler PEM, Tepper OM, et al: Vascular delay revisited. Plast Reconstr Surg 119:1735, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

6. Hunt GB: Skin-fold advancement flaps for closing large sternal and inguinal wounds in cats and dogs. Vet Surg 24:172, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

7. Hunt GB: Use of the lip-to-lid flap for replacement of the lower eyelid in five cats. Vet Surg 35:284, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

8. Hunt GB, Tisdall PLC, Liptak JM, et al: Skin fold advancement flaps for closing large proximal limb and trunk defects in cats and dogs. Vet Surg 30:440, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

9. Irwin DHG: Tension lines in the skin of the dog. J Small Anim Pract 7:595, 1966.

10. Matera JM, Tatarunas AC, Fantoni DT, et al: Use of the scrotum as a transposition flap for closure of surgical wounds in three dogs. Vet Surg 33:99, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

11. McGraw-Hill concise dictionary of modern medicine, New York, 2002, McGraw-Hill.

12. Milton SH: Pedicled skin flaps: the fallacy of the length:width ratio. Br J Surg 57:502–508, 1970. PUBMED Abstract

13. Pavletic MM: Mucocutaneous subdermal plexus flap from the lip for lower eyelid reconstruction in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 180:921, 1982. PUBMED Abstract

14. Pavletic MM: Nasal and rostral labial reconstruction in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 19:913, 1983.

15. Pavletic MM: Pedicle grafts. In Slatter DH, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1993, Saunders, p 292.

16. Pavletic MM: Vascular supply to the skin of the dog: a review. Vet Surg 9:77, 1980.

17. Séguin B, McDonald DE, Kent MS, et al: Tolerance of cutaneous or mucosal flaps placed into a radiation therapy field in dogs. Vet Surg 34:214–222, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

18. Smith MM, Gourley IM: Preputial reconstruction in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:1493, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

19. Suzuki S, Isshiki N, Ogawa Y, et al: The minimal requirement of circulation for survival of undelayed and delayed flaps in rats. Plast Reconstr Surg 77:222–227, 1986. PUBMED Abstract

20. Swaim SF, Garrett PD: Foot salvage techniques in dogs and cats: options, “do’s” and “don’ts.” J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 21:511, 1985.

21. Vasconcellos CH de C, Matera JM, Dagli MLZ: Clinical evaluation of random skin flaps based on the subdermal plexus secured with sutures or sutures and cyanoacrylate adhesive for reconstructive surgery in dogs. Vet Surg 34:59, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

Chapter 79: Axial Pattern and Myocutaneous Flaps

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1. Aper RL, Smeak DD: Clinical evaluation of caudal superficial epigastric axial pattern flap reconstruction of skin defects in 10 dogs (1989–2001). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 41:185, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

2. Aper RL, Smeak DD: Complications and outcome after thoracodorsal axial pattern flap reconstruction of forelimb skin defects in 10 dogs, 1989–2001. Vet Surg 32:378, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

3. Argenta LC, Morykwas MJ: Vacuum-assisted closure: a new method for wound control and treatment: clinical experience. Ann Plast Surg 38(6):563, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

4. Atalay C, Yilmaz KB: The effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on postmastectomy skin flap necrosis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 117(3):611, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

5. Barnett TM, Shilt JS: Use of vacuum-assisted closure and a dermal regeneration template as an alternative to flap reconstruction in pediatric grade IIIB open lower-extremity injuries. Am J Orthop 38(6):301, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

6. Bloomenstein RB: Evaluation of tests for predicting the viability of axial pattern skin flaps in the pig. Plast Reconstr Surg 64(3):396, 1979. PUBMED Abstract

7. Bohling MW, Henderson RA, Swaim SF, et al: Comparison of the role of subcutaneous tissues in cutaneous wound healing in the dog and cat. Vet Surg 35:1, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

8. Bohling MW, Henderson RA, Swaim SF, et al: Cutaneous wound healing in the cat: a macroscopic description and comparison with cutaneous wound healing in the dog. Vet Surg 33:579, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

9. Bristol DG: The effect of tension on perfusion of axial and random pattern flaps in foals. Vet Surg 21(3):223, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

10. Bryant KJ, Moore K, Mcanulty JF: Angularis oris axial pattern buccal flap for reconstruction of recurrent fistulae of the palate. Vet Surg 32:113, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

11. Cohen BE: Beneficial effect of staged division of pedicle in experimental axial-pattern flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 64(3):366, 1979. PUBMED Abstract

12. Cornell K, Salisbury K, Jakovljevic S, et al: Reverse saphenous conduit flap in cats: an anatomic study. Vet Surg 24:202, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

13. Dundas JM, Fowler JD, Shmon CL, et al: Modification of the superficial cervical axial pattern skin flap for oral reconstruction. Vet Surg 34:206, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

14. Evans HE: Miller’s anatomy of the dog, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1993, Saunders.

15. Fahie MA, Smith MM: Axial pattern flap based on the cutaneous branch of the superficial temporal artery in dogs: an experimental study and case report. Vet Surg 28:141, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

16. Fahie MA, Smith MM: Axial pattern flap based on the superficial temporal artery in cats: an experimental study. Vet Surg 26:86, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

17. Forrest CR, Pang CY, Zhong AG, Neligan PC: Role of noradrenaline in the pathogenesis of skin flap ischemic necrosis in the pig. J Surg Res 48(3):237, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

18. Fowler JD, Degner DA, Walshaw R, et al: Microvascular free tissue transfer: results in 57 consecutive cases. Vet Surg 27:406, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

19. Gray MJ: Chronic axillary wound repair in a cat with omentalisation and omocervical skin flap. J Sm Anim Pract 46:499, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

20. Griffiths RW, Hobby JA, Humphries NL, Trengove-Jones G: The influence of postoperative pharmacological vasodilator agents on the pattern of necrosis in a standardised rat skin flap. Br J Plast Surg 34(4):441, 1981. PUBMED Abstract

21. Guba AM Jr, Callahan J: Nutrient blood flow in delayed axial pattern skin flaps in pigs. Plast Reconstr Surg 64(3):372, 1979. PUBMED Abstract

22. Guba AM Jr: Study of the delay phenomenon in axial pattern flaps in pigs. Plast Reconstr Surg 63(4):550, 1979. PUBMED Abstract

23. Halfacree ZJ, Baines SJ, Lipscomb VJ, et al: Use of a latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap for one-stage reconstruction of the thoracic wall after en bloc resection of primary rib chondrosarcoma in five dogs. Vet Surg 36:587, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

24. Hartmann M, Jonsson K, Zederfeldt B: Effect of tissue perfusion and oxygenation on accumulation of collagen in healing wounds. Eur J Surg 158:521, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

25. Henney LHS, Pavletic MM: Axial pattern flap based on the superficial brachial artery in the dog. Vet Surg 17:311, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

26. Holzbach T, Neshkova I, Vlaskou D, et al: Searching for the right timing of surgical delay: angiogenesis, vascular endothelial growth factor and perfusion changes in a skin-flap model. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2008. PUBMED Abstract

27. Hoopes JE, Im MJ: Skin flap necrosis in guinea pigs: limitation of glucose supply and accumulation of lactate. Plast Reconstr Surg 61(5):748, 1978. PUBMED Abstract

28. Hunt GB, Tisdall PLC, Liptak JM, et al: Skin-fold advancement flaps for closing large proximal limb and trunk defects in dogs and cats. Vet Surg 30:440, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

29. Isakow K, Fowler D, Shmon D, et al: Investigation of a modified reverse saphenous conduit flap in the dog. Vet Compar Orthop Traumatol 15:30, 2002.

30. Jacobi S, Stanley BJ, Petersen-Jones S, et al: Use of an axial pattern flap and nictitans to reconstruct medial eyelid and canthus in a dog. Vet Ophth 11:395, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

31. Jonsson K, Jensen JA, Goodson WH III, et al: Tissue oxygenation, anemia, and perfusion in relation to wound healing in surgical patients. Ann Surg 214:605, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

32. Kostolich M, Pavletic MM: Axial pattern flap based on the genicular branch of the saphenous artery in the dog. Vet Surg 16:217, 1987. PUBMED Abstract

33. Lanthier T, Miller C, McDonell WN, et al: Use of laser Doppler flowmetry to determine blood flow in and viability of island axial pattern skin flaps in rabbits. Am J Vet Res 51(12):1914, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

34. Larrabee WF Jr, Sutton GD, Holloway A Jr, Tolentino G: Laser Doppler velocimetry and fluorescein dye in the prediction of skin flap viability. A comparison. Arch Otolaryngol 109(7):454, 1983. PUBMED Abstract

35. Lascelles BD, White RAS: Combined omental pedicle grafts and thoracodorsal axial pattern flaps for the reconstruction of chronic, nonhealing axillary wounds in cats. Vet Surg 30:380, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

36. Lehman JF, DeLateur BJ: Cryotherapy. In Lehman JF, editor: Therapeutic heat and cold, ed 3, Baltimore, 1982, Williams & Wilkins, p 563.

37. Leonatti S, Tobias KM: Skin reconstruction techniques: axial pattern flaps. Vet Med 99:862, 2004.

38. Lidbetter DA, Williams FA Jr, Krahwinkel DJ, et al: Radical lateral body-wall resection for fibrosarcoma with reconstruction using polypropylene mesh and a caudal superficial epigastric axial pattern flap: a prospective clinical study of the technique and results in 6 cats. Vet Surg 31:57, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

39. Losken A, Styblo TM, Schaefer TG, Carlson GW: The use of fluorescein dye as a predictor of mastectomy skin flap viability following autologous tissue reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg 61(1):24, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

40. Mayhew PD, Holt DE: Simultaneous use of bilateral caudal superficial epigastric axial pattern flaps for wound closure in a dog. J Sm Anim Pract 44:534, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

41. Meirer R, Huemer GM, Gurunluoglu R, et al: Comparison of the effectiveness of gene therapy with vascular endothelial growth factor or shock wave therapy to reduce ischaemic necrosis in an epigastric skin flap model in rats. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 60(3):266, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

42. Mokrý M, Gál P, Harakalová M, et al: Experimental study on predicting skin flap necrosis by fluorescence in the FAD and NADH bands during surgery. Photochem Photobiol 83(5):1193, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

43. Mulliken JB, Healey NA: Pathogenesis of skin flap necrosis from an underlying hematoma. Plast Reconstr Surg 63(5):725, 1979. PUBMED Abstract

44. Padubidri A, Browne E: Effect of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on survival of random extension of axial pattern skin flaps in the rat. Ann Plast Surg 37(6):604, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

45. Pang CY, Neligan P, Nakatsuka T, Sasaki GH: Assessment of the fluorescein dye test for prediction of skin flap viability in pigs. J Surg Res 41(2):173, 1986. PUBMED Abstract

46. Pavletic MM: Axial pattern flaps in small animal practice. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 20(1):105, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

47. Pavletic MM: Canine axial pattern flaps, using the omocervical, thoracodorsal, and deep circumflex iliac direct cutaneous arteries. Am J Vet Res 42:391, 1981. PUBMED Abstract

48. Pavletic MM, Watters J, Henry R, et al: Reverse saphenous conduit flap in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:380, 1983. PUBMED Abstract

49. Pokorny AT, Bright DA, Cummings CW: The effects of allopurinol and superoxide dismutase in a rat model of skin flap necrosis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 115(2):207, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

50. Prather A, Blackburn JP, Williams TR, Lynn JA: Evaluation of tests for predicting the viability of axial pattern skin flaps in the pig. Plast Reconstr Surg 63(2):250, 1979. PUBMED Abstract

51. Reetz JA, Seiler G, Mayhew PD, et al: Ultrasonographic and color-flow Doppler ultrasonographic assessment of direct cutaneous arteries used for axial pattern skin flaps in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 228:1362, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

52. Reinisch JF: Prevention of skin flap necrosis by a course of treatment with vasodilator drugs: commentary. Plast Reconstr Surg 61(6):903, 1978. PUBMED Abstract

53. Remedios AM, Bauer MS, Bowen CV, et al: Axial pattern skin flaps in cats, Microsurg 12:125, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

54. Remedios AM, Bauer MS, Bowen CV: Thoracodorsal and caudal superficial epigastric axial pattern skin flaps in cats. Vet Surg 18:380, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

55. Remedios AM, Fowler JD: Axial pattern flaps in the cutaneous reconstruction of lower limb wounds. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 17:1356, 1995.

56. Saifzadeh S, Hobbenaghi R, Noorabadi M: Axial pattern flap based on the lateral caudal arteries of the tail in the dog: an experimental study. Vet Surg 34:509, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

57. Salerno GM, McBride DM, Bleicher JN, et al: Ciprostene and indomethacin partially reverse the mechanisms of distal end necrosis in the rat random skin flap. Ann Plast Surg 28(6):526, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

58. Sardinas JC, Pavletic MM, Ross JT, et al: Comparative viability of peninsular and island axial pattern flaps incorporating the cranial superficial epigastric artery in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:452, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

59. Shields Henney LH, Pavletic MM: Axial pattern flap based on the superficial brachial artery in the dog. Vet Surg 17:311, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

60. Smith MM, Carrig CB, Waldron DR, et al: Direct cutaneous arterial supply to the tail in dogs. Am J Vet Res 53:145, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

61. Smith MM, Payne JT, Moon ML, et al: Axial pattern flap based on the caudal auricular artery in dogs. Am J Vet Res 52:922, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

62. Smith PJ: The vascular basis of axial pattern flaps. Br J Plast Surg 26(2):150, 1973. PUBMED Abstract

63. Spodnick GJ, Hudson LC, Clark GN, et al: Use of a caudal auricular axial pattern flap in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 208:1679, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

64. Stiles J, Townsend W, Willis M, et al: Use of a caudal auricular axial pattern flap in three cats and one dog following orbital exenteration. Vet Ophth 6:121, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

65. Taylor GI, Minabe T: The angiosomes of the mammals and other vertebrates. Plast Reconst Surg 89:181, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

66. Törkvist L, Löfberg R, Raud J, Thorlacius H: Heparin protects against skin flap necrosis: relationship to neutrophil recruitment and anti-coagulant activity. Inflamm Res 53(1):1, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

67. Toutain CE, Brouchet L, Raymond-Letron I, et al: Prevention of skin flap necrosis by estradiol involves reperfusion of a protected vascular network. Circ Res 104(2):245, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

68. Trevor PB, Smith MM, Waldron DR, et al: Clinical evalutation of axial pattern skin flaps in dogs and cats: 19 cases (1981–1990). J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:608, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

69. Uygur F, Duman H, Ulkür E, Ceiköz B: The role of the vacuum-assisted closure therapy in the salvage of venous congestion of the free flap: case report. Int Wound J 5(1):50, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

70. Weinand C, Jordan M, Jeng J: The vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) device for hastened attachment of an ileo-epigastric flap to third-degree burns on hand and fingers. J Burn Care Res 2009. PUBMED Abstract

71. Yates G, Landon B, Edwards G: Investigation and clinical application of a novel axial pattern flap for nasal and facial reconstruction in the dog. Aust Vet J 85:113, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

Chapter 80: Skin Grafts

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1. Alexander J, Hoffer R: Pinch grafting in the dog. Canine Pract 3:27, 1976.

2. Bauer M, Pope E: The effects of skin graft thickness on graft viability and change in original graft area in dogs. Vet Surg 15:321, 1986.

3. Birch J, Brånemark PI: The vascularization of a free full thickness skin graft. I. A vital microscopic study. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg 3(1):1–10, 1969. PUBMED Abstract

4. Birch J, Brånemark PI, Lundskog J: The vascularization of a free full thickness skin graft. II. A microangiographic study. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg 3(1):11–17, 1969. PUBMED Abstract

5. Birchard SJ, Smeak DD: Selected skin graft and reconstructive techniques. In Birchard SJ, Sherding RG, editors: Saunders manual of small animal practice, ed 2, Philadelphia, 2000, Saunders, p 404.

6. Bradley DM, Scardino MS, Swaim SF: Construction of a weight-bearing surface on a dog’s distal pelvic limb. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 34(5):387–394, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

7. Bradley DM, Swaim SF, Alexander CN, Jull BA: Autogenous pad grafts for reconstruction of a weight-bearing surface: a case report. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 30:533, 1994.

8. Browne EZ: Complications of skin grafts and pedicle flaps. Hand Clin 2(2):353–359, 1986. PUBMED Abstract

9. Burge S, Rayment R: Simple skin surgery, Oxford, 1986, Blackwell Scientific Publications.

10. Chang WJ: Wound management. In Chang WJ, editor: Fundamentals of plastic and reconstructive surgery, Baltimore, 1980, Williams & Wilkins, p 9.

11. Converse J, Ballantyne D, Rogers B, Raisbeck A: “Plasmatic circulation” in skin grafts. Transplant Bull 4(4):154–156, 1957. PUBMED Abstract

12. Converse JM, McCarthy JG, Brauner RO, et al: Transplantation of skin: grafts and flaps. In Converse JM, editor: Reconstructive plastic surgery: principles and procedures in correction, reconstruction, and transplantation, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1977, Saunders, p 152.

13. Converse JM: Plastic surgery and transplantation of skin. In Epstein E, Epstein E Jr, editors: Skin surgery, ed 4, Springfield, IL, 1982, Charles C Thomas, p 245.

14. Converse JM, Smahel J, Ballantyne DL, Harper AD: Inosculation of vessels of skin graft and host bed: a fortuitous encounter. Br J Plast Surg 28(4):274–282, 1975. PUBMED Abstract

15. Converse JM, Uhlschmid GK, Ballantyne DL: “Plasmatic circulation” in skin grafts: the phase of serum imbibition. Plast Reconstr Surg 43(5):495–499, 1969. PUBMED Abstract

16. Davis JS, Traut HF: Origin and development of the blood supply of whole-thickness skin grafts: an experimental study. Ann Surg 82(6):871–879, 1925. PUBMED Abstract

17. Argenta LC, Dingman RO: Skin grafting. In Epstein E, Epstein E Jr, editors: Skin surgery, ed 6, Philadelphia, 1987, Saunders, pp 129–139.

18. Fox S, Probst C: Split-thickness autogenous skin transplantation in a dog. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 77:782, 1982.

19. Gelatt KN, Gelatt JP: Small animal ophthalmic surgery: practical techniques for the veterinarian, Edinburgh, 2001, Elsevier.

20. Grabb WC: Basic techniques of plastic surgery. In Smith JW, Aston SJ, editors: Grabb and Smith’s plastic surgery, ed 4, Boston, 1991, Little, Brown, p 3.

21. Hanselka D, Boyd C: Use of mesh skin grafts in dogs and horses. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 12:644, 1976.

22. Hedlund C: Surgery of the integumentary system. In Small animal surgery, ed 3, St Louis, 2007, Mosby, pp 224–228.

23. Hoffer R, Alexander J: Pinch grafting. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 12:644, 1976.

24. Holder TEC, Schumacher J, Donnell RL, et al: Effects of hyperbaric oxygen on full-thickness meshed sheet skin grafts applied to fresh and granulating wounds in horses. Am J Vet Res 69(1):144–147, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

25. Hosgood G, Hodgin EC, Strain GM, et al: Effect of deferoxamine and hyperbaric oxygen on free, autogenous, full-thickness skin grafts in dogs. Am J Vet Res 56(2):241–247, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

26. Hynes W: The early circulation in skin grafts with a consideration of methods to encourage their survival. Br J Plast Surg 6(4):257–263, 1954. PUBMED Abstract

27. Jensen E: Canine autogenous skin grafting. Am J Vet Res 20:898–908, 1959. PUBMED Abstract

28. Johnston D: Wound healing and reconstructive surgery. Am Anim Hosp Assoc Sci Proc 2:383, 1975.

29. Kalns JE, Dick EJ Jr, Scruggs JP, et al: Hyperbaric oxygen treatment prevents up-regulation of angiogenesis following partial-thickness skin grafts in the pig. Wound Repair Regen 11(2):139–144, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

30. Kim EK, Hong JP: Efficacy of negative pressure therapy to enhance take of 1-stage allodermis and a split-thickness graft. Ann Plast Surg 58(5):536–540, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

31. Kuhns EL: Oral mucosal grafts for membrane nictitans replacement. Mod Vet Pract 58:768, 1977. PUBMED Abstract

32. Lemarié RJ, Hosgood G, VanSteenhouse J, et al: Effect of hyperbaric oxygen on lipid peroxidation in free skin grafts in rats. Am J Vet Res 59(7):913–917, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

33. Lindsay W: Step-by-step instructions for equine skin grafting techniques. Vet Med 83:598, 1983.

34. Llanos S, Danilla S, Barraza C, et al: Effectiveness of negative pressure closure in the integration of split thickness skin grafts. Ann Surg 244(5):700–705, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

35. McGregor I: Fundamental techniques of plastic surgery, ed 8, New York, 1989, Churchill Livingstone.

36. McKeever PJ, Braden TD: Comparison of full- and partial-thickness autogenous skin transplantation in dogs: a pilot study. Am J Vet Res 39(10):1706–1709, 1978. PUBMED Abstract

37. Merwin R, Algire G: The role of graft and host vessels in the vascularization of grafts of normal and neoplastic tissue. J Natl Cancer Inst 17(1):23–33, 1956. PUBMED Abstract

38. Moisidis E, Heath T, Boorer C, et al: A prospective, blinded, randomized, controlled clinical trial of topical negative pressure use in skin grafting. Plast Reconstr Surg 114(4):917–922, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

39. Most D, Efron DT, Shi HP, et al: Differential cytokine expression in skin graft healing in inducible nitric oxide synthase knockout mice. Plast Reconstr Surg 108(5):1251–1259, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

40. Neal PA: Skin grafting in the treatment of granulation wounds of the horse’s legs. Vet Rec 73:1399, 1961.

41. Nnene CO, Abu-Seido H, Isbister ES: Harvesting split skin grafts of appropriate thickness using the hand-held knife. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 82(5):339–340, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

42. Pavletic MM: Atlas of small animal reconstructive surgery, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1999, Saunders.

43. Pavletic MM: Skin grafting and reconstruction techniques. In Bojrab MJ, editor: Current techniques in small animal surgery, ed 4, Baltimore, 1998, Williams & Wilkins, p 585.

44. Pavletic MM: Wound repair with punch grafts. Mod Vet Pract 64:704, 1983.

45. Peacock EE: Wound repair, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1984, Saunders.

46. Pope ER, Swaim SF: Surgical reconstruction of a hypoplastic prepuce. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 22:73, 1986.

47. Pope ER, Swaim SF: Wound drainage from under full-thickness skin grafts in dogs. Part I. Quantitative evaluation of four techniques. Vet Surg 15:65, 1986.

48. Pope ER. Mesh skin grafting. In Bojrab MJ, editor: Current techniques in small animal surgery, ed 4, Baltimore, 1998, Williams & Wilkins, p 603.

49. Pope ER: Mesh skin grafting. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 20(1):177–187, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

50. Pope ER: Skin grafting in small animal surgery. Part I. The normal healing process. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 10:915, 1988.

51. Pope ER: Skin grafting in small animal surgery. Part II. Full-thickness skin grafting techniques. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 10:1068, 1988.

52. Probst CW, Peyton LC, Binham HG, et al: Split-thickness skin grafting in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 19:555, 1983.

53. Ross GE: Clinical canine skin grafting. J Am Vet Med Assoc 153(12):1759–1765, 1968. PUBMED Abstract

54. Rudolph R, Fisher JC, Ninneman J: Skin grafting, Boston, 1979, Little, Brown, and Company.

55. Rudolph R, Klein L: Healing process in skin grafts. Surg Gynecol Obstet 136:641, 1973. PUBMED Abstract

56. Salisbury RB: The mesh skin graft in trauma: history and preliminary report on acute wound coverage. J Trauma 11(4):347–351, 1971. PUBMED Abstract

57. Spruell JSA: The principles of transplanting skin in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 4:71, 1968.

58. Stashak TS: Skin grafting in horses. Vet Clin North Am Large Anim Pract 6(1):215–225, 1984. PUBMED Abstract

59. Swaim SF: Surgery of traumatized skin: Management and reconstruction in the dog and cat, Philadelphia, 1980, Saunders.

60. Swaim SF: Principles of mesh skin grafting. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 4:194, 1982.

61. Swaim SF: The full-thickness mesh graft. Vet Med 7:524, 1986.

62. Swaim SF: Skin grafts. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 20(1):147–175, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

63. Swaim SF: Skin grafts. In Small animal surgical secrets, Philadelphia, 2000, Hanley & Belfus, p 62.

64. Swaim SF, Bradley DM, Steiss JE, et al: Free segmental paw pad grafts in dogs. Am J Vet Res 54(12):2161–2170, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

65. Swaim SF, Gillette RL: An update on wound medications and dressings. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 20:1133, 1998.

66. Swaim SF, Henderson RA: Small animal wound management, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1997, Williams & Wilkins.

67. Swaim SF, Lee AH, Newton JC, et al: Evaluation of strip skin grafts in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 23:155, 1987.

68. Swaim SF, Pope ER, Lee AH, et al: Evaluation of a practical skin grafting technique. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 20:637, 1984.

69. Swaim SF, Scardino MS: Paw and distal limb salvage and reconstructive techniques. In Bojrab MJ, editor: Current techniques in small animal surgery, ed 4, Baltimore, 1998, Williams & Wilkins, p 625.

70. Tavis MJ, Thornton JW, Harney JH, et al: Graft adherence to de-epithelialized surfaces: a comparative study. Ann Surg 184(5):594–600, 1976. PUBMED Abstract

71. Vistnes IM: Grafting of skin. Surg Clin North Am 57:939, 1977. PUBMED Abstract

72. Welch JA, Swaim SF: Nasal and facial reconstruction in a dog following severe trauma. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 39:407, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

73. Williams WG, Cameron A, Robson MC, et al: A model for the assessment of sensory recovery of experimental skin grafts. Ann Plast Surg 43(4):397–404, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

74. Xiaoyong H, Yuemin X, Lujie S: Combined buccal and lingual mucosal grafts for urethroplasty: an experimental study in dogs. J Surg Res 1, 2010.

Chapter 81: Burns

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2. Alam HB, Stanton K, Koustova E, et al: Effect of different resuscitation strategies on neutrophil activation in a swine model of hemorrhagic shock. Resuscitation 60(1):91–99, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

3. Alarie Y: Toxicity of fire smoke. Crit Rev Toxicol 32(4):259–289, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

4. Andes WA, Rogers PW, Beason JW, Pruitt BA: The erythropoietin response to the anemia of thermal injury. J Lab Clin Med 88(4):584–592, 1976. PUBMED Abstract

5. Bekyarova G, Yankova T, Kozarev I, Yankov D: Reduced erythrocyte deformability related to activated lipid peroxidation during the early post-burn period. Burns 22(4):291–294, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

6. Bekyarova G, Yankova T, Yankov D, Kozarev I: Erythrocyte rheology and lipid peroxidation in burns. Biomed Biochem Acta 50(1):71–76, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

7. Bekyarova G, Yankova T: alpha-Tocopherol and reduced glutathione deficiency and decreased deformability of erythrocytes after thermal skin injury. Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg 23(2):55–59, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

8. Calder PC: Immunonutrition in surgical and critically ill patients. Br J Nutr 98(suppl 1):S133–S139, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

9. Caldwell FT, Bowser BH, Crabtree JH: The effect of occlusive dressings on the energy metabolism of severely burned children. Ann Surg 193(5):579–591, 1981. PUBMED Abstract

10. Campbell BG: Dressings, bandages, and splints for wound management in dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 36(4):759–791, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

11. Cancio LC, Chávez S, Alvarado-Ortega M, et al: Predicting increased fluid requirements during the resuscitation of thermally injured patients. J Trauma 56(2):404–413; discussion 413–414, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

12. Cartwright MM: The metabolic response to stress: a case of complex nutrition support management. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 16(4):467–487, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

13. Cassuto J, Tarnow P, Yregård L, et al: Regulation of post-burn ischemia by alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor subtypes. Burns 31(2):131–137, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

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15. Chan L, Slater J, Hasbargen J, et al: Neurocardiac toxicity of racemic D,L-lactate fluids. Integr Physiol Behav Sci 29(4):383–394, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

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17. Cho K, Adamson LK, Greenhalgh DG: Parallel self-induction of TNF-alpha and apoptosis in the thymus of mice after burn injury. J Surg Res 98(1):9–15, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

18. Cox RA, Burke AS, Soejima K, et al: Airway obstruction in sheep with burn and smoke inhalation injuries. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 29(3 Pt 1):295–302, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

19. Cree MG, Wolfe RR: Post-burn trauma insulin resistance and fat metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 294(1):E1–E9, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

20. Demling RH, Seigne P: Metabolic management of patients with severe burns. World J Surg 24(6):673–680, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

21. Deng J, Wang G, Huang Q, et al: Oxidative stress-induced leaky sarcoplasmic reticulum underlying acute heart failure in severe burn trauma. Free Radic Biol Med 44(3):375–385, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

22. Enkhbaatar P, Murakami K, Shimoda K, et al: Inducible nitric oxide synthase dimerization inhibitor prevents cardiovascular and renal morbidity in sheep with combined burn and smoke inhalation injury. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 285(6):H2430–H2436, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

23. Enkhbaatar P, Traber DL: Pathophysiology of acute lung injury in combined burn and smoke inhalation injury. Clin Sci 107(2):137–143, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

24. Feng W, Nakamura S, Sudo E, et al: Effects of dextran on tracheal mucociliary velocity in dogs in vivo. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 12(1):35–41, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

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26. Fleming RY, Herndon DN, Vaidya S, et al: The effect of erythropoietin in normal healthy volunteers and pediatric patients with burn injuries. Surgery 112(2):424–431; discussion 431–432, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

27. Fox S: Management of thermal burns—part 1. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 7:631, 1985.

28. Friedl HP, Till GO, Trentz O, Ward PA: Roles of histamine, complement and xanthine oxidase in thermal injury of skin. Am J Pathol 135(1):203–217, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

29. Gallagher G, Rae CP, Kinsella J: Treatment of pain in severe burns. Am J Clin Dermatol 1(6):329–335, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

30. Gan HT, Chen JDZ: Roles of nitric oxide and prostaglandins in pathogenesis of delayed colonic transit after burn injury in rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 288(5):R1316–R1324, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

31. Garner JP, Heppell PSJ: Cerium nitrate in the management of burns. Burns 31(5):539–547, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

32. Gauglitz GG, Toliver-Kinsky TE, Williams FN, et al: Insulin increases resistance to burn wound infection-associated sepsis. Crit Care Med 38(1):202–208, 2010. PUBMED Abstract

33. Gibran NS, Heimbach DM: Current status of burn wound pathophysiology. Clin Plast Surg 27(1):11–22, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

34. Gillissen A, Jaworska M, Orth M, et al: Nacystelyn, a novel lysine salt of N-acetylcysteine, to augment cellular antioxidant defense in vitro. Respir Med 91(3):159–168, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

35. Gordon M, Winfree J: Fluid resuscitation after a major burn. In Burn care and therapy, St Louis, 1998, Mosby, pp 5–23.

36. Gosain A, Gamelli RL: Role of the gastrointestinal tract in burn sepsis. J Burn Care Rehabil 26(1):85–91, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

37. Granick MS, Posnett J, Jacoby M, et al: Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of a high-powered parallel waterjet for wound debridement. Wound Repair Regen 14(4):394–397, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

38. Grant CA, Fraser JF, Dunster KR, Schibler A: The assessment of regional lung mechanics with electrical impedance tomography: a pilot study during recruitment manoeuvres. Intens Care Med 35(1):166–170, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

39. Gravante G, Delogu D, Esposito G, Montone A: Versajet hydrosurgery versus classic escharectomy for burn débridement: a prospective randomized trial. J Burn Care Res 28(5):720–724, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

40. Hahn EL, Gamelli RL: Prostaglandin E2 synthesis and metabolism in burn injury and trauma. J Trauma 49(6):1147–1154, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

41. Han T, Lee S, Kwon J, et al: The limited immunomodulatory effects of escharectomy on the kinetics of endotoxin, cytokines, and adhesion molecules in major burns. Mediators Inflamm 13(4):241–246, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

42. Hart DW, Wolf SE, Ramzy PI, et al: Anabolic effects of oxandrolone after severe burn. Ann Surg 233(4):556–564, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

43. Hatherill JR, Till GO, Bruner LH, Ward PA: Thermal injury, intravascular hemolysis, and toxic oxygen products. J Clin Invest 78(3):629–636, 1986. PUBMED Abstract

44. Henderson R, Horne R: The pinna. In Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders, p 1745.

45. Herndon DN, Tompkins RG: Support of the metabolic response to burn injury. Lancet 363(9424):1895–1902, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

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47. Holm C, Hörbrand F, von Donnersmarck GH, Mühlbauer W: Acute renal failure in severely burned patients. Burns 25(2):171–178, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

48. Horton JW, Tan J, White DJ, et al: Selective decontamination of the digestive tract attenuated the myocardial inflammation and dysfunction that occur with burn injury. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 287(5):H2241–H2251, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

49. Jackson DM: The diagnosis of the depth of burning. Br J Surg 40(164):588–596, 1953. PUBMED Abstract

50. Jeffery SLA: Device related tangential excision in burns. Injury 38(suppl 5):S35–S38, 2007.

51. Jeong J, Adamson LK, Hatam R, et al: Alterations in the expression and modification of histones in the liver after injury. Exp Mol Pathol 75(3):256–264, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

52. Jeschke MG, Debroy MA, Wolf SE, et al: Burn and starvation increase programmed cell death in small bowel epithelial cells. Dig Dis Sci 45(2):415–420, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

53. Jeschke MG, Low JF, Spies M, et al: Cell proliferation, apoptosis, NF-kappaB expression, enzyme, protein, and weight changes in livers of burned rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 280(6):G1314–G1320, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

54. Jones WG, Minei JP, Barber AE, et al: Bacterial translocation and intestinal atrophy after thermal injury and burn wound sepsis. Ann Surg 211(4):399–405, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

55. Kawakami M, Endoh Y, Orringer EP, Meyer AA: Improvements in rheologic properties of blood by fluid resuscitation after burn injury in rats. J Burn Care Rehabil 13(3):316–322, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

56. Khalil Z, Helme R: Sensory peptides as neuromodulators of wound healing in aged rats. J Gerontol Biol Sci Med Sci 51(5):B354–B361, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

57. Kim G, Oh KH, Yoon JW, et al: Impact of burn size and initial serum albumin level on acute renal failure occurring in major burn. Am J Nephrol 23(1):55–60, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

58. King WW, Zekri A, Lee DW, Li AK: Debridement of burn wounds with a surgical ultrasonic aspirator. Burns 22(4):307–309, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

59. Kremer T, Hernekamp F, Riedel K, et al: Topical application of cerium nitrate prevents burn edema after burn plasma transfer. Microvasc Res 78(3):425–431, 2009.

60. LaBorde P: Burn epidemiology: the patient, the nation, the statistics, and the data resources. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 16(1):13–25, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

61. Latarjet J, Choinère M: Pain in burn patients. Burns 21(5):344–348, 1995.

62. Lawrence J, Bull J: Thermal conditions which cause skin burns. Engineer Med 5:61, 1976.

63. Livingston EH, Lee S: Percentage of burned body surface area determination in obese and nonobese patients. J Surg Res 91(2):106–110, 2000.

64. Loebl EC, Baxter CR, Curreri PW: The mechanism of erythrocyte destruction in the early post-burn period. Ann Surg 178(6):681–686, 1973.

65. Lowe GD: Blood rheology in general medicine and surgery. Baillieres Clin Haematol 1(3):827–861, 1987.

66. Magnotti LJ, Deitch EA: Burns, bacterial translocation, gut barrier function, and failure. J Burn Care Rehabil 26(5):383–391, 2005.

67. Magnotti LJ, Xu DZ, Lu Q, Deitch EA: Gut-derived mesenteric lymph: a link between burn and lung injury. Arch Surg 134(12):1333–1340; discussion 1340–1341, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

68. Mahoney JA, Bergman PJ, Camps-Palau MA, Hull TL: Treatment of doxorubicin extravasation with intravenous dexrazoxane in a cat. J Vet Intern Med 21(4):872–873, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

69. Malic CC, Karoo ROS, Austin O, Phipps A: Resuscitation burn card—a useful tool for burn injury assessment. Burns 33(2):195–199, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

70. Marek K, Piotr W, Stanislaw S, et al: Fibreoptic bronchoscopy in routine clinical practice in confirming the diagnosis and treatment of inhalation burns. Burns 33(5):554–560, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

71. Martini WZ, Irtun O, Chinkes DL, et al: Surfactant phosphatidylcholine in thermally injured pigs. Crit Care Med 29(7):1417–1422, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

72. Miaskowski C, Blair M, Chou R, et al, editors: Principles of analgesic use in the treatment of acute pain and cancer pain, ed 6, Glenview IL, 2008, American Pain Society, .

73. Mlcak RP, Suman OE, Herndon DN: Respiratory management of inhalation injury. Burns 33(1):2–13, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

74. Montgomery RK: Pain management in burn injury. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 16(1):39–49, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

75. Morita N, Shimoda K, Traber MG, et al: Vitamin E attenuates acute lung injury in sheep with burn and smoke inhalation injury. Redox Rep 11(2):61–70, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

76. Moritz AR, Henriques FC: Studies of thermal injury: II. The relative importance of time and surface temperature in the causation of cutaneous burns. Am J Pathol 23(5):695–720, 1947. PUBMED Abstract

77. Murakami K, Traber DL: Pathophysiological basis of smoke inhalation injury. News Physiol Sci 18:125–129, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

78. Murphy JT, Giroir B, Horton JW: Thermal injury alters myocardial sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium channel function. J Surg Res 82(2):244–252, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

79. Murphy JV, Banwell PE, Roberts AH, McGrouther DA: Frostbite: pathogenesis and treatment. J Trauma 48(1): 171–178, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

80. Nieman GF, Clark WR, Goyette D, Hart AK, et al: Wood smoke inhalation increases pulmonary microvascular permeability. Surgery 105(4):481–487, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

81. Nieman GF, Clark WR, Paskanik A, Feldbaum D: Segmental pulmonary vascular resistance following wood smoke inhalation. Crit Care Med 23(7):1264–1271, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

82. Nieman GF, Clark WR: Effects of wood and cotton smoke on the surface properties of pulmonary surfactant. Respir Physiol 97(1):1–12, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

83. Nissen NN, Gamelli RL, Polverini PJ, DiPietro LA: Differential angiogenic and proliferative activity of surgical and burn wound fluids. J Trauma 54(6):1205–1210; discussion 1211, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

84. Ocal K, Avlan D, Cinel I, et al: The effect of N-acetylcysteine on oxidative stress in intestine and bacterial translocation after thermal injury. Burns 30(8):778–784, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

85. Oliveira GV, Shimoda K, Enkhbaatar P, et al: Skin nitric oxide and its metabolites are increased in nonburned skin after thermal injuries. Shock 22(3):278–282, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

86. Park MS, Cancio LC, Jordan BS, et al: Assessment of oxidative stress in lungs from sheep after inhalation of wood smoke. Toxicology 195(2–3):97–112, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

87. Pereira CT, Herndon DN: The pharmacologic modulation of the hypermetabolic response to burns. Adv Surg 39:245–261, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

88. Pereira CT, Murphy KD, Herndon DN: Altering metabolism. J Burn Care Rehabil 26(3):194–199, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

89. Portenoy RK, Hagen NA: Breakthrough pain: definition, prevalence and characteristics. Pain 41(3):273–281, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

90. Qi S, Sun W: The effects of inhaled nitric oxide on cardiac pathology and energy metabolism in a canine model of smoke inhalation injury. Burns 30(1):65–71, 2004.

91. Ravage ZB, Gomez HF, Czermak BJ, et al: Mediators of microvascular injury in dermal burn wounds. Inflammation 22(6):619–629, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

92. Rawlingson A: Nitric oxide, inflammation and acute burn injury. Burns 29(7):631–640, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

93. Reamy BV: Frostbite: review and current concepts. J Am Board Fam Pract 11(1):34–40, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

94. Rhee P, Burris D, Kaufmann C, et al: Lactated Ringer’s solution resuscitation causes neutrophil activation after hemorrhagic shock. J Trauma 44(2):313–319, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

95. Rutan RL: Physiologic response to cutaneous burn injury. In Carrougher GJ, editor: Burn care and therapy, St Louis, 1998, Mosby, pp 5–9.

96. Sayeed MM: Neutrophil signaling alteration: an adverse inflammatory response after burn shock. Medicina (B Aires) 58(4):386–392, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

97. Schiavon M, Di Landro D, Baldo M, et al: A study of renal damage in seriously burned patients. Burns Incl Therm Inj 14(2):107–112, 1988.

98. Schwacha MG, Ayala A, Chaudry IH: Insights into the role of gammadelta T lymphocytes in the immunopathogenic response to thermal injury. J Leukoc Biol 67(5):644–650, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

99. Schwacha MG, Somers SD: Thermal injury induces macrophage hyperactivity through pertussis toxin-sensitive and -insensitive pathways. Shock 9(4):249–255, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

100. Sedowofia K, Barclay C, Quaba A, et al: The systemic stress response to thermal injury in children. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 49(3):335–341, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

101. Sharar SR, Heimbach DM, Green M, et al: Effects of body surface thermal injury on apparent renal and cutaneous blood flow in goats. J Burn Care Rehabil 9(1):26–30, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

102. Sheldon GF, Sanders R, Fuchs R, et al: Metabolism, oxygen transport, and erythropoietin synthesis in the anemia of thermal injury. Am J Surg 135(3):406–411, 1978. PUBMED Abstract

103. Sikora JP, Kuza´nski W, Andrzejewska E: Soluble cytokine receptors sTNFR I and sTNFR II, receptor antagonist IL-1ra, and anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-13 in the pathogenesis of systemic inflammatory response syndrome in the course of burns in children. Med Sci Monit 15(1):CR26–CR31, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

104. Slingsby LS, Taylor PM, Monroe T: Thermal antinociception after dexmedetomidine administration in cats: a comparison between intramuscular and oral transmucosal administration. J Feline Med Surg 11(10):829–834, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

105. Slingsby LS, Taylor PM: Thermal antinociception after dexmedetomidine administration in cats: a dose-finding study. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 31(2):135–142, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

106. Smith A, Barclay C, Quaba A, et al: The bigger the burn, the greater the stress. Burns 23(4):291–294, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

107. Song J, Finnerty CC, Herndon DN, et al: Severe burn-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and hepatic damage in mice. Mol Med 15(9–10):316–320, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

108. Steagall PVM, Mantovani FB, Taylor PM, et al: Dose-related antinociceptive effects of intravenous buprenorphine in cats. Vet J 182(2):203–209, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

109. Stoddard FJ, Sheridan RL, Saxe GN, et al: Treatment of pain in acutely burned children. J Burn Care Rehabil 23(2):135–156, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

110. Sudo E, Boyd WA, King M: Effects of dextran sulfate on tracheal mucociliary velocity in dogs. J Aerosol Med 13(2):87–96, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

111. Supple KG: Physiologic response to burn injury. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 16(1):119–126, 2004.

112. Suzuki K, Nishina M, Ogino R, Kohama A: Left ventricular contractility and diastolic properties in anesthetized dogs after severe burns. Am J Physiol 260(5 Pt 2):H1433–H1442, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

113. Taheri P, Choe E, Lippton H, et al: Autonomic control of the regional hemodynamic response to scald. Life Sci 56(9):701–707, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

114. Takahashi H, Kobayashi M, Tsuda Y, et al: Contribution of the sympathetic nervous system on the burn-associated impairment of CCL3 production. Cytokine 29(5):208–214, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

115. Tenenhaus M, Bhavsar D, Rennekampff H: Treatment of deep partial thickness and indeterminate depth facial burn wounds with water-jet debridement and a biosynthetic dressing. Injury 38(suppl 5):S39–S45, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

116. Tomkiewicz RP, App EM, Coffiner M, et al: Mucolytic treatment with N-acetylcysteine L-lysinate metered dose inhaler in dogs: airway epithelial function changes. Eur Respir J 7(1):81–87, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

117. Tomkiewicz RP, App EM, De Sanctis GT, et al: A comparison of a new mucolytic N-acetylcysteine L-lysinate with N-acetylcysteine: airway epithelial function and mucus changes in dog. Pulm Pharmacol 8(6):259–265, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

118. Topley E, Jackson DM, Cason JS, Davies JW: Assessment of red cell loss in the first two days after severe burns. Ann Surg 155:581–590, 1962. PUBMED Abstract

119. Vargel I, Erdem A, Ertoy D, et al: Effects of growth factors on doxorubicin-induced skin necrosis: documentation of histomorphological alterations and early treatment by GM-CSF and G-CSF. Ann Plast Surg 49(6):646–653, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

120. Vehmeyer-Heeman M, Tondu T, Van den Kerckhove E, Boeckx W: Application of cerium nitrate-silver sulphadiazine allows for postponement of excision and grafting. Burns 32(1):60–63, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

121. Wagner JG, Roth RA: Neutrophil migration during endotoxemia. J Leukoc Biol 66(1):10–24, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

122. Wallner S, Vautrin R, Katz J, Murphy J: The anemia of thermal injury: partial characterization of an erythroid inhibitory substance. J Trauma 27(6):639–645, 1987. PUBMED Abstract

123. Westphal M, Noshima S, Isago T, et al: Selective thromboxane A2 synthase inhibition by OKY-046 prevents cardiopulmonary dysfunction after ovine smoke inhalation injury. Anesthesiology 102(5):954–961, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

124. Willey-Courand DB, Harris RS, Galletti GG, et al: Alterations in regional ventilation, perfusion, and shunt after smoke inhalation measured by PET. J Appl Physiol 93(3):1115–1122, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

125. Williams FN, Herndon DN, Jeschke MG: The hypermetabolic response to burn injury and interventions to modify this response. Clin Plast Surg 36(4):583–596, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

126. Withrow S: Cryosurgery. In Small animal clinical oncology, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2001, Saunders, p 79.

127. Wong SS, Sun NN, Lantz RC, Witten ML: Substance P and neutral endopeptidase in development of acute respiratory distress syndrome following fire smoke inhalation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 287(4):L859–L866, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

128. Xia Z, Horton JW, Tang H, Yang Y: Metabolic disorder in myocardiac intracellular free calcium after thermal injury. Burns 27(5):453–457, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

129. Xia ZF, Horton JW, Zhao P, et al: Relationship between energetic, ionic, and functional status in the perfused rat heart following thermal injury: a 31P and 23Na NMR study. J Surg Res 69(1):212–219, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

130. Xia ZF, Zhao P, Horton JW: Changes in cardiac contractile function and myocardial. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 280(4):H1916–H1922, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

131. Xie X, Shinozawa Y, Sasaki J, et al: Neuroendocrine system response modulates oxidative cellular damage in burn patients. Tohoku J Exp Med 211(2):161–169, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

132. Yatani A, Xu D, Kim S, et al: Mesenteric lymph from rats with thermal injury prolongs the action potential and increases Ca2+ transient in rat ventricular myocytes. Shock 20(5):458–464, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

133. Yonehara N, Yoshimura M: Interaction between nitric oxide and substance P on heat-induced inflammation in rat paw. Neurosci Res 36(1):35–43, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

134. Ziegler D, Bent G: Caustic-induced upper airway obstruction responsiveness to nebulized adrenaline. Pediatrics 107(4):807, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

Chapter 82: Specific Disorders

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371. McEntee MC, Samii VF: The utility of contrast enhanced computed tomography in feline vaccine associated sarcomas: 35 cases [abstract]. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 41:575, 2000.

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513. Rutteman GR, Cornelisse CJ, Dijkshoorn NJ, et al: Flow cytometric analysis of DNA ploidy in canine mammary tumors. Cancer Res 48:3411, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

514. Rutteman GR, Kirpensteijn J: Tumours of the mammary glands. In Dobson JM, Lascelles BDX, editors: BSAVA manual of canine and feline oncology, ed 2, Gloucester, 2003, BSAVA.

515. Rutteman GR, Misdorp W: Hormonal background of canine and feline mammary tumours. J Reprod Fertil 47(suppl):483, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

516. Rutteman GR: Contraceptive steroids and the mammary gland: is there a hazard? Insights from animal studies. Breast Cancer Res Treat 23:29, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

517. Rutteman GR: Hormones and mammary tumour disease in the female dog: an update. In Vivo 4:33, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

518. Saba CF, Rogers KS, Newman SJ, et al: Mammary gland tumors in male dogs. J Vet Intern Med 21:1056, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

519. Samuelson DA: Textbook of veterinary histology, St Louis, 2007, Saunders.

520. Santa DD, Ross F, Carlucci F, et al: Ultrasound-guided retrieval of plant awns. Vet Radio Ultrasound 49:484, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

521. Sarli G, Preziosi R, Benazzi C, et al: Prognostic value of histologic stage and proliferative activity in canine malignant mammary tumors. J Vet Diagn Invest 14:25, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

522. Sasai K, Katoh M, Fujita D, et al: Monoclonal antibodies for the diagnosis of canine mastocytoma. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 26:162, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

523. Sato AF, Solano M: Ultrasonographic findings in abdominal mast cell disease: a retrospective study of 19 patients. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 45:51, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

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525. Scase TJ, Edwards D, Miller J, et al: Canine mast cell tumors: correlation of apoptosis and proliferation markers with prognosis. J Vet Intern Med 20:151, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

526. Scavelli TD, Patnaik AK, Mehlhaff CJ, et al: Hemangiosarcoma in the cat: retrospective evaluation of 31 surgical cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 187:817, 1985. PUBMED Abstract

527. Schafer KA, Kelly G, Schrader R, et al: A canine model of familial mammary gland neoplasia. Vet Pathol 35:168, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

528. Schmidt BR, Glickman NW, DeNicola DB, et al: Evaluation of piroxicam for the treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:1783, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

529. Schmidt K, Bertani C, Martano M, et al: Reconstruction of the lower eyelid by third eyelid lateral advancement and local transposition cutaneous flap after “en bloc” resection of squamous cell carcinoma in 5 cats. Vet Surg 34:78, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

530. Schneider R, Dorn CR, Taylor DO: Factors influencing canine mammary cancer development and postsurgical survival. J Natl Cancer Inst 43:1249, 1969. PUBMED Abstract

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532. Schulman FY, Krafft AE, Janczewski T: Feline cutaneous fibropapillomas: clinicopathologic findings and association with papillomavirus infection. Vet Pathol 38:291, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

533. Schultheiss PC: A retrospective study of visceral and nonvisceral hemangiosarcoma and hemangiomas in domestic animals. J Vet Diagn Invest 16:522, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

534. Schultheiss PC: Histologic features and clinical outcomes of melanomas of lip, haired skin, and nail bed locations of dogs. J Vet Diagn Invest 18:422, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

535. Schwegler K, Walter JH, Rudolph R: Epithelial neoplasms of the skin, the cutaneous mucosa and the transitional epithelium in dogs: an immunolocalization study for papillomavirus antigen. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 44:115, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

536. Scott DW, Anderson WI: Canine sebaceous gland tumors: a retrospective analysis of 172 cases. Canine Pract 15:19, 1990.

537. Scott DW, Miller WH: Disorders of the claw and claw bed in dogs. Comp Contin Educ Pract Vet 14:1448, 1992.

538. Scott DW: Cutaneous bacterial pseudomycetoma (botryomycosis) in dogs: two new case reports and a review of the literature. Jap J Vet Derm 13:135, 2007.

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540. Seguin B, Leibman NF, Bregazzi VS, et al: Clinical outcome of dogs with grade-II mast cell tumors treated with surgery alone: 55 cases (1996–1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:1120, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

541. Seitz SE, Foley GL, Marretta SM: Evaluation of marking materials for cutaneous surgical margins. Am J Vet Res 56:826, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

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543. Seixas F, Pires MA, Lopes CA: Complex carcinomas of the mammary gland in cats: pathological and immunohistochemical features. Vet J 176:210, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

544. Selting KA, Powers BE, Thompson LJ, et al: Outcome of dogs with high-grade soft tissue sarcomas treated with and without adjuvant doxorubicin chemotherapy: 39 cases (1996–2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:1442, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

545. Sertoli MR, Bruzzi P, Pronzato P, et al: Randomized cooperative study of perioperative chemotherapy in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 13:2712, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

546. Sfiligoi G, Rassnick KM, Scarlett JM, et al: Outcome of dogs with mast cell tumors in the inguinal or perineal region versus other cutaneous locations: 124 cases (1990–2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc 226:1368, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

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548. Shelley BA: Use of the carbon dioxide laser for perianal and rectal surgery. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 32:621, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

549. Shelly SM: Cutaneous lesions. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 33:1, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

550. Shoieb AM, Hanshaw DM: Anal sac gland carcinoma in 64 cats in the United Kingdom (1995–2007). Vet Pathol 46:677, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

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552. Simeonov R, Simeonova G: Computerized cytomorphometric analysis of nuclear area, nuclear perimeter and mean nuclear diameter in spontaneous canine mammary gland tumours. Vet Res Commun 31:553, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

553. Simeonov R, Simeonova G: Nucleomorphometric analysis of feline basal cell carcinomas. Res Vet Sci 84:440, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

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555. Simoes JP, Schoning P, Butine M: Prognosis of canine mast cell tumors: a comparison of three methods. Vet Pathol 31:637, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

556. Simon D, Ruslander DM, Rassnick KM, et al: Orthovoltage radiation and weekly low dose of doxorubicin for the treatment of incompletely excised soft-tissue sarcomas in 39 dogs. Vet Rec 160:321, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

557. Simon D, Schoenrock D, Baumgartner W, et al: Postoperative adjuvant treatment of invasive malignant mammary gland tumors in dogs with doxorubicin and docetaxel. J Vet Intern Med 20:1184, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

558. Simon D, Schoenrock D, Nolte I, et al: Cytologic examination of fine-needle aspirates from mammary gland tumors in the dog: diagnostic accuracy with comparison to histopathology and association with postoperative outcome. Vet Clin Pathol, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

559. Simpson AM, Ludwig LL, Newman SJ, et al: Evaluation of surgical margins required for complete excision of cutaneous mast cell tumors in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:236, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

560. Skorupski KA, Overley B, Shofer FS, et al: Clinical characteristics of mammary carcinoma in male cats. J Vet Intern Med 19:52, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

561. Skorupski KA, Rodriguez CO, Krick EL, et al: Long-term survival in dogs with localized histiocytic sarcoma treated with CCNU as an adjuvant to local therapy. Vet Comp Oncol 7:139, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

562. Smith SH, Goldschmidt MH, McManus PM: A comparative review of melanocytic neoplasms. Vet Pathol 39:651, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

563. Sonnenschein EG, Glickman LT, Goldschmidt MH, et al: Body conformation, diet, and risk of breast cancer in pet dogs: a case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 133:694, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

564. Sorenmo K: Canine mammary gland tumors. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 33:573, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

565. Sorenmo KU, Jeglum KA, Helfand SC: Chemotherapy of canine hemangiosarcoma with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide. J Vet Intern Med 7:370, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

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567. Sorenmo KU, Shofer FS, Goldschmidt MH: Effect of spaying and timing of spaying on survival of dogs with mammary carcinoma. J Vet Intern Med 14:266, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

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570. Spangler WL, Kass PH: The histologic and epidemiologic bases for prognostic considerations in canine melanocytic neoplasia. Vet Pathol 43:136, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

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573. Spugnini EP, Vincenzi B, Citro G, et al: Electrochemotherapy for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma in cats: a preliminary report. Vet J 179:117, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

574. Stanclift RM, Gilson SD: Evaluation of neoadjuvant prednisone administration and surgical excision in treatment of cutaneous mast cell tumors in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 232:53, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

575. Staudte KL, Hopper BJ, Gibson NR, et al: Use of ultrasonography to facilitate surgical removal of non-enteric foreign bodies in 17 dogs. J Small Anim Pract 45:395, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

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577. Stefanello D, Valenti P, Faverzani S, et al: Ultrasound-guided cytology of spleen and liver: a prognostic tool in canine cutaneous mast cell tumor. J Vet Intern Med 23:1051, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

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580. Stockhaus C, Teske E, Rudolph R, et al: Assessment of cytological criteria for diagnosing basal cell tumours in the dog and cat. J Small Anim Pract 42:582, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

581. Stolwijk JA, Minke JM, Rutteman GR, et al: Feline mammary carcinomas as a model for human breast cancer. II. Comparison of in vivo and in vitro adriamycin sensitivity. Anticancer Res 9:1045, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

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586. Suga K, Karino Y, Fujita T, et al: Cutaneous drainage lymphatic map with interstitial multidetector-row computed tomographic lymphography using iopamidol: preliminary results. Lymphology 40:63, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

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588. Sulaimon SS, Kitchell BE: The basic biology of malignant melanoma: molecular mechanisms of disease progression and comparative aspects. J Vet Intern Med 17:760, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

589. Sundberg JP, Van Ranst M, Montali R, et al: Feline papillomas and papillomaviruses. Vet Pathol 37:1, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

590. Susaneck SJ, Allen TA, Hoopes J, et al: Inflammatory mammary carcinoma in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 19:971, 1983.

591. Swaim SF, Lee AH, MacDonald JM, et al: Fusion podoplasty for the treatment of chronic fibrosing interdigital pyoderma in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 27:264, 1991.

592. Szuba A, Shin WS, Strauss HW, et al: The third circulation: radionuclide lymphoscintigraphy in the evaluation of lymphedema. J Nucl Med 44:43, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

593. Takahashi J, Farrow C, Presnell K: Primary lymphedema in a dog: a case report. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 20:849, 1984.

594. Takahashi T, Kadosawa T, Nagase M, et al: Inhibitory effects of glucocorticoids on proliferation of canine mast cell tumor. J Vet Med Sci 59:995, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

595. Takahashi T, Kadosawa T, Nagase M, et al: Visceral mast cell tumors in dogs: 10 cases (1982–1997). J Am Vet Med Assoc 216:222, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

596. Talavera J, Agut A, Fernandez Del Palacio J, et al: Thoracic omentalization for long-term management of neoplastic pleural effusion in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 234:1299, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

597. Tamura K, Yamada M, Isotani M, et al: Induction of dendritic cell-mediated immune responses against canine malignant melanoma cells. Vet J 175:126, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

598. Tanabe S, Yamaguchi M, Iijima M, et al: Fluorescence detection of a new photosensitizer, PAD-S31, in tumour tissues and its use as a photodynamic treatment for skin tumours in dogs and a cat: a preliminary report. Vet J 167:286, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

599. Tanimoto T, Shirota K, Nakamura M, et al: Liposarcoma in an old cat. Nippon Juigaku Zasshi 49:719, 1987. PUBMED Abstract

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601. Teifke JP, Lohr CV, Shirasawa H: Detection of canine oral papillomavirus-DNA in canine oral squamous cell carcinomas and p53 overexpressing skin papillomas of the dog using the polymerase chain reaction and non-radioactive in situ hybridization. Vet Microbiol 60:119, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

602. Teifke JP, Lohr CV: Immunohistochemical detection of P53 overexpression in paraffin wax-embedded squamous cell carcinomas of cattle, horses, cats and dogs. J Comp Pathol 114:205, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

603. Tervala T, Suominen E, Saaristo A: Targeted treatment for lymphedema and lymphatic metastasis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1131:215, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

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606. Thamm DH, Mauldin EA, Vail DM: Prednisone and vinblastine chemotherapy for canine mast cell tumor—41 cases (1992–1997). J Vet Intern Med 13:491, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

607. Thamm DH, Turek MM, Vail DM: Outcome and prognostic factors following adjuvant prednisone/vinblastine chemotherapy for high-risk canine mast cell tumour: 61 cases. J Vet Med Sci 68:581, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

608. Thamm DH, Vail DM: Mast cell tumors. In Withrow SJ, Vail DM, editors: Withrow & MacEwen’s small animal clinical oncology, ed 4, St Louis, 2007, Saunders, p 402.

609. Theilen GH, Madewell BR: Veterinary cancer medicine, Philadelphia, 1979, Lea & Febiger.

610. Theon AP, Madewell BR, Shearn VI, et al: Prognostic factors associated with radiotherapy of squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal plane in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 206:991, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

611. Theon AP, VanVechten MK, Madewell BR: Intratumoral administration of carboplatin for treatment of squamous cell carcinomas of the nasal plane in cats. Am J Vet Res 57:205, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

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619. Turek MM, Forrest LJ, Adams WM, et al: Postoperative radiotherapy and mitoxantrone for anal sac adenocarcinoma in the dog: 15 cases (1991–2001). Vet Comp Oncol 1:94, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

620. Turek MM, Withrow SJ: Perianal tumors. In Withrow SJ, Vail DM, editors: Withrow & MacEwen’s small animal clinical oncology, ed 4, St Louis, 2007, Saunders, p 503.

621. Turrel JM, Kitchell BE, Miller LM, et al: Prognostic factors for radiation treatment of mast cell tumor in 85 dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:936, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

622. 621a. Turrel JM, Page RL, McEntee MC: Evaluation of strontium 90 irradiation in treatment of cutaneous mast cell tumors in cats: 35 cases (1992-2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc 229:898, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

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624. Vail DM, Withrow SJ: Tumors of the skin and subcutaneous tissues. In Withrow SJ, Vail DM, editors: Withrow & MacEwen’s small animal clinical oncology, ed 4, St Louis, 2007, Saunders.

625. Vail DM, Young KM: Canine lymphoma and lymphoid leukemia. In Withrow SJ, Vail DM, editors: Withrow & MacEwen’s small animal clinical oncology, ed 4, St Louis, 2007, Saunders, p 699.

626. Vail DM: Plasma cell neoplasms. In Withrow SJ, Vail DM, editors: Withrow & MacEwen’s small animal clinical oncology, ed 4, St Louis, 2007, Saunders, p 769.

627. Van Vechten M, Theon A: Strontium-90 plesiotherapy for treatment of early squamous cell carcinomas of the nasal planum in 25 cats. Veterinary Cancer Society 13th Annual Conference 1993;107.

628. Vascellari M, Melchiotti E, Bozza MA, et al: Fibrosarcomas at presumed sites of injection in dogs: characteristics and comparison with non-vaccination site fibrosarcomas and feline post-vaccinal fibrosarcomas. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 50:286, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

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630. Veldhoen N, Watterson J, Brash M, et al: Identification of tumour-associated and germ line p53 mutations in canine mammary cancer. Br J Cancer 81:409, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

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637. Webster JD, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V, Miller RA, et al: Cellular proliferation in canine cutaneous mast cell tumors: associations with c-KIT and its role in prognostication. Vet Pathol 44:298, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

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640. Weijer K, Hart AA: Prognostic factors in feline mammary carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 70:709, 1983. PUBMED Abstract

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648. Williams LE, Gliatto JM, Dodge RK, et al: Carcinoma of the apocrine glands of the anal sac in dogs: 113 cases (1985–1995). J Am Vet Med Assoc 223:825, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

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650. Winston J, Craft DM, Scase TJ, et al: Immunohistochemical detection of HER-2/neu expression in spontaneous feline mammary tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 3:8, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

651. Withrow SJ, Straw RC: Resection of the nasal planum in nine cats and five dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 26:219, 1990.

652. Withrow SJ: Surgical oncology. In Withrow SJ, Vail DM, editors: Small animal clinical oncology, ed 4, St Louis, 2007, Saunders.

653. Wobeser BK, Kidney BA, Powers BE, et al: Diagnoses and clinical outcomes associated with surgically amputated canine digits submitted to multiple veterinary diagnostic laboratories. Vet Pathol 44:355, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

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655. Yamagami T, Kobayashi T, Takahashi K, et al: Influence of ovariectomy at the time of mastectomy on the prognosis for canine malignant mammary tumours. J Small Anim Pract 37:462, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

656. Yamagami T, Kobayashi T, Takahashi K, et al: Prognosis for canine malignant mammary tumors based on TNM and histologic classification. J Vet Med Sci 58:1079, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

657. Yang WY, Liu CH, Chang CJ, et al: Proliferative activity, apoptosis and expression of oestrogen receptor and Bcl-2 oncoprotein in canine mammary gland tumours. J Comp Pathol 134:70, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

658. Yu Z, Wang J, Peng S, et al: Identification of a novel VEGFR-3 missense mutation in a Chinese family with hereditary lymphedema type I. J Genet Genomics 34:861, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

659. Zappulli V, De Zan G, Cardazzo B, et al: Feline mammary tumours in comparative oncology. J Dairy Res 72, Spec No, 98, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

660. Zaugg N, Nespeca G, Hauser B, et al: Detection of novel papillomaviruses in canine mucosal, cutaneous and in situ squamous cell carcinomas. Vet Dermatol 16:290, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

661. Zemke D, Yamini B, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V: Mutations in the juxtamembrane domain of c-KIT are associated with higher grade mast cell tumors in dogs. Vet Pathol 39:529, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

662. Zuccari DA, Santana AE, Cury PM, et al: Immunocytochemical study of Ki-67 as a prognostic marker in canine mammary neoplasia. Vet Clin Pathol 33:23, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

SECTION VI: Abdomen

Chapter 83: Spleen

[pic]

REFERENCES

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6. Bellah JR: Surgical stapling of the spleen, pancreas, liver and urogenital tract. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 24:375, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

7. Bjerke S, Pohlman T, Saywell RM: Evolution, not revolution: splenic salvage for blunt trauma in a statewide voluntary trauma system—a 10 year experience. Am J Surg 191:413, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

8. Brown NO, Patnaik AK, MacEwen EG: Canine hemangiosarcoma: retrospective analysis of 104 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 186:56, 1985. PUBMED Abstract

9. Chandler JC, Monnet E, Staatz AJ: Comparison of acute hemodynamic effects of lidocaine and procainamide for postoperative ventricular arrhythmias in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 42:262, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

10. Christensen N, Canfield P, Martin P, et al: Cytopathological and histopathological diagnosis of canine splenic disorders. Aust Vet J 87:175, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

11. Christopher MM: Cytology of the spleen. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 33:135, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

12. Clifford CA, Mackin AJ, Henry CJ: Treatment of canine hemangiosarcoma: 2000 and beyond. J Vet Intern Med 14:479, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

13. Clifford CA, Pretorius ES, Weisse C, et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of focal splenic and hepatic lesions in the dog. J Vet Intern Med 18:330, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

14. Cocanour CS, Moore FA, Ware DN: Delayed complications of nonoperative management of blunt adult splenic trauma. Arch Surg 133:619, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

15. Cuccovillo A, Lamb CR: Cellular features of sonographic target lesions of the liver and spleen in 21 dogs and a cat. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 43:275, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

16. Culp WT, Aronson LR: Splenic foreign body in a cat. J Feline Med and Surg 10:380, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

17. Dane DM, Hsia CC, Wu EY, et al: Splenectomy impairs diffusive oxygen transport in the lung of dogs. J Appl Physiol 101:289, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

18. Day MJ, Lucke VM, Pearson H: A review of pathological diagnoses made from 87 canine splenic biopsies. J Small Anim Pract 36:426, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

19. De Palma GD, Persico F, Masone S, et al: Natural orifices transluminal endoscopic surgery: an overview of technical challenges and complications of transgastric procedures in anesthetized pigs. Minerva Chir 63:261, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

20. Dobson J, Villiers E, Roulois A, et al: Histiocytic sarcoma of the spleen in flat-coated retrievers with regenerative anaemia and hypoproteinaemia. Vet Rec 158:825, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

21. Dyce KM, Sack WO, Wensing CJ: Textbook of veterinary anatomy, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2002, Saunders.

22. Evans HE: Miller’s anatomy of the dog, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1993, Saunders.

23. Fife WD, Samii VF, Drost WT, et al: Comparison between malignant and nonmalignant splenic masses in dogs using contrast-enhanced computed tomography. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 45:289, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

24. Fossum TW, Hedlund CS, Hulse DA, et al: Small animal surgery, ed 2, St Louis, 2002, Elsevier/Mosby.

25. Fremont RD, Rice TW: Splenosis: a review. South Med J 100:589, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

26. Fry MM, McGavin MD: Bone marrow, blood cells, and lymphatic system. In McGavin MD, Zachary JF, editors: Pathologic basis of veterinary disease, ed 4, St Louis, 2007, Elsevier/Mosby, pp 809.

27. Fry MM, Vernau W, Pesavento PA: Hepatosplenic lymphoma in a dog. Vet Pathol 40:556, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

28. Gärtner F, Santos M, Gillette D, et al: Inflammatory pseudotumor of the spleen in a dog. Vet Rec 150:697, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

29. Getty R: Sisson and Grossman’s the anatomy of the domestic animals, ed 5, Philadelphia, 1975, Saunders.

30. Goldsmid SE, Davis P, Pechman R: Successful derotation of a splenic torsion in a racing greyhound. J Small Anim Pract 35:112, 1994.

31. Graham JE, Ketchell RJ, Bodendistel JK: A comparison of gastric torsion with torsion of the splenic pedicle. Can Vet J 3:279, 1962. PUBMED Abstract

32. Hammond TN, Pesill-Crosby SA: Prevalence of hemangiosarcoma in anemic dogs with a splenic mass and hemoperitoneum requiring a transfusion: 71 cases (2003–2005). J Am Vet Med Assoc 232:553, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

33. Hanson JA, Papageorges M, Girard E, et al: Ultrasonographic appearance of splenic disease in 101 cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 42:441, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

34. Hardie EM, Vaden SL, Spaulding K, et al: Splenic infarction in 16 dogs: a retrospective study. J Vet Internal Med 9:141, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

35. Héry G, Becmeur F, Méfat L, et al: Laparoscopic partial splenectomy: indications and results of a multicenter retrospective study. Surg Endosc 22:45, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

36. Hosgood G, Bone DL, Vorhees WD, et al: Splenectomy in the dog by ligation of the splenic and short gastric arteries. Vet Surg 18:110, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

37. Hsia CC, Johnson RL, Dane DM, et al: The canine spleen in oxygen transport: gas exchange and hemodynamic responses to splenectomy. J Appl Physiol 103:1496, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

38. Ishmael J, Howell JM: Observations on the pathology of the spleen of the cat. J Sm Anim Pract 9:7, 1968. PUBMED Abstract

39. Jacobs RM, Messick JB, Valli VE: Tumors of the hemolymphatic system. In Meuten DJ, editor: Tumors in domestic animals, ed 4, Ames, IA, 2002, Iowa State Press, pp 194.

40. Keyes ML, Rush JE, Autran B, et al: Ventricular arrhythmias in dogs with splenic masses. Vet Emerg Critical Care 3:33, 1994.

41. Kim SE, Liptak JM, Gall TT, et al: Epirubicin in the adjuvant treatment of splenic hemangiosarcoma in dogs: 59 cases (1997–2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc 231:1550, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

42. Kipnis RM: Torsion of the splenic pedicle and gastric volvulus in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 164:1202, 1974. PUBMED Abstract

43. Knapp DW, Aronsohn MG, Harpster NK: Cardiac arrhythmias associated with mass lesions of the canine spleen. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 29:122, 1993.

44. Lana S, U’ren L, Plaza S, et al: Continuous low-dose oral chemotherapy for adjuvant therapy of splenic hemangiosarcoma in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 21:764, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

45. Langenbach A, Anderson MA, Dambach DM, et al: Extraskeletal osteosarcomas in dogs: a retrospective study of 169 cases (1986–1996). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 34:113, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

46. Larson MM: The liver and spleen. In Thrall DE, editor: Textbook of veterinary diagnostic radiology, ed 5, St Louis, 2007, Elsevier/Saunders, pp 667.

47. Léveillé R, Partington BP, Biller DS, et al: Complications after ultrasound-guided biopsy of abdominal structures in dogs and cats: 246 cases (1984–1991). J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:413, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

48. Madewell BR: Hematology, oncology, and immunology. In Bonagura JD, editor: Kirk’s current veterinary therapy XIII: small animal practice. Philadelphia, 2000, Saunders, pp 520.

49. Mai W: The hilar perivenous hyperechoic triangle as a sign of acute splenic torsion in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 47:487, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

50. Marconato L: Gastric dilatation-volvulus as complication after surgical removal of a splenic haemangiosarcoma in a dog. J Vet Med 53:371, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

51. Marino DJ, Matthiesen DR, Fox PR, et al: Ventricular arrhythmias in dogs undergoing splenectomy: a prospective study. Vet Surg 23:101, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

52. Maruyama H, Miura T, Sakai M, et al: The incidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation in dogs with malignant tumor. J Vet Med Sci 66:573, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

53. Matos AJ, Duarte S, Lopes C, et al: Splenic hamartomas in a dog. Vet Red 161:308, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

54. McGahan JP, Horton S, Eugenio O, et al: Appearance of solid organ injury with contrast-enhanced sonography in blunt abdominal trauma: preliminary experience. Am J Roentgenol 187:658, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

55. Millis DL, Nemzek J, Riggs C, et al: Gastric dilatation-volvulus after splenic torsion in two dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:314, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

56. Moore AS, Ogilvie GK: Feline oncology: a comprehensive guide to compassionate care, Trenton, NJ, 2001, Veterinary Learning Systems.

57. Moore AS, Ogilvie GK: Managing the canine cancer patient: a practical guide to compassionate care, Trenton, NJ, 2006, Veterinary Learning Systems.

58. Neath PJ, Brockman DJ, Saunders HM: Retrospective analysis of 19 cases of isolated torsion of the splenic pedicle in dogs. J Small Anim Pract 38:387, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

59. Nores M, Phillips EH, Morgenstern L: The clinical spectrum of splenic infarction. Am Surg 64:182, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

60. Ogilvie GK, Powers BE, Mallinckrodt CH, et al: Surgery and doxorubicin in dogs with hemangiosarcoma. J Vet Intern Med 10:379, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

61. Pachter HL, Guth AA, Hofstetter SR: Changing patterns in the management of splenic trauma: the impact of nonoperative management. Ann Surg 227:708, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

62. Patsikas MN, Rallis T, Kladakis SE, et al: Computed tomography diagnosis of isolated splenic torsion in a dog, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 42:235, 2001.

63. Perman V, Lipowitz AJ: The spleen. In Gourley IM, Vasseur PB, editors: General small animal surgery, Philadelphia, 1985, JB Lippincott, pp 459.

64. Pintar J, Breitchwerdt EB, Hardie EM, et al: Acute nontraumatic hemoabdomen in the dog: a retrospective analysis of 39 cases (1987–2001). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 39:518, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

65. Prymak C, McKee LJ, Goldschmidt MH, et al: Epidemiologic, clinical, pathologic, and prognostic characteristics of splenic hemangiosarcoma and splenic hematoma in dogs: 217 cases (1985). J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:706, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

66. Ramani M, Reinhold C, Semelka RC, et al: Splenic hemangiomas and hamartomas: MR imaging characteristics of 28 lesions. Radiology 202:166, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

67. Reddy SC, Reddy SC: Hemangiosarcoma of the spleen: helical computed tomography features. South Med J 93:825, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

68. Richardson EF, Brown NO: Hematological and biochemical changes and results of aerobic bacteriological culturing in dogs undergoing splenectomy. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 32:199, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

69. Robertson JL, Newman SJ: Disorders of the spleen. In Feldman BF, Zinkl JG, Jain NC, editors: Schalm’s veterinary hematology, ed 5, Baltimore, 2000, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, pp 272.

70. Rossi F, Leone VF, Vignoli M, et al: Use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound for characterization of focal splenic lesions. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 49:154, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

71. Royals SR, Ellison GW, Adin CA, et al: Use of an ultrasonically activated scalpel for splenectomy in 10 dogs with naturally occurring splenic disease. Vet Surg 34:174, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

72. Saunders HM, Neath PJ, Brockman DJ: B-mode and Doppler ultrasound imaging of the spleen with canine splenic torsion: a retrospective evaluation. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 39:349, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

73. Sorenmo K, Samluk M, Clifford C, et al: Clinical and pharmacokinetic characteristics of intracavitary administration of pegylated liposomal encapsulated doxorubicin in dogs with splenic hemangiosarcoma. J Vet Intern Med 21:1347, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

74. Spangler WL, Culbertson MR: Prevalence and type of splenic diseases in cats: 455 cases (1985–1991). J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:773, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

75. Spangler WL, Culbertson MR: Prevalence, type, and importance of splenic diseases in dogs: 1,480 cases (1985–1989). J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:829, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

76. Spangler WL, Kass PH: Pathologic and prognostic characteristics of splenomegaly in dogs due to fibrohistiocytic nodules: 98 cases. Vet Pathol 35:488, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

77. Spangler WL, Kass PH: Pathologic factors affecting postsplenectomy survival in dogs. J Vet Internal Med 11:166, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

78. Spangler WL, Kass PH: Splenic myeloid metaplasia, histiocytosis and hypersplenism in the dog (65 cases). Vet Pathol 36:583, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

79. Tagaya N, Kubota K: Approach to the liver and spleen. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 16:283, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

80. Takahashi T, Kadosawa T, Nagase M, et al: Visceral mast cell tumors in dogs: 10 cases (1982–1997). J Am Vet Med Assoc 216:222, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

81. Tillson DM: Spleen. In Slatter D, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2003, Elsevier/Saunders, pp 1046.

82. Tizard IR: Veterinary immunology: an introduction, ed 6, Philadelphia, 2000, Saunders.

83. Vail DM, MacEwen EG, Kurzman ID, et al: Liposome-encapsulated muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine adjuvant immunotherapy for splenic hemangsar coma in the dog: A randomized multi-institutional clinical trial. Clin Cancer Res 1:1165, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

84. Waldron DR, Robertson J: Partial splenectomy in the dog: a comparison of stapling and ligation techniques. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 31:343, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

85. Waters DJ, Caywood DD, Hayden DW, et al: Metastatic pattern in dogs with splenic haemangiosarcoma: clinical implications. J Small Anim Pract 29:805, 1988.

86. Weber NA: Chronic primary splenic torsion with peritoneal adhesions in a dog: case report and literature review. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 36:390, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

87. Weinstein MJ, Carpenter JL, Schunk CJ: Nonangiogenic and nonlymphomatous sarcomas of the canine spleen: 57 cases (1975–1987). J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:784, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

88. Wierenga JR, Rosenstein D, Hauptman JG: Prognostic indicators of splenic masses. 2002, Society of Veterinary Soft Tissue Surgeons Annual Conference Proceedings.

89. Wilson DV, Evans AT, Carpenter RE, et al: The effect of four anesthetic protocols on splenic size in dogs. Vet Anaesthesia Analgesia 31:102, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

90. Wood CA, Moore AS, Gliatto JM, et al: Prognosis for dogs with stage I or II splenic hemangiosarcoma treated by splenectomy alone: 32 cases (1991–1993). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 34:417, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

Chapter 84: Abdominal Wall Reconstruction and Hernias

[pic]

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96. Ravitch RM: Repair of hernia, Chicago, 1969, Year Book Medical Publishers.

97. Read R: Cranial abdominal hernias. In Slatter DH, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, Philadelphia, 1985, Saunders, pp 853.

98. Roberts SJ: Veterinary obstetrics and genital diseases (theriogenology), ed 2, Ann Arbor, MI, 1971, Edward Brothers.

99. Robinson R: Genetic aspects of umbilical hernia incidence in cats and dogs. Vet Rec 100:9, 1977. PUBMED Abstract

100. Rosin E, Robinson GM: Knot security of suture materials. Vet Surg 18:269, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

101. Rosin E, Richardson S: Effect of fascial closure technique on strength of healing abdominal incisions in the dog. A biomechanical study. Vet Surg 16:269, 1987. PUBMED Abstract

102. Ruble RP, Hird DW. Congenital abnormalities in immature dogs from a pet store: 253 cases (1987–1988). J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:633–636, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

103. Sawyer SL: Defective diaphragm associated with umbilical hernia [letter]. Vet Rec 98:490, 1976. PUBMED Abstract

104. Shahar R, Shamir MH, Niebauer GW, et al: A possible association between acquired inguinal and perineal hernia in adult male dogs. Can Vet J 37:614, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

105. Shaw SC, Kent MS, Gordon IK, et al. Temporal changes in characteristics of injection-site sarcomas in cats: 392 cases (1990–2006). J Am Vet Med Assoc 234:376, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

106. Shaw SP, Rozanski EA, Rush JE: Traumatic body wall herniation in 36 dogs and cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 39:35, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

107. Silverman S, Ackerman N: Radiographic evaluation of abdominal hernias. Mod Vet Pract 58:781, 1977. PUBMED Abstract

108. Smeak DD: Abdominal hernias. In Slatter DH, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders, pp 449.

109. Smeak DD: Management and prevention of surgical complications associated with small animal abdominal herniorrhaphy. Gastrointestinal surgical complications. Probl Vet Med 1:254, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

110. Snyder N, Craven C, Phillips LG: Delayed type IV muscle flap in a feline model. Ann Plast Surg 56:316, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

111. Swaim SF: Surgery of traumatized skin: management and reconstruction in the dog and cat. Philadelphia, 1980, Saunders.

112. Snow R: Inguinal metrocele (gravid) in a bitch. J Am Vet Med Assoc 129:359, 1956. PUBMED Abstract

113. Strande A: Inguinal hernias in dogs. J Small Anim Pract 30:520, 1989.

114. Sylvestre, Weinstein MJ, Popovitch CA, et al: The sartorius muscle flap in the cat. An anatomic study and two case reports. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 33:91, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

115. Taylor RM, Farrow BRH, Healy PJ: Canine fucosidosis: clinical findings. J Small Anim Pract 28:291, 1987.

116. Thompson SE: Minimally invasive hernia repair. In Freeman L, editor: Veterinary endosurgery, St Louis, 1999, Mosby-Year Book, pp 105.

117. Tigari M: Ventral hernia in sheep. Vet Rec 106:7, 1980. PUBMED Abstract

118. Usher FC, Wallace SA: Tissue reaction to plastics: a comparison of nylon, orlon, Dacron, Teflon, and Marlex. AMA Arch Surg 76:997, 1958. PUBMED Abstract

119. Waldron DR, Hedlund CS, Pechman R: Abdominal hernias in dogs and cats: a review of 24 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 22:817, 1986.

120. Waters DJ, Roy RG, Stone EA: A retrospective study of inguinal hernia in 35 dogs. Vet Surg 22:44, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

121. Weinstein MJ, Pavletic MM, Boudrieau RJ, et al: Cranial sartorius muscle flap in the dog. Vet Surg 18:286, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

122. Whitney WO, Mehlhaff CJ: High-rise syndrome in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:1399, 1987. PUBMED Abstract

123. Woolfson JM, Dulisch ML: Open abdominal drainage in the treatment of generalized peritonitis in 25 dogs and cats. Vet Surg 15:27, 1986.

124. Wright JG: The surgery of the inguinal canal in animals. Vet Rec 75:1352, 1963.

125. Zimmerman LM: Anatomy and surgery of hernia. Baltimore, 1967, Williams & Wilkins.

Chapter 85: Diaphragmatic Hernias

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12. Benitah N, Matousek, JL, Barnes RF, et al: Diaphragmatic and perineal hernias associated with cutaneous asthenia in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:706, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

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14. Bjorling DE, Keene BW: Canine pericardial disease. Comp Anim Pract 19:9, 1989.

15. Boudrieau SJ, Muir WW: Pathophysiology of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia in dogs. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 9:379, 1987.

16. Brauer RW, Holloway RJ, Leong GF: Changes in liver function and structure due to experimental passive congestion under controlled hepatic vein pressures. Am J Physiol 197:681, 1959. PUBMED Abstract

17. Bright RM, Thacker HL: The formation of an omental pedicle flap and its experimental use in the repair of a diaphragmatic rent in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 18:283, 1982.

18. Cartier RBI, Hashimoto K, Bourne WM, et al: Angiogenic factor: a possible mechanism for neovascularization produced by omental pedicles. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 99:264, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

19. Choi JH, Kim HW, Kim ME, et al: Imaging diagnosis—positive contrast peritoneographic features of true diaphragmatic hernia. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 50:185, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

20. Corfield GS, Read RA, Nicholls PK, et al: Gall bladder torsion and rupture in a dog. Aust Vet J 85:226, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

21. Cornell KK, Jakovljevic S, Waters DJ, et al: Extrahepatic biliary obstruction secondary to diaphragmatic hernia in two cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 29:502, 1993.

22. Conzemius MG, Sammarco JL, Holt DE, et al: Clinical determination of preoperative and postoperative intra-abdominal pressures in dogs. Vet Surg 24:195, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

23. Deshpande KS, Krishnamurthy D, Nigam JM, et al: Efficacy of certain biological and synthetic materials used for repair of diaphragmatic defects in bovines. Indian J Anim Sci 53:830, 1983.

24. De Troyer A, Sampson M, Sigrist S, et al: The diaphragm: two muscles. Science 213:237, 1981. PUBMED Abstract

25. De Troyer A, Kelly S: Chest wall mechanics in dogs with acute diaphragm paralysis. J Appl Physiol Respirat Environ Exercise Physiol 53:373, 1982. PUBMED Abstract

26. Dhein CRM, Rawlings CA, Rosin E, et al: Esophageal hiatal hernia and eventration of the diaphragm with resultant gastroesophageal reflux. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 16:517, 1980.

27. Donald CL, Lee R, Sullivan M: Diaphragmatic rupture and biliary tract damage in a dog. J Small Anim Pract 26:61, 1985.

28. Downs MC, Bjorling DE: Traumatic diaphragmatic hernias: a review of 1674 cases. Vet Surg 16:87, 1987.

29. Drellich S: Intraabdominal pressure and abdominal compartment syndrome. Comp Contin Educ Pract Vet 22:764, 2000.

30. Dronen SC: Disorders of the chest wall and diaphragm. Emerg Med Clin North Am 1:449, 1983. PUBMED Abstract

31. Evans HE, Christensen GC, editors: Miller’s anatomy of the dog, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1993, Saunders.

32. Evans SM, Biery DN: Congenital peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia in the dog and cat: a literature review and 17 additional case histories. Vet Radiol 21:108, 1980.

33. Eyster GE, Gaber CE, Probst M: Cardiac disorders. In Slatter DH, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1993, Saunders.

34. Eyster GE, Evans AT, Blanchard GL, et al: Congenital pericardial diaphragmatic hernia and multiple cardiac defects in a litter of collies. J Am Vet Med Assoc 170:516, 1977. PUBMED Abstract

35. Feldman DB, Bree MM, Cohen DJ: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia in neonatal dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 153:942, 1968. PUBMED Abstract

36. Formaggini L, Schmidt K, De Lorenzi D: Gastric dilation-volvulus associated with diaphragmatic hernia in three cats: clinical presentation, surgical treatment and presumptive aetiology. J Feline Med Surg 10:198, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

37. Frye FL, Taylor D: Pericardial and diaphragmatic defects in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 152:1507, 1968. PUBMED Abstract

38. Furneaux RW, Hudson MD: Autogenous muscle flap repair of a diaphragmatic hernia. Feline Pract 6:20, 1976.

39. Garson HL, Dodman NH, Baker GJ: Diaphragmatic hernia: analysis of fifty-six cases in dogs and cats. J Small Anim Pract 21:469, 1980. PUBMED Abstract

40. Gibson TWG, Brisson BA, Sears W: Perioperative survival rates after surgery for diaphragmatic hernia in dogs and cats: 92 cases (1990–2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:105, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

41. Grandage J: The radiology of the dog’s diaphragm. J Small Anim Pract 15:1, 1974. PUBMED Abstract

42. Greene CE, Basinger RR, Whitfield JB: Surgical management of bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:1542, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

43. Hardie EM, Ramirez O, Clary EM, et al: Abnormalities of the thoracic bellows: stress fractures of the ribs and hiatal hernia. J Vet Intern Med 12:279, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

44. Hay WH, Woodfield JA, Moon MA: Clinical, echocardiographic, and radiographic findings of peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia in two dogs and a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:1245, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

45. Helphrey ML: Abdominal flap graft for repair of chronic diaphragmatic hernia in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 181:791, 1982. PUBMED Abstract

46. Henderson RA: Controlling peritoneal adhesions. Vet Surg 11:30, 1982.

47. Higgins GM, Graham AA: Lymphatic drainage from the peritoneal cavity in the dog. Arch Surg 19:453, 1929.

48. Johnson KA: Diaphragmatic hernias. In Slatter DH, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1993, Saunders.

49. Joseph R, Kuzi S, Lavy E: Transient megaoesophagus and oesophagitis following diaphragmatic rupture repair in a cat. J Fel Med Surg 10:284, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

50. Kaplan LC, Matsuoka R, Gilbert EF, et al: Ectopia cordis and cleft sternum: evidence for mechanical teratogenesis following rupture of the chorion or yolk sac. Am J Med Genet 21:187, 1985. PUBMED Abstract

51. Kerpsack SJ, McLoughlin MA, Graves TK, et al: Chylothorax associated with lung lobe torsion and a peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia in a cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 30:351, 1994.

52. Laine GA, Hall JT, Laine SH, et al: Transsinusoidal fluid dynamics in canine liver during venous hypertension. Circ Res 45:317, 1979. PUBMED Abstract

53. Lenaghan R, Silva YJ, Walt AJ: Hemodynamic alterations associated with expansion rupture of the lung. Arch Surg 99:339, 1969. PUBMED Abstract

54. Less RD, Bright JM, Orton EC: Intrapericardial cyst causing cardiac tamponade in a cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 36:115, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

55. Lin JL, Lee CS, Chen PW, et al: Complications during labour in a Chihuahua due to diaphragmatic hernia. Vet Rec 161:103, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

56. Lipman J, Medalie D, Rosen MJ: Staged repair of massive incisional hernias with loss of abdominal domain: a novel approach. Am J Surg 195:8, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

57. Liptak JM, Bissett SA, Allan GS, et al: Hepatic cysts incarcerated in a peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia. J Fel Med Surg 4:123, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

58. Little AA, Steffey M, Kraus MS: Marked pleural effusion causing right atrial collapse simulating cardiac tamponade in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 43:157, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

59. Macklem PT: Normal and abnormal function of the diaphragm. Thorax 36:161, 1981. PUBMED Abstract

60. Markowitz J, Archibald J, Downie HG, et al: Experimental surgery—including surgical physiology, ed 5, Baltimore, 1964, Williams & Wilkins.

61. Mathisen DJ, Grillo HC, Vlahakes GJ, et al: The omentum in the management of complicated cardiothoracic problems. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 95:677, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

62. Minihan AC, Berg J, Evans KL: Chronic diaphragmatic hernia in 34 dogs and 16 cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 40:51, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

63. Mitchell IC, Garcia NM, Barber R, et al. Permacol: a potential biologic patch alternative in congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair. J Pediatric Surg 43:2161, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

64. Mushin WW, Rendell Baker L, Thompson PW: Automatic ventilation of the lungs, ed 3, Oxford, 1980, Blackwell Scientific Publications.

65. Neville WE, Clowes GHA: Congenital absence of hemidiaphragm and use of a lobe of liver in its surgical correction. Arch Surg 69:282, 1954. PUBMED Abstract

66. Noden DM, De Lahunta A: The embryology of domestic animals: developmental mechanisms and malformations. Baltimore, 1985, Williams & Wilkins.

67. Orsher RJ, Rosin E: Small intestines. In Slatter DH, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1993, Saunders.

68. Peters JH, DeMeester TR: Esophagus and diaphragmatic hernias. In Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et al, editors: Principles of surgery, ed 8, New York, 2004, McGraw-Hill. Available at . com/content.aspx?aID=807064.

69. Pratschke KM, Hughes JML, Skelly C, Bellenger CR: Hiatal herniation as a complication of chronic diaphragmatic herniation. J Small Anim Pract 39(1):33–38, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

70. Ramirez OM: “Components separation” method for closure of abdominal-wall defects: an anatomic and clinical study. Plast Reconstr Surgery 86:519, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

71. Reimer SB, Kyles AE, Filipowicz DE, Gregory CR: Long-term outcome of cats treated conservatively or surgically for peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia: 66 cases (1987–2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:728, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

72. Robinette JD: Hernias. In Gourley IM, Vasseur PB, editors: General small animal surgery, Philadelphia, 1985, JB Lippincott.

73. Robins GB, Thornton J, Mills J: Bile peritonitis and pleuritis in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 13:55, 1977.

74. Roe SC, Smith CW, Stowater JL: Diaphragmatic hernia producing gastric outflow obstruction, metabolic alkalosis, and hypokalemia in a dog. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 8:943, 1986.

75. Rosenkrantz JG, Cotton EK: Replacement of left hemidiaphragm by a pedicled abdominal muscular flap. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 48:912, 1964. PUBMED Abstract

76. Roudebush P, Burns, J: Pleural effusion as a sequela to traumatic diaphragmatic hernias: a review of four cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 15:699, 1979.

77. Sant’Ambrogio G, Frazier DT, Wilson MF, et al: Motor innervation and pattern of activity of cat diaphragm. J Appl Physiol 18:43, 1963. PUBMED Abstract

78. Schairer BE, Keeley JL: Experimental use of homologous fascia lata to repair diaphragmatic defects in dogs. Surg Gynecol Obstet 105:565, 1957. PUBMED Abstract

79. Schmiedt CW, Tobias KM, McCrackin Stevenson MA: Traumatic diaphragmatic hernia in cats: 34 cases (1991–2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc 222:1237, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

80. Schmiedt CW, Washabaugh KF, Rao DB, et al: Chylothorax associated with a congenital peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 45:134, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

81. Schuh JCL: Hepatic nodular myelolipomatosis (myelolipomas) associated with a peritoneo-pericardial diaphragmatic hernia in a cat. J Comp Pathol 97:231, 1987. PUBMED Abstract

82. Schulman AJ, Lusk R, Lippincott CL, et al: Congenital peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 21:655, 1985.

83. Sereda C: Personal communication, July 6, 2009.

84. Sewell RW, Fewel JG, Grover FL, et al: Experimental evaluation of reexpansion pulmonary edema. Ann Thorac Surg 26:126, 1978. PUBMED Abstract

85. Sielaff TD, Curley SA: Liver. In Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et al, editors: Principles of surgery, ed 8, New York, 2004, McGraw-Hill. Available at .

86. Simpson DJ, Hunt GB, Church DB, et al: Benign masses in the pericardium of two dogs. Aust Vet J 77:4, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

87. Sisson D, Thomas WP, Reed J, et al: Intrapericardial cysts in the dog. J Vet Intern Med 7:364, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

88. Spackman CJA, Caywood DD, Feeney DA, et al: Thoracic wall and pulmonary trauma in dogs sustaining fractures as a result of motor vehicle accidents. J Am Vet Med Assoc 185:975, 1984. PUBMED Abstract

89. Spattini G, Rossi F, Vignoli M, Lamb CR: Use of ultrasound to diagnose diaphragmatic rupture in dogs and cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 44:226, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

90. Statz GD, Moore KE, Murtaugh RJ: Surgical repair of a peritoneopericaridal diaphragmatic hernia in a pregnant dog. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 17:77, 2007.

91. Stickle RL: Positive-contrast celiography (peritoneography) for the diagnosis of diaphragmatic hernia in dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 185:295, 1984. PUBMED Abstract

92. Stokhof AA: Diagnosis and treatment of acquired diaphragmatic hernia by thoracotomy in 49 dogs and 72 cats. Vet Q 8:177, 1986. PUBMED Abstract

93. Stork CK, Hamaide AJ, Schwedes C, et al: Hemiurothorax following diaphragmatic hernia and kidney prolapse in a cat. J Fel Med Surg 5:91, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

94. Stowater JL, Lamb CR: Ultrasonography of noncardiac thoracic diseases in small animals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:514, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

95. Sullivan M, Lee R: Radiological features of 80 cases of diaphragmatic rupture. J Small Anim Pract 30:561, 1989.

96. Sweet DC, Waters DJ: Role of surgery in the management of dogs with pathologic conditions of the thorax—part II. Vet Clin North Am 13:1671, 1991.

97. Tamas PM, Paddleford RR, Krahwinkel Jr DJ: Thoracic trauma in dogs and cats presented for limb fractures. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 21:161, 1985.

98. Teicher EJ, Pasquale MD, Cipolle MD, et al: Abdominal compartment syndrome. Oper Tech Gen Surg 10:39, 2008.

99. Thomas WP: Pericardial disorders. In Ettinger SJ, editor: Textbook of veterinary internal medicine: diseases of the dog and cat, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1989, Saunders.

100. Touloukian RJ: A “new” diaphragm following prosthetic repair of experimental hemidiaphragmatic defects in the pup. Ann Surg 187:47, 1978. PUBMED Abstract

101. Trachiotis GD, Vricella LA, Aaron BL, et al: Reexpansion pulmonary edema: updated 1997. Ann Thorac Surg 63:1205, 1997.

102. Turk MAM, Turk JR, Rantanen NW, et al: Necrotizing pulmonary arteritis in a dog with peritoneo-pericardial diaphragmatic hernia. J Small Anim Pract 25:25, 1984.

103. Valentine BA, Cooper BJ, Dietze AE, et al: Canine congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Vet Intern Med 2:109, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

104. Voges AK, Bertrand S, Hill RC, et al: True diaphragmatic hernia in a cat. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2:116, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

105. Walker RG, Hall LW: Rupture of the diaphragm: report of 32 cases in dogs and cats. Vet Rec 77:830, 1965. PUBMED Abstract

106. Wallace J, Mullen HS, Lesser MB: A technique for surgical correction of peritoneal pericardial diaphragmatic hernia in dogs and cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 28:503, 1992.

107. White JD, Tisdall PLC, Norris JM, et al: Diaphragmatic hernia in a cat mimicking a pulmonary mass. J Fel Med Surg 5:197, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

108. Willard MD, Toal RL, Cawley A: Gastric complications associated with correction of chronic diaphragmatic hernia in two dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:1151, 1984. PUBMED Abstract

109. Williams J, Leveille R, Myer CW: Imaging modalities used to confirm diaphragmatic hernia in small animals. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 20:1199, 1998.

110. Wilson GP, Hayes HM: Diaphragmatic hernia in the dog and cat: a 25-year overview. Semin Vet Med Surg (Small Anim) 1:318, 1986. PUBMED Abstract

111. Wilson GP, Newton CD, Burt JK: A review of 116 diaphragmatic hernias in dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 159:1142, 1971. PUBMED Abstract

112. Young PN, Gorgacz EJ, Barsanti JA: Respiratory failure associated with diaphragmatic paralysis in a cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 16:933, 1980.

Chapter 86: Peritoneum and Retroperitoneum

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72. Crowe DT: The serosal patch: clinical use in 12 animals. Vet Surg 13:29, 1984.

73. Crowe DT: Diagnostic abdominal paracentesis techniques: clinical evaluation in 129 dogs and cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 20:223, 1984.

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76. Crowe DT, Crane SW: Diagnostic abdominal paracentesis and lavage in the evaluation of abdominal injuries in dogs and cats: clinical and experimental investigations. J Am Vet Med Assoc 168:700, 1976. PUBMED Abstract

77. Crowe DJ, Devey JJ: Clinical experience with jejunostomy feeding tubes in 47 small animals patients. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 7:7, 1997.

78. Crowe DT, Todoroff RJ: Umbilical masses and discolorations as signs of intraabdominal disease. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 18:295, 1982.

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116. Gfeller RW, Sandors AD: Naproxen-associated duodenal ulcer complicated by perforation and bacteria- and barium sulfate-induced peritonitis in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:644, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

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136. Hardie EM, Rawlings CA, Collins LG: Canine Escherichia coli peritonitis: long-term survival with fluid, gentamicin sulfate, and flunixin meglumine treatment. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 21:691, 1985.

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212. Mehler SJ, Mayhew PD, Drobatz KJ, et al: Variables associated with outcome in dogs undergoing extrahepatic biliary surgery: 60 cases (1988–2002). Vet Surg 33:644, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

213. Meissner K, Meiser G: Primary open wound management after emergency laparotomies for conditions associated with bacterial contamination: reappraisal of a historical tradition. Am J Surg 148:613, 1984. PUBMED Abstract

214. Members ACCP/SCCM Consensus Conference Committee: American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference: Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. Crit Care Med 20:864, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

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216. Michalopoulos A, Geroulanos S: Antibiotics for prophylaxis and treatment of intra-abdominal infections. Hepato-Gastroenterol 44:947, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

217. Mishra NK, Appert HE, Howard JM: Studies of paralytic ileus: effects of intraperitoneal injury on motility of the canine small intestine. Am J Surg 129:559, 1975. PUBMED Abstract

218. Mongil CM, Drobatz KJ, Hendricks JC: Traumatic hemoperitoneum in 28 cases: a retrospective review. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 31:217, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

219. Montravers P, Maulin L, Mohler J, et al: Microbiological and inflammatory effects of murine recombinant interleukin-10 in two models of polymicrobial peritonitis in rats. Infect Immun 67:1579, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

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221. Mosdell DM, Morris DM, Voltura A, et al: Antibiotic treatment for surgical peritonitis. Ann Surg 214:543, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

222. Muckart DJJ, McDonald MA: Unreliability of standard quantitative criteria in diagnostic peritoneal lavage performed for suspected penetrating abdominal wounds. Am J Surg 162:223, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

223. Mueller POE, Hay WP, Harmon B, et al: Evaluation of a bioresorbable hyaluronate-carboxymethylcellulose membrane for prevention of experimentally induced abdominal adhesions in horses. Vet Surg 29:48, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

224. Mueller M, Ludwig LL, Barton LJ: Use of closed-suction drains to treat generalized peritonitis in dogs and cats: 40 cases (1997–1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc 219:789, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

225. Mullen HS, Matthiesen DT, Scavelli TD: Results of surgery and postoperative complications in 92 dogs treated for prostatic abscessation by a multiple Penrose drain technique. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 26:369, 1990.

226. Munsterman AS, Hanson RR: Comparison of direct and indirect methods of intra-abdominal pressure measurements in normal horses. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 19:543, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

227. Murphy ST, Newell SM, Burrows CF: What is your diagnosis? Foreign body in the abdomen. J Am Vet Med Assoc 212:195, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

228. Nakayoshi T, Kawasaki N, Suzuki Y, et al: Epidural administration of morphine facilitates time of appearance of first gastric interdigestive migrating complex in dogs with paralytic ileus after open abdominal surgery. J Gastrointest Surg 11:648, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

229. Ndikuwera J, Winstanley EW, Binta-Mushi G, et al: Haematology and serum biochemistry in the racing greyhound following intraperitoneal povidone-iodine. Vet Res Commun 12:77, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

230. Negrini S, Valentini S, Spinella G, et al: Peritoneal ultrasonography in dogs and cats. Vet Res Commun 27 (suppl 1):411, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

231. Nguyen NT, Nguyen CT, Stevens CM, et al: The efficacy of fibrin sealant in prevention of anastomotic leak after laparoscopic gastric bypass. J Surg Res 122:218, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

232. Nickel R, Schummer A, Seiferle E, editors: The viscera of domestic mammals, ed 2, Translation and revision Sack WO, New York, 1979, Springer-Verlag, pp 3–18.

233. Nielsen C, Olver CS, Schutten MM, et al: Diagnostic peritoneal lavage for identification of blastomycosis in a dog with peritoneal involvement. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 223:1623, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

234. Nieto JE, Snyder JR, Vatistas NJ, et al: Use of an active intra-abdominal drain in 67 horses. Vet Surg 32:1, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

235. Noden DM, De Lahunta A, editors: The embryology of domestic animals: developmental mechanisms and malformations. Baltimore, 1985, Williams & Wilkins, pp 287–290, 308–310.

236. Orsher RJ, Rosin E: Open peritoneal drainage in experimental peritonitis in dogs. Vet Surg 13:222, 1984.

237. Orton EC: Enteral hyperalimentation administered via needle catheter-jejunostomy as an adjunct to cranial abdominal surgery. J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:1406, 1986. PUBMED Abstract

238. Osman MO, Jensen SL: Surgical gloves: current problems. World J Surg 23:630, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

239. Owens SD, Gossett R, McElhaney R, et al: Three cases of canine bile peritonitis and mucinous material in abdominal fluid as the prominent cytological finding. Vet Clin Pathol 32:114, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

240. Özmen MM, Cöl C, Aksoy AM, et al: Effect of CO2 insufflation on bacteremia and bacterial translocation in an animal model of peritonitis. Surg Endosc 13:801, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

241. Palombo JD, Liu K, Greif WM, et al: Effects of laparoscopic vs laparotomy treatment of E. coli peritonitis on hemodynamic responses in a porcine model. Surg Endosc 13:1001, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

242. Pápa K, Psáder R, Sterczer Á, et al: Endoscopically guided nasojejunal tube placement in dogs for short-term postduodenal feeding. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 19:554, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

243. Parker JE, Fubini SL, Car BD, et al: Prevention of intraabdominal adhesions in ponies by low-dose heparin therapy. Vet Surg 16:459, 1987. PUBMED Abstract

244. Parks J, Gahring D, Greene RW: Peritoneal lavage for peritonitis and pancreatitis in twenty-two dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 9:442, 1973.

245. Parsons KJ, Owen LJ, Lee K, et al: A retrospective study of surgically treated cases of septic peritonitis in the cat (2000–2007). J Small Anim Pract 50:518, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

246. Parungo CP, Soybel DI, Colson YL, et al: Lymphatic drainage of the peritoneal space: a pattern dependent on bowel lymphatics. Ann Surg Onc 14:286, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

247. Peddle GD, Carberry CA, Goggin JM: Hemorrhagic bile pleuritis and peritonitis secondary to traumatic common bile duct rupture, diaphragmatic tear, and rupture of the spleen in a dog. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 18:631, 2008.

248. Pedersen NC: Feline coronavirus infections. In Greene CE, editor: Clinical microbiology and infectious diseases of the dog and cat, Philadelphia, 1984, Saunders, pp 514–525.

249. Penninck D, Mitchell SL: Ultrasonographic detection of ingested and perforating wooden foreign bodies in four dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 223:206, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

250. Peterson SL: Postcaval thrombosis and delayed shunt migration after pleuro-peritoneal venous shunting for concurrent chylothorax and chylous ascites in a dog. Vet Surg 25:228, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

251. Pierie JP, de Graaf PW, van Dijk M, et al: Improved healing of extraperitoneal anastomoses in the early phase when surrounded by omentum. Dig Surg 17:487, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

252. Pintar J, Breitschwerdt EB, Hardie EM, et al: Acute nontraumatic hemoabdomen in the dog: a retrospective analysis of 39 cases (1987–2001). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 39:518, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

253. Pittinger CB, Long JP: Danger of intraperitoneal neomycin during ether anesthesia. Surgery 43:445, 1958. PUBMED Abstract

254. Poli-de-Figueiredo LF, Garrido AG, Nakagawa N, et al: Experimental models of sepsis and their clinical relevance. Shock 30(suppl 1):53, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

255. Pratschke KM, Kirby BM: High rise syndrome with impalement in three cats. J Small Anim Pract 43:261, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

256. Pratt JN, Munro EA, Kirby BM: Osteomyelitis of the atlanto-occipital region as a sequela to pharyngeal stick injury. J Small Anim Pract 40:446, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

257. Probst CW, Stickle RL, Bartlett PC: Duration of pneumoperitoneum in the dog. Am J Vet Res 47:176, 1986. PUBMED Abstract

258. Raflo CP, Nuernberger SP: Abdominal mesothelioma in a cat. Vet Pathol 15:781, 1978. PUBMED Abstract

259. Raj BR, Subbu K, Manoharan G: Omental plug closure of large duodenal defects—an experimental study. Trop Gastroenterol 18:180, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

260. Ralphs SC, Jessen CR, Lipowitz AJ: Risk factors for leakage following intestinal anastomosis in dogs and cats: 115 cases (1991–2000). J Am Vet Med Assoc 223:73, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

261. Ramirez O, Bliss S: What is your diagnosis? Primary splenic tumor and suppurative peritonitis due to gallbladder rupture. J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:625, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

262. Reed S: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induces duodenal ulcer and perforation in a mature rottweiler. Can Vet J 43:971, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

263. Reijnen MM, Meis JF, Postma VA, et al: Prevention of intra-abdominal abscesses and adhesions using hyaluronic acid solution in a rat peritonitis model. Arch Surg 134:997, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

264. Reppas GP, Dockett AG, Burrell DH: Anorexia and an abdominal mass in a cat. Aust Vet J 77:784, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

265. Ridings PC, Bloomfield GL, Blocher CR, et al: Cardiopulmonary effects of raised intra-abdominal pressure before and after volume expansion. J Trauma 39:1071, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

266. Ritt MG, Fossum TW: Successful treatment of uterine torsion and fetal retention in a postparturient Great Pyrenees bitch with septic peritonitis and prothrombotic complications. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 33:537, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

267. Rittirsch D, Hoesel LM, Ward PA: The disconnect between animal models of sepsis and human sepsis. J Leukocyte Biol 81:137, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

268. Roa DM, Bright RM, Daniel GB, et al: Microvascular transplantation of a free omental graft to the distal extremity in dogs. Vet Surg 28:456, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

269. Rogers KS, Miller G, Prestwood AK, et al: Aberrant nymphal pentastomiasis in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 21:417, 1985.

270. Rogers CL, Gibson C, Mitchell SL, et al: Disseminated candidiasis secondary to fungal and bacterial peritonitis in a young dog. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 19:193, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

271. Rosman C, Westerveld GJ, Kooi K, et al: Local treatment of generalized peritonitis in rats; effects on bacteria, endotoxin, and mortality. Eur J Surg 165:1072, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

272. Roush JK, Bjorling DE, Lord P: Diseases of the retroperitoneal space in the dog and cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 26:47, 1990.

273. Runk A, Kyles AE, Downs MO: Duodenal perforation in a cat following the administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 35:52, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

274. Salisbury SK, Lantz GC, Nelson RW, et al: Pancreatic abscess in dogs: six cases (1978–1986). J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:1104, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

275. Salisbury SK, Hosgood GL: Management of the patient with generalized peritonitis. Prob Vet Med 1:168, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

276. Sato AF, Solano M: Radiographic diagnosis: liver lobe entrapment and associated emphysematous hepatitis. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 39:123, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

277. Saulnier-Troff FG, De Busscher V, Hamaide A: Acute gaseous peritonitis after rupture of a retroperitoneal rectal diverticulum in a dog. J Small Anim Pract 49:486, 2008.

278. Sayek I: Animal models for intra-abdominal infection. Hepato-Gastroenterology 44:923, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

279. Schein M: To drain of not to drain? The role of drainage in the contaminated and infected abdomen: an international and personal perspective. World J Surg 32:312, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

280. Schermerhorn T, McNamara PS, Dykes NL, et al: Cullen’s sign and haemaglobinuria as presenting signs of retroperitoneal haemorrhage in a dog. J Small Anim Pract 39:490, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

281. Schneider RK, Meyer DJ, Embertson RM, et al: Response of pony peritoneum to four peritoneal lavage solutions. Am J Vet Res 49:889, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

282. Schoning P, Layton CE, Fortney WD, et al: Sclerosing peritoneal mesothelioma in a dog evaluated by electron microscopy and immunoperoxidase techniques. J Vet Diag Invest 4:217, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

283. Scott PC, Taylor TK, Gilmore JF, et al: Suppurative peritonitis in cats associated with anaerobic bacteria. Aust Vet J 61:367, 1984. PUBMED Abstract

284. Seim HB: Management of peritonitis. In Bonagura JD, editor: Kirk’s current veterinary therapy XII, Philadelphia, 1995, Saunders, pp 764–770.

285. Sergeeff JS, Armstrong PJ, Bunch SE: Hepatic abscesses in cats: 14 cases (1985–2002). J Vet Intern Med 18:295, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

286. Shales CJ, Warren J, Anderson DM, et al: Complications following full-thickness small intestinal biopsy in 66 dogs: a retrospective study. J Small Anim Pract 46:317, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

287. Shaw JHF, Wolfe RR: A conscious septic dog model with hemodynamic and metabolic responses similar to responses of humans. Surgery 95:553, 1984. PUBMED Abstract

288. Siems JS, Jakovljevic S, Adams LG, et al: Discospondylitis in association with an intra-abdominal abscess in a dog. J Small Anim Pract 40:123, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

289. Silenas R, O’Keefe P, Gelbart S, et al: Mechanical effectiveness of closed peritoneal irrigation in peritonitis. Am J Surg 145:371, 1983. PUBMED Abstract

290. Singh K, Flood J, Welsh RD, et al: Fatal systemic phaeohyphomycosis caused by Ochroconius gallopavum in a dog (Canis familiaris). Vet Pathol 43:988, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

291. Sireesh I, Kaman L, Singh R: Pentoxifylline as an adjuvant to surgery and antibiotics in the treatment of perforation peritonitis: a prospective randomised, placebo- controlled study. Singapore Med J 49:619, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

292. Slater LA, Davidson AP, Dahlinger J: Acute peritonitis secondary to intra-abdominal semen deposition. J Am Vet Med Assoc 225:1535, 2004.

293. Smelstoys JA, Davis GJ, Learn AE, et al: Outcome of and prognostic indicators for dogs and cats with pneumoperitoneum and no history of penetrating trauma. J Am Vet Med Assoc 225:251, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

294. Smith BA, Hosgood G, Hedlund CS: Omental pedicle used to manage a large dorsal wound in a dog. J Small Anim Pract 36:267, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

295. Smith DA, Hill FWG: Metastatic malignant mesothelioma in a dog. J Comp Path 100:97, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

296. Solomon SB, Banks SM, Gerstenberger E, et al: Sympathetic blockade in a canine model of Gram-negative bacterial peritonitis. Shock 19:215, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

297. Soybir N, Soybir G, Lice H, et al: The effects of desferrioxamin and vitamin E as supplements to antibiotics in the treatment of peritonitis in rats. J Royal College Edinburgh 47:700, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

298. Spackman CJA, Caywood DD, Johnston GR: Granulomas of the uterine and ovarian stumps: a case report. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 20:449, 1984.

299. Specht A, Chan D, O’Toole T, et al: Acute staphylococcal peritonitis following cystocentesis in a dog. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 12:183, 2002.

300. Staatz AJ, Monnet E, Seim HB: Open peritoneal drainage versus primary closure for the treatment of septic peritonitis in dogs and cats: 42 cases (1993–1999). Vet Surg 31:174, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

301. Stamme C, Bundschuh DS, Hartung T, et al: Temporal sequence of pulmonary and systemic inflammatory responses to graded polymicrobial peritonitis in mice. Infect Immun 67:5642, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

302. Steinberg D: On leaving the peritoneal cavity open in acute generalized suppurative peritonitis. Am J Surg 137:216, 1979. PUBMED Abstract

303. Stepien RL, Whitley NT, Dubielzig RR: Idiopathic or mesothelioma-related pericardial effusion: clinical findings and survival in 17 dogs studied retrospectively. J Small Anim Pract 41:342, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

304. Steyn PF, Wittum TE: Radiographic, epidemiologic, and clinical aspects of simultaneous pleural and peritoneal effusions in dogs and cats: 48 cases (1982–1991). J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:307, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

305. Stone HH, Kolb LD, Geheber CE: Incidence and significance of intraperitoneal anaerobic bacteria. Ann Surg 181:705, 1975. PUBMED Abstract

306. Sugerman HJ, Bloomfield GL, Saggi BW: Multisystem organ failure secondary to increased intraabdominal pressure. Infection 27:61, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

307. Summers BA, Sykes G: Pansteatitis mimicking infectious peritonitis in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 180:546, 1982. PUBMED Abstract

308. Swann H, Hughes D: Diagnosis and management of peritonitis. Vet Clin North Am 30:603, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

309. Swann H, Sweet DC, Michel K: Complications associated with the use of jejunostomy tubes: a retrospective study of 40 cases (1989–1994). J Am Vet Med Assoc 210:1764, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

310. Taboada J, Meyer DJ: Cholestasis associated with extrahepatic bacterial infection in five dogs. J Vet Int Med 3:216, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

311. Tadros T, Wobbes T, Hendriks T: Blood transfusion impairs the healing of experimental intestinal anastomoses. Ann Surg 215:276, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

312. Tani T, Tsutamoto Y, Eguchi Y, et al: Protease inhibitor reduces loss of tensile strength in rat anastomosis with peritonitis. J Surg Res 88:135, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

313. Tennant B, Willoughby K: The use of enteral nutrition in small animal medicine. Comp Contin Educ Pract Vet 15:1054, 1993.

314. Thariani-Mizra TF, Williams J, Jaffe M: What is your diagnosis? Pneumoperitoneum with mild abdominal effusion, caused by rupture of the stomach. J Am Vet Med Assoc 213:1403, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

315. Thrall DE, Bovee KC, Biery DN: Demonstration of a “position of relief” in dogs with lesions of the stomach or small bowel. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 14:343, 1978.

316. Toombs JP, Collins LG, Graves GM, et al: Colonic perforation in corticosteroid-treated dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:145, 1986. PUBMED Abstract

317. Trigo FJ, Morrison WB, Breeze RG: An ultrastructural study of canine mesothelioma. J Comp Path 91:531, 1981. PUBMED Abstract

318. Ullman SL, Pavletic MM, Clark GN: Open intestinal anastomosis with surgical stapling equipment in 24 dogs and cats. Vet Surg 20:385, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

319. Umphlet RC, Bertoy RW: Abdominal mesothelioma in a cat. Mod Vet Pract 69:71, 1988.

320. Van Hoogmoed L, Snyder JR: Adjunctive methods in equine gastrointestinal surgery. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 13:221, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

321. Van Israël N, Kirby BM, Munro EAC: Septic peritonitis secondary to unilateral pyometra and ovarian bursal abscessation in a dog. J Small Anim Pract 43:452, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

322. van Ruler O, Mahler CW, Boer KR, et al: Comparison of on-demand vs planned relaparotomy strategy in patients with severe peritonitis: a randomized trial. J Am Med Assoc 298:865, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

323. Van Winkle TJ, Bruce E: Thrombosis of the portal vein in eleven dogs. Vet Pathol 30:28, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

324. Vonderhaar MA, Salisbury SK: Gastroduodenal ulceration associated with flunixin meglumine administration in three dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:92, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

325. Volz J, Köster S, Spacek Z, et al: The influence of pneumoperitoneum used in laparoscopic surgery on an intraabdominal tumor growth. Cancer 86:770, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

326. Walker EM, Ellis H: Relationship of the constituents of bile to biliary peritonitis in the rat. Gut 19:827, 1978. PUBMED Abstract

327. Walters JM: Abdominal paracentesis and diagnostic peritoneal lavage. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 18:32, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

328. Weigelt JA: Empiric treatment options in the management of complicated intra-abdominal infections. Cleve Clin J Med 74(suppl 4):S29, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

329. Weisman DL, Smeak DD, Birchard SJ, et al: Comparison of a continuous suture pattern with a simple interrupted pattern for enteric closure in dogs and cats: 83 cases (1991–1997). J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:1507, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

330. Wheaton LG, Johnson AL, Parker AJ, et al: Results and complications of surgical treatment of pyometra: a review of 80 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 25:563, 1989.

331. Wheeler AP: Bacterial peritonitis: innovative experimental treatment. Crit Care Med 27:1055, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

332. White RAS, Williams JM: Intracapsular prostatic omentalization: a new technique for management of prostatic abscesses in dogs. Vet Surg 24:390, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

333. Willauer CC, Gregory CR, Parker HR: Treatment of peritonitis with the Parker peritoneal dialysis cannula. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 24:547, 1988.

334. Wilson SE, Huh J: In defense of routine antimicrobial susceptibility testing of operative site flora in patients with peritonitis. Clin Infect Dis 25(suppl 2):S254, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

335. Winkler KP, Greenfield CL: Potential prognostic indicators in diffuse peritonitis treated with open peritoneal drainage in the canine patient. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 10:259, 2000.

336. Wirtherle N, Wiemann A, Ottenjann M, et al: First case of canine peritoneal larval cestodiasis caused by Mesocestoides lineatus in Germany. Parasit Int 56:317, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

337. Withrow SJ, Black AP: Generalized peritonitis in small animals. Vet Clin North Am 9:363, 1979. PUBMED Abstract

338. Wittmann DH, Schein M, Condon RE: Management of secondary peritonitis. Ann Surg 224:10, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

339. Wong PL: Pneumoperitoneum associated with splenic necrosis and clostridial peritonitis in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 17:463, 1981.

340. Woolfson JM, Dulisch ML: Open abdominal drainage in the treatment of generalized peritonitis in 25 dogs and cats. Vet Surg 15:27, 1986.

341. Worley DR, Hottinger HA, Lawrence HJ: Surgical management of gallbladder mucoceles in dogs: 22 cases (1999–2003). J Am Vet Med Assoc 225:1418, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

342. Wright KN, Gompf RE, DeNovo RC: Peritoneal effusion in cats: 65 cases (1982–1997). J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:375, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

343. Yanofsky G, Bonneau NH, Breton L: Fistulography as an aid in the diagnosis of a nonradiopaque foreign body in a dog. Can Vet J 27:291, 1986. PUBMED Abstract

344. Zeltzman PA, Downs MO, Girard EM: What is your diagnosis? Foreign body in the abdomen. J Am Vet Med Assoc 212:193, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

SECTION VII: Digestive System

Chapter 87: Soft Tissues of the Oral Cavity

[pic]

REFERENCES

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30. Karahan S, Kul BC: Ankyloglossia in dogs: a morphological and immunohistochemical study. Anat Histol Embryol 38:118, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

31. Kelmer E, Kelmer G, Kerl M: Diagnosis and successful treatment of caudal lingual abscess in a geriatric dog. Can Vet J 48:852, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

32. Kuntsi-Vaattovaara H, Verstraete FJ, Newsome JT, Yuan H: Resolution of persistent oral papillomatosis in a dog after treatment with recombinant canine oral papillomavirus vaccine. Vet Comp Oncol 1:57, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

33. Liptak JM, Withrow SJ: Cancer of the gastrointestinal tract. In Withrow SJ, Vail DM, editors: Withrow & MacEwan’s small animal clinical oncology, ed 4, St Louis, 2007, Saunders, pp 455.

34. Lobprise HB, Wiggs RB: Anatomy, diagnosis and management of disorders of the tongue. J Vet Dent 10:16, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

35. MacMillan R, Withrow SJ, Gillette EL: Surgery and regional irradiation for treatment of canine tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma: retrospective review of eight cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 18:311, 1982.

36. Mattson A: Pharyngeal disorders. Vet Clin North Am 24:825, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

37. McCoy DE: Surgical management of the tight lip syndrome in the Shar-Pei dog. J Vet Dent 14:95, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

38. Miller AD, Alcaraz A, McDonough SP: Tonsillar lymph-angiomatous polyp in an adult dog. J Comp Path 138:215, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

39. Nemanic S, London CA, Wisner ER: Comparison of thoracic radiographs and single breath-hold helical CT for detection of pulmonary nodules in dogs with metastatic neoplasia. J Vet Intern Med 20:508, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

40. Nicholson I, Halfacree Z, Whatmough C, et al: Computed tomography as an aid to management of chronic oropharyngeal stick injury in the dog. J Sm Anim Pract 49:451, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

41. Northrup NC, Selting KA, Rassnick KM, et al: Outcomes of cats with oral tumors treated with mandibulectomy: 42 cases. J Anim Hosp Assoc 42:350, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

42. Olmstead ML, Stoloff DR, O’Keefe CM: Avulsion of the upper lip in two dogs. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 79:1228, 1976.

43. Ozaydin I, Demirkan I, Ozba B: A case of congenital permanent frenulum linguae and lingua bifida (bifid tongue) in an Anatolian shepherd (Kangal) dog. J Fac Vet Med Univ Kafkas 6:107, 2000.

44. Pavletic MM: Reconstructive surgery of the lips and cheek. Vet Clin North Am 20:201, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

45. Simpson BA: Canine communication. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 27:445, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

46. Smeak DD: Anti-drool cheiloplasty: clinical results in six dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 25:181, 1989.

47. Stauffer VD: Loss of the tongue in a cat and the resulting skin problem. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 68:1266, 1973. PUBMED Abstract

48. Stebbins KE, Morse CC, Goldschmidt MH: Feline oral neoplasia: a ten-year survey. Vet Pathol 26:121, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

49. Stoll SG: Cheiloplasty. In Bojrab MJ, editor: Current techniques in small animal surgery, Philadelphia, 1983, Lea & Febiger, pp 446.

50. Suter PF, Watrous BJ: Oropharyngeal dysphagias in the dog: a cinefluorographic analysis of experimentally induced and spontaneously occurring swallowing disorders: I. Oral stage and pharyngeal stage dysphagias. Vet Radiol 21:24, 1980.

51. Syrcle JA, Bonczynski JJ, Monette S, et al: Retrospective evaluation of lingual tumors in 42 dogs: 1999–2005. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 44:308, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

52. Tafti AK, Hanna P, Bourque AC: Calcinosis circumscripta in the dog: a retrospective pathological study. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 52:13, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

53. Temizsoylu MD, Avki S: Complete ventral ankyloglossia in three related dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 223:1443, 2003 PUBMED Abstract

54. Todoroff RJ, Brodey RS: Oral and pharyngeal neoplasia in the dog: a retrospective survey of 361 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 175:567, 1979. PUBMED Abstract

55. Voith VL, Borchelt PL: Diagnosis and treatment of dominance aggression in dogs. Vet Clin North Am 12:655, 1982. PUBMED Abstract

56. Von Doernberg MC, Peeters ME, ter Haar G, Kirpensteijn J: Lingual abscesses in three dogs. J Small Anim Pract 49:413, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

57. Watrous BJ: Clinical presentation and diagnosis of dysphagia. Vet Clin North Am 13:437, 1983. PUBMED Abstract

58. Watrous BJ, Suter PF: Normal swallowing in the dog: a cineradiographic study 20:99, 1979.

59. Watrous BJ, Suter PF: Oropharyngeal dysphagias in the dog: a cinefluorographic analysis of experimentally induced and spontaneously occurring swallowing disorders: II. Cricopharyngeal stage and mixed oropharyngeal dysphagias. Vet Radiol 24:11, 1983.

60. White RAS, Lane JG: Pharyngeal stick penetration injuries in the dog. J Small Anim Pract 29:13, 1988.

61. Winkel A: Skin fold dermatitis. In Medleau L, Hnilica K: Small animal dermatology: a color atlas and therapeutic guide, ed 2, St Louis, 2006, Saunders Elsevier, pp 26.

62. Yagci BB, Ural K, Öcal N, Haydardedeoglu AE: Azithromycin therapy of papillomatosis in dogs: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Vet Dermatol 19:194, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

Chapter 88: Salivary Glands

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REFERENCES

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3. Bartoe JT, Brightman AH, Davidson HJ: Modified lateral orbitotomy for vision-sparing excision of a zygomatic mucocele in a dog. Vet Ophthalmol 10:127–131, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

4. Bellenger CR, Simpson DJ: Canine sialocoeles—60 clinical cases. J Small Anim Pract 33:376–380, 1992.

5. Boydell P, Pike R, Crossley D: Presumptive sialadenosis in a cat. J Small Anim Pract 41:573–574, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

6. Boydell P, Pike R, Crossley D, et al: Sialadenosis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 216:872–874, 2000.

7. Brooks DG, Hottinger HA, Dunstan RW: Canine necrotizing sialometaplasia: a case report and review of the literature. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 31:21–25, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

8. Brown NO: Salivary gland diseases: diagnosis, treatment, and associated problems. Probl Vet Med 1:281–294, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

9. Brunnert SR, Altman NH: Canine lingual acinic cell carcinoma (clear cell variant) of minor salivary gland. Vet Pathol 27:203–205, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

10. Carberry CA, Flanders JA, Harvey HJ, et al: Salivary gland tumors in dogs and cats: a literature and case review. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 24:561–567, 1988.

11. Cooke MM, Guilford WG: Salivary gland necrosis in a wire-haired fox terrier. N Z Vet J 40:69–72, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

12. Crouch JE: Text-atlas of cat anatomy, ed 1, Philadelphia, 1969, Lea & Febiger.

13. Dorman HL, Bellinger LL, Frazier LW, et al: Salivary gland secretion. Physiologist 24(5):51–53, 1981. PUBMED Abstract

14. Dunning D: Tongue, lips, cheeks, pharynx, and salivary glands. In Slatter D, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders, p 560.

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16. Evans EH: Miller’s anatomy of the dog, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1993, Saunders.

17. Faustino AM, Dias Pereira P: A salivary malignant myoepithelioma in a dog. Vet J 173:223–226, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

18. Glen JB: Canine salivary mucoceles: results of sialographic examination and surgical treatment of fifty cases. J Small Anim Pract 13:515–526, 1972. PUBMED Abstract

19. Gourley IM: Lips, oral cavity, and salivary glands. In Vasseur PB, editor: General small animal surgery, ed 1, Philadelphia, 1985, JB Lippincott, p 221.

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22. Hammer A, Getzy D, Ogilvie G, et al: Salivary gland neoplasia in the dog and cat: survival times and prognostic factors. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 37:478–482, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

23. Harvey CE: Canine salivary mucocele. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 5:155–164, 1969.

24. Harvey CE: Parotid salivary duct rupture and fistula in the dog and cat. J Small Anim Pract 18:163–168, 1977. PUBMED Abstract

25. Head KW, Else RW, Dubielzig RR: Tumors of the alimentary tract. In Meuten DJ, editor: Tumors in domestic animals, ed 4, Ames, IA, 2002, Iowa State Press, p 410.

26. Hornbuckle WE, Tennant BC: Gastrointestinal function. In Kaneko JJ, Harvey JW, Bruss ML, et al, editors: Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals, ed 5, San Diego, 1997, Academic Press, p 376.

27. Hulland TJ, Archibald J: Salivary mucoceles in dogs. Can Vet J 5:109–117, 1964. PUBMED Abstract

28. Hurov L: Surgical correction of blocked parotid duct. Can Vet J 2:348–349, 1961. PUBMED Abstract

29. Imai Y: Physiology of salivary secretion. Front Oral Physiol 2:184, 1976. PUBMED Abstract

30. Jeffreys DA, Stasiw A, Dennis R: Parotid sialolithiasis in a dog. J Small Anim Pract 37:296–297, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

31. Knecht CD: Diseases of the salivary glands in the dog. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 11:932–936, 1980.

32. Knecht CD, Phares J: Characterization of dogs with salivary cyst. J Am Vet Med Assoc 158:612–613, 1971. PUBMED Abstract

33. Ladlow JF, Gregory SP: Parotid duct dilation in two dogs. J Small Anim Pract 44:367–369, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

34. Lung M: Mechanisms of sympathetic enhancement and inhibition of parasympathetically induced salivary secretion in anaesthetized dogs. Br J Pharmacol 112:411–416, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

35. Militerna G, Bazzo R, Marcato PS: Cytological diagnosis of mandibular salivary gland adenocarcinoma in a dog. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 52:514–516, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

36. Preibisch J: Kamienei Slinoweupsa. Med Wet 16:277, 1960.

37. Ritter MJ, von Pfeil DJF, Stanley BJ, et al: Mandibular and sublingual sialocoeles in the dog: a retrospective evaluation of 41 cases, using the ventral approach for treatment. N Z Vet J 54:333–337, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

38. Ryan T, Welsh E, McGorum I: Sublingual salivary gland sialolithiasis in a dog. J Sm Anim Pract 49:254–256, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

39. Schmidt GM, Betts CW: Zygomatic salivary mucoceles in the dog. J Am Anim Assoc 172:940–942, 1978. PUBMED Abstract

40. Schroeder H, Berry WL: Salivary gland necrosis in dogs: a retrospective study of 19 cases. J Small Anim Pract 39:121–125, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

41. Shimoyama Y, Yamashita K, Ohmachi T, et al: Pleomorphic adenoma of the salivary gland in two dogs. J Comp Path 134:254–259, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

42. Sidaway BK, McLaughlin RM, Hughes J: Cervical masses in dogs: diagnosis and treatment. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 5:390–402, 2004.

43. Smith MM: Surgery of the canine salivary system. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 7:457–464, 1985.

44. Smrkovski OA, LeBlanc AK, Smith SH, et al: Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma with sebaceous differentiation in the mandibular salivary gland of a dog. Vet Pathol 43:374–377, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

45. Sozeman M, Brown PJ: Idiopathic salivary gland enlargement (sialadenosis) in dogs: a microscopic study. J Small Anim Pract 41:243–247, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

46. Sozeman M, Brown PJ, Eveson JW: Salivary gland basal cell adenocarcinoma: a report of cases in a cat and two dogs. J Vet Med Assoc 50:399–401, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

47. Spangler WL, Culbertson MR: Salivary gland disease in dogs and cats: 245 cases (1985–1988). J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:465–469, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

48. Spreull JS, Head KW: Cervical salivary cysts in the dog. J Small Anim Pract 8:17–35, 1967. PUBMED Abstract

49. Stevens A, Lowe J: Human histology, ed 2, Barcelona, 1997, Mosby.

50. Stonehewer J, Mackin AJ, Tasker S, et al: Idiopathic phenobarbital-responsive hypersialosis in the dog: an unusual form of limbic epilepsy? J Small Anim Pract 41:416–421, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

51. Thomsen BV, Myers RK: Extraskeletal osteosarcoma of the mandibular salivary gland in a dog. Vet Pathol 36:71–73, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

52. Trumpatori BJ, Geissler K, Mathews KG: Parotid duct sialolithiasis in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 43:45–51, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

53. Van der Merwe LL: Mandibular salivary gland sialadenosis in dogs infected with Spirocerca lupi: a retrospective study. 17th ECVIM-CA Congress, 2007.

54. Withrow SJ: Cancer of the salivary glands. In Withrow SJ, MacEwen EG, editors: Small animal clinical oncology, ed 4, Philadelphia, 2007, Saunders, p 476.

55. Weber WJ, Hobson HP, Wilson SR: Pharyngeal mucoceles in dogs. Vet Surg 15:5–8, 1986.

Chapter 89: Mandibulectomy and Maxillectomy

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2. Bertone ER, Snyder LA, Moore AS: Environmental and lifestyle risk factors for oral squamous cell carcinoma in domestic cats. J Vet Int Med 17:557, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

3. Bjorling DE, Chambers JN, Mahaffey EA: Surgical treatment of epulides in dogs: 25 cases (1974–1984). J Am Vet Med Assoc 190:1315, 1987. PUBMED Abstract

4. Blackwood L, Dobson JM: Radiotherapy of oral malignant melanomas in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:98, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

5. Boria PA, Murry DJ, Bennett PF, et al: Evaluation of cisplatin combined with piroxicam for the treatment of oral malignant melanoma and oral squamous cell carcinoma in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:388, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

6. Bryant KJ, Moore K, McAnulty JF: Angularis oris axial pattern buccal flap for reconstruction of recurrent fistulae of the palate. J Vet Surg 32:113, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

7. Ciekot PA, Powers BE, Withrow SJ, et al: Histologically low-grade, yet biologically high-grade, fibrosarcomas of the mandible and maxilla in dogs: 25 cases (1982–1991). J Am Vet Med Assoc 204:610, 1994 PUBMED Abstract

8. Cotter SM: Oral pharyngeal neoplasms in the cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 17:917, 1981.

9. Dundas JM, Fowler JD, Shmon CL, et al: Modification of the superficial cervical axial pattern flap for oral reconstruction. J Vet Surg 34:206, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

10. Evans HE, Christensen GC: Miller’s anatomy of the dog, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1979, Saunders.

11. Fox LE, Geoghegan SL, Davis LH, et al: Owner satisfaction with partial mandibulectomy or maxillectomy for treatment of oral tumors in 27 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 33:25, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

12. Gyorffy S, Rodriguez-Lecompte JC, Woods JP, et al: Bone marrow-derived dendritic cell vaccination of dogs with naturally occurring melanoma by using human gp100 antigen. J Vet Int Med 19:56, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

13. Hedlund CS, Tanger CH, Elkins AD, et al: Temporary bilateral carotid artery occlusion during surgical exploration of the nasal cavity of the dog. J Vet Surg 12:83, 1983.

14. Herring ES, Smith MM, Robertson JL: Lymph node staging of oral and maxillofacial neoplasms in 31 dogs and cats. J Vet Dent 19:122, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

15. Hutson CA, Willauer CC, Walder EJ, et al: Treatment of mandibular squamous cell carcinoma in cats by use of mandibulectomy and radiotherapy: 7 cases (1987–1989). J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:777, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

16. Kitchell BE, Brown DM, Luck EE, et al: Intralesional implant for treatment of primary oral malignant melanoma in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 204:229, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

17. Kosovsky JK, Matthiesen DT, Manfra Marretta S, et al: Results of partial mandibulectomy for the treatment of oral tumors in 142 dogs. J Vet Surg 20:397, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

18. Langenbach A, McManus PM, Hendrick MJ, et al: Sensitivity and specificity of methods of assessing the regional lymph nodes for evidence of metastases in dogs and cats with solid tumors. J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:1424, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

19. Lascelles BD, Henderson RA, Seguin B, et al: Bilateral rostral maxillectomy and nasal planectomy for large rostral maxillofacial neoplasms in 6 dogs and 1 cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 40:137, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

20. Lascelles BD, Thomson MJ, Dernell WS, et al: Combined dorsolateral and intraoral approach for the resection of tumors of the maxilla in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 39:294, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

21. Lemke KA, Dawson SD: Local and regional anesthesia. Vet Clin North Am Sm Anim Pract 30:839, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

22. MacEwen EG, Kurzman ID, Vail DM, et al: Adjuvant therapy for melanoma in dogs: results of randomized clinical trials using surgery, liposome-encapsulated muramyl tripeptide and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Clin Cancer Res 5:4249, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

23. MacEwen EG, Patnaik AK, Harvey HJ, et al: Canine oral melanoma: comparison of surgery versus surgery plus Corynebacterium parvum. Cancer Invest 4:397, 1986. PUBMED Abstract

24. Moore AS, Ogilvie GK: Tumors of the alimentary tract. In Ogilvie GK, Moore AS, editors: Feline oncology, Trenton, NJ, 2001, Veterinary Learning Systems, p 271.

25. Murphy S, Hayes AM, Blackwood L, et al: Oral malignant melanoma—the effect of coarse fractionation radiotherapy alone or with adjuvant carboplatin therapy. J Vet Comp Onc 3:222, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

26. Northrup NC, Selting KA, Rassnick KM, et al: Outcomes of cats with oral tumors treated with mandibulectomy: 42 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 42:350, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

27. Postorino Reeves NC, Turrel JM, Withrow SJ: Oral squamous cell carcinoma in the cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 29:438, 1993.

28. Rassnick KM, Ruslander DM, Cotter SM, et al: Use of carboplatin for treatment of dogs with malignant melanomas: 27 cases (1989–2000). J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:1444, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

29. Salisbury SK, Lantz GC: Long-term results of partial mandibulectomy for treatment of oral tumors in 30 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 24:285, 1988.

30. Salisbury SK, Richardson DC, Lantz GC: Partial maxillectomy and premaxillectomy in the treatment of oral neoplasia in the dog and cat. J Vet Surg 15:16, 1986.

31. Schwarz PD, Withrow SJ, Curtis CR, et al: Mandibular resection as a treatment for oral cancer in 81 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 27:601, 1991.

32. Schwarz PD, Withrow SJ, Curtis CR, et al: Partial maxillary resection as a treatment for oral cancer in 61 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 27:617, 1991.

33. Skarda RT: Local and regional anesthetic techniques: dogs. In Thurmon JC, Tranquilli WJ, Benson GJ, editors: Lumb and Jones veterinary anesthesia, Baltimore, 1996, Williams & Wilkins.

34. Smith MM: Surgical approach for lymph node staging of oral and maxillofacial neoplasms in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp 31:514, 1995.

35. Straw RC, LeCouteur RA, Powers BE, et al: Multilobular osteochondrosarcoma of the canine skull: 16 cases (1978–1988). J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:1764, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

36. Straw RC, Powers BE, Klausner J, et al: Canine mandibular osteosarcoma: 51 cases (1980–1992). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 32:257, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

37. Theon AP, Rodriquez C, Griffey S, et al: Analysis of prognostic factors and patterns of failure in dogs with periodontal tumors treated with megavoltage irradiation. J Am Vet Med Assoc 210:785, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

38. Theon AP, Rodriguez C, Madewell BR: Analysis of prognostic factors and patterns of failure in dogs with malignant oral tumors treated with megavoltage irradiation. J Am Vet Med Assoc 210:778, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

39. Todoroff RJ, Brodey RS: Oral and pharyngeal neoplasia in the dog: a retrospective study of 361 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 175:567, 1979. PUBMED Abstract

40. Wallace JW, Matthiesen DT, Patnaik AK: Hemimaxillectomy for treatment of oral tumors in 69 dogs. J Vet Surg 21:337, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

41. White RAS: Mandibulectomy and maxillectomy in the dog: long term survival in 100 cases. J Sm Anim Pract 32:69, 1991.

42. White RAS, Gorman NT: Wide local excision of acanthomatous epulides in the dog. J Vet Surg 18:12, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

43. White RAS, Gorman NT, Watkins SB, et al: The surgical management of bone-involved oral tumours in the dog. J Sm Anim Pract 26:693, 1985.

44. Williams LE, Packer RA: Association between lymph node size and metastasis in dogs with oral malignant melanoma: 100 cases (1987–2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc 222:1234, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

45. Withrow SJ, Holmberg DL: Mandibulectomy in the treatment of oral cancer. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 19:273, 1983.

46. Withrow SJ, Nelson AW, Manley PA, et al: Premaxillectomy in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 21:49, 1985.

Chapter 90: Esophagus

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REFERENCES

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20. Buergelt CD, Wheaton LG: Dextroaorta, atopic left subclavian artery and persistent left cephalic vena cava in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 156:1026, 1970. PUBMED Abstract

21. Burk RL, et al: Balloon catheter dilation of intramural esophageal strictures in the dog and cat: a description of the procedure and a report of six cases. Semin Vet Med Surg 2:241, 1987. PUBMED Abstract

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23. Carter BN, et al: Experimental esophagogastrostomy. J Thor Surg 10:466, 1941.

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27. Cox J, et al: Balloon or bougie for dilatation of benign esophageal stricture? Dig Dis Sci 39:776, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

28. Dallman MJ: Functional suture-holding layer of the esophagus in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 192:638, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

29. Davidson AP, et al: Inheritance of cricopharyngeal dysfunction in Golden Retrievers. Am J Vet Res 65:344, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

30. Dodman NH, Baker GJ: Tracheo-oesophageal fistula as a complication of an oesophageal foreign body in a dog: a case report. J Sm Anim Pract 19:291, 1978. PUBMED Abstract

31. Doran IP, et al: Acute oropharyngeal and esophageal stick injury in forty-one dogs. Vet Surg 37:781, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

32. Durocher L, et al: Esophageal diverticulum associated with a trichobezoar in a cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 45:142, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

33. Dvir E, et al: Clinical differentiation between dogs with benign and malignant spirocercosis. Vet Parasitol 155:80, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

34. Dvir E, et al: Radiographic and computed tomographic changes and clinical presentation of spirocercosis in the dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 42:119, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

35. Ellison GW: Vascular ring anomalies in the dog and cat. Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet 2:693, 1980.

36. Evans HE: The digestive apparatus and abdomen. In Evans HE, editor: Miller’s anatomy of the dog, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1993, Saunders, pp 385–462.

37. Farese JP, et al: Oesophageal leiomyosarcoma in dogs: surgical management and clinical outcome in four cases. Vet Comparat Oncol 6:31, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

38. Faulkner RT, et al: A case of esophageal foreign body with mediastinal abscess formation in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 12:70, 1976.

39. Faulkner RT, et al: Epiphrenic esophageal diverticulectomy in a dog. A case report and review. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 17:77, 1981.

40. Fingeroth JM, Fossum TW: Late-onset regurgitation associated with persistent right aortic arch in two dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:981, 1987. PUBMED Abstract

41. Fingeroth JM: Surgical techniques for esophageal surgery. In Slatter D, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, Philadelphia, 1993, Saunders.

42. Flanders JA: Problems and complications associated with esophageal surgery. Prob Vet Med 1:183, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

43. Foor JC: A congenital bronchoesophageal fistula in a dog. Minnesota Vet 14:9, 1974.

44. Fox E, et al: Congenital oesophageal stricture in a Japanese shiba inu. J Sm Anim Pract 48:709, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

45. Fraune C, et al: Intralesional corticosteroid injection in addition to endoscopic balloon dilation in a dog with benign oesophageal strictures. J Sm Anim Pract 50:550, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

46. Freeman LM, et al: Tracheoesophageal fistula in two cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 29:531, 1993.

47. Freud E, et al: Comparative experimental study of esophageal wall regeneration after prosthetic replacement. J Biomed Mater Res 45:84, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

48. Gabor LJ, Walshaw R: Esophageal duplication cyst in a dog. Vet Pathol 45:61, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

49. Galatos AD, et al: Post anaesthetic oesophageal stricture formation in three cats. J Sm Anim Pract 35:638, 1994.

50. German AJ, et al: Oesophageal strictures in cats associated with doxycycline therapy. J Feline Med Surg 7:33, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

51. Glanemann B, et al: Recurrent single oesophageal stricture treated with a self-expanding stent in a cat. J Feline Med Surg 10:505, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

52. Gluckman DL: Serosal integrity and intestinal adhesions. Surgery 60:1009, 1966. PUBMED Abstract

53. Golden DL, et al: Use of an argon laser for transendoscopic radial incision of an esophageal web in a cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 30:29, 1994.

54. Goring RL, Kagan KG: Cricopharyngeal achalasia in the dog: radiographic evaluation and surgical management. Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet 4:438, 1982.

55. Green GE, Som ML: Free grafting and revascularization of intestine. I. Replacement of the cervical esophagus. Surgery 60:1012, 1966. PUBMED Abstract

56. Gregory CR, et al: Free jejunal segment for the treatment of cervical esophageal stricture in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:230, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

57. Gualtieri M, et al: Oesphageal squamous cell carcinoma in two cats. J Sm Anim Pract 40:79, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

58. Hamilton TA, Carpenter JL: Esophageal plasmacytoma in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 204:1210, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

59. Harai BH, et al: Endoscopically guided balloon dilatation of benign esophageal strictures in 6 cats and 7 dogs. J Vet Intern Med 9:332, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

60. Hardie EM, et al: Balloon dilatation for treatment of esophageal stricture: a case report. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 23:547, 1987.

61. Hawe RS: Catheter technique for removing a foreign body from the canine esophagus. VM SAC 74:1615, 1979. PUBMED Abstract

62. Hayari L, et al: Omenopexy improves vascularization and decreases stricture formation of esophageal anastomoses in a dog model. J Pediatr Surg 39:540, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

63. Hedlund CS: Surgery of the digestive system. In Fossum TW, editor: Small animal surgery, St Louis, 1997, Mosby.

64. Helphrey ML: Vascular ring anomalies in the dog. Vet Clin North Am 9:207, 1979. PUBMED Abstract

65. Henderson RD, et al: Oesophageal replacement by gastric tube: an experimental study of the properties of the gastric tube. Br J Surg 61:533, 1974. PUBMED Abstract

66. Hill FWG, et al: An oesophageal diverticulum in a dog. Austr Vet J 55:184, 1979.

67. Hoffer RE: Surgery of the esophagus. In Jones BD, editor: Canine and feline gastroenterology, Philadelphia, 1986, Saunders.

68. Holt D, Heldmann E, Michel K, et al: Esophageal obstruction caused by a left aortic arch and an anomalous right patent ductus arteriosus in two German shepherd littermates. Vet Surg 29:264, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

69. Hopper CL, Howes EL: Strength of esophageal anastomoses repaired with autogenous pericardial grafts. Surg Gynecol Obstet 117:83, 1963. PUBMED Abstract

70. Hosgood G: The omentum—the forgotten organ: physiology and potential surgical applications in dogs and cats. Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet 12:45, 1990.

71. Houlton JEF, et al: Thoracic oesophageal foreign bodies in the dog: a review of ninety cases. J Sm Anim Pract 26:521, 1985.

72. House AK, et al: Unusual vascular ring anomaly associated with a persistent right aortic arch in two dogs. J Sm Anim Pract 46:585, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

73. Howard DR, et al: Esophageal reinforcement with the sternothyroideus muscle in the dog. Canine Pract 2:30, 1975.

74. Hughes TB, et al: Antral patch esophagoplasty. Amer J Surg 137:222, 1979.

75. Hughes TB, et al: Gastric patch esophagoplasty. An experimental study. Amer J Surg 137:226, 1979. PUBMED Abstract

76. Hurley K, et al: Left aortic arch and right ligamentum arteriosum causing esophageal obstruction in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:410, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

77. Imhoff K, Foster WJ: Persistent right aortic arch in a 10 year old dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 143:599, 1963. PUBMED Abstract

78. Iwasaki M, et al: Esophageal diverticula in a dog. Mod Vet Pract 58:606, 1977. PUBMED Abstract

79. Jacobs TM, Rosen GM: Photodynamic therapy as a treatment for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 36:257, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

80. Jergens AE: Diseases of the esophagus. In Ettinger, Stephen J, editors: Textbook of veterinary internal medicine, vol. 2, ed 6, Philadelphia, 2004, Saunders, p 1304.

81. Johnson DA: Esophageal trauma: perforation, Mallory-Weiss tear, hematoma. In Brandt LJ, editor: Clinical practice of gastroenterology, vol. I, Current Medicine Inc, Philadelphia, 1999, Churchill Livingstone.

82. Johnson KA, et al: Correction of a cervical esophageal stricture in a dog by creation of a traction diverticulum. J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:1045, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

83. Joly H, D’Anjou MA, Huneault L: Imaging diagnosis— CT angiography of a rare vascular ring anomaly in a dog. Vet Radio Ultrasound 49:43, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

84. Knecht CD, et al: Epiphrenic diverticula of the esophagus in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 152:268, 1968.

85. Knight GC: Transthoracic oesophagotomy in dogs: a survey of 75 operations. Vet Rec 75:264, 1963.

86. Komtebedde J, et al: Preoperative and postoperative fluoroscopy in dogs with persistent right aortic arch (abstract). Vet Surg 20:340, 1991.

87. Kore AM, Kiesche-Nesselrodt A: Toxicology of household cleaning products and disinfectant. Vet Clin North Am 20:525, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

88. Kovacs T, et al: Bursting strength and collagen content changes in esophageal anastomoses. Comparative experimental study. Ann Chir Gynaecol 90:266, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

89. Kovacs T, Koves I, Orosz Z, et al: healing of esophageal anastomoses performed with the biofragmentable anastomosis ring versus end-to-end anastomosis stapler: an experimental study in dogs. World J Surg 27:465, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

90. Kuzma AB, et al: Esophageal replacement in the dog by microvascular colon transfer. Vet Surg 18:439, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

91. Ladlow J, Hardie RJ: Cricopharyngeal achalasia in dogs. Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet 22:750, 2000.

92. Lammerding J, et al: Diaphragmatic pedicle grafts for the repair of distal esophageal defects in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 12:558, 1976.

93. Lantz GC, et al: Epiphrenic esophageal diverticulectomy. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 12:629, 1976.

94. Larcher T, et al: Persistent left cranial vena cava causing oesophageal obstruction and consequent megaoesophagus in a dog. J Comp Pathol 135:150, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

95. Lawther WA: Diagnosis and surgical correction of persistent right aortic arch and esophageal achalasia in the dog and cat. Austr Vet J 46:326, 1970. PUBMED Abstract

96. Lewis DT, et al: What is your diagnosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:1513, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

97. Lieb MS, et al: Endoscopic balloon dilation of benign esophageal strictures in dogs and cats. J Vet Intern Med 15:547, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

98. Lieb MS, Sartor LL: Esophageal foreign body obstruction caused by a dental chew treat in 31 dogs (2000–2006). J Am Vet Med Assoc 232:1021, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

99. Macmanus JE, et al: The extent to which one may interfere with the blood supply of the esophagus and obtain healing on anastomosis. Surgery 28:11, 1950. PUBMED Abstract

100. MacPhail CM, et al: Thorascopic correction of persistent right aortic arch in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 37:577, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

101. Maxxocchi G, Rasparini A: Idiopathic congenital total megaesophagus in dogs. Treatment through esophagus-diaphragmatic cardioplasty. Clinical experience in 6 cases. Veterinaria (Cremona) 22:47, 2008.

102. McCandlish IAP, et al: Unusual vascular ring in a cat. Left aortic arch with right ligamentum arteriosum. Vet Rec 114:338, 1984. PUBMED Abstract

103. Michels GM, et al: Endoscopic and surgical retrieval of fishhooks from the stomach and esophagus in dogs and cats: 75 cases (1977–1993). J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:1194, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

104. Middleton CJ, Foster JH: Visceral pleural patch for support of esophageal anastomosis. Arch Surg 104:87, 1972. PUBMED Abstract

105. Moore AH: Removal of oesophageal foreign bodies in dogs: use of the fluoroscopic method and outcome. J Sm Anim Pract 42:227, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

106. Moore TC, Goldstein J: Use of intact omentum for closure of full thickness esophageal defects. Surgery 45:900, 1959. PUBMED Abstract

107. Moutsouris C, et al: Tubular musculopleural pedicle grafting of esophageal long gaps in dogs. J Pediat Surg 22:117, 1987. PUBMED Abstract

108. Muangombut J, et al: The use of circular myotomy to facilitate resection and end-to-end anastomosis of the esophagus. An experimental study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 68:522, 1974. PUBMED Abstract

109. Muir P, Bjorling DE: Successful surgical treatment of a broncho-oesophageal fistula in a cat. Vet Rec 134:475, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

110. Muldoon MM, et al: Long-term results of surgical correction of persistent right aortic arch in dogs: 25 cases (1980–1995). J Am Vet Med Assoc 210:1761, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

111. Mutton T, et al: Management of esophageal perforation with a pedicled jejunal patch. Curr Surg 38:318, 1981. PUBMED Abstract

112. Nawrocki MA, et al: Fluoroscopic and endoscopic localization of an esophagobronchial fistula in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 39:257, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

113. Niles JD, et al: Resolution of dysphagia following cricopharyngeal myectomy in six young dogs. J Sm Anim Pract 42:32, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

114. Oakes MG, et al: Esophagotomy closure in the dog. A comparison of a double-layer appositional and two single-layer appositional techniques. Vet Surg 22:451, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

115. Orton EC: Esophagus. In Orton EC, editor: Small animal thoracic surgery, Baltimore, 1995, Williams & Wilkins.

116. Papazoglou LG, Mann FA, Warnock JJ, et al: Cricopharyngeal dysphagia in dogs: the lateral approach for surgical management. Compend Contin Educ Small Anim 28, 2006.

117. Park RD: Bronchoesophageal fistula in the dog: literature survey, case presentation and radiographic manifestations. Comp Cont Educ Vet Pract 6:669, 1984.

118. Parker NB, et al: Diagnosis and surgical management of esophageal perforation. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 25:587, 1989.

119. Paulo NM, et al: Reconstruction of thoracic esophagus with pediculated diaphragmatic flap in dogs. Acta Cir Bras 22:8, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

120. Pavletic MM: Esophageal reconstruction techniques. In Bojrab MJ, editor: Current techniques in small animal surgery, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1990, Lea & Febiger.

121. Pavletic MM: Reconstructive esophageal surgery in the dog: a literature review and case report. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 17:435, 1981.

122. Pavletic MM: Stapling in esophageal surgery. Vet Clin of North Am 24:395, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

123. Pearson H, et al: Oesophageal diverticulum formation in the dog. J Sm Anim Pract 19:341, 1978. PUBMED Abstract

124. Pearson H, et al: Reflux oesophagitis and stricture formation after anaesthesia: a review of seven cases in dogs and cats. J Sm Anim Pract 19:507, 1978. PUBMED Abstract

125. Pearson H: Symposium on conditions of the canine oesophagus—I. Foreign bodies in the oesophagus. J Sm Anim Pract 7:107, 1966. PUBMED Abstract

126. Pearson H: The differential diagnosis of persistent vomiting in the young dog. J Sm Anim Pract 11:403, 1970. PUBMED Abstract

127. Peppler C, Hubler C, Kramer M: Bite injury in the neck in dogs. Retrospective study on extent, diagnostic and therapy options. Tierarztliche Praxis 37:75, 2009.

128. Pollard RE, et al: Quantitative videofluoroscopic evaluation of pharyngeal function in the dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 41:409, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

129. Pratschke KM, et al: Topography of the gastro-oesophageal junction in the dog revisited: possible clinical implications. Res Vet Sci 76:171, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

130. Quick CB, et al: Cricopharyngeal achalasia. Auburn Vet Sping 90, 1977.

131. Rallis T, Papazoglou LG, Patsikas MN, et al: Persistent right aortic arch: does the degree of esophageal dilatation affect long-term outcome? A retrospective study in 10 dogs and 4 cats. Eur J Compar Gastroent 5:29, 2000.

132. Ranen E, Dank G, Lavy E, et al: Oesophageal sarcomas in dogs: histological and clinical evaluation. Vet J 178:78, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

133. Ranen E, Lavy E, Aizenberg I, et al: Spirocercosis-associated esophageal sarcomas in dogs. A retrospective study of 17 cases. Vet Parasitol 119:209, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

134. Ranen E, Shamir MH, Shahar R, et al: Partial esophagectomy with single layer closure for treatment of esophageal sarcomas in 6 dogs Vet Surg 33:428, 2004b. PUBMED Abstract

135. Reed JH, Cobb LM: The diagnosis, radiographic study and surgical relief of a case of oesophageal diverticulum. Can Vet J 1:323, 1960. PUBMED Abstract

136. Reif JS: Solitary pulmonary lesions in small animals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 155:717, 1969. PUBMED Abstract

137. Rolfe DS, et al: Chronic regurgitation or vomiting caused by esophageal leiomyoma in three dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 30:425, 1994.

138. Rosin E, Hanlon GF: Canine cricopharyngeal achalasia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 160:1496, 1972. PUBMED Abstract

139. Rosin E: Surgery of the esophagus. Vet Clin North Am 5:557, 1975. PUBMED Abstract

140. Ryan WW, Greene RW: The conservative management of esophageal foreign bodies and their complications: a review of 66 cases in dogs and cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 11:243, 1975.

141. Saint JM, Mann FC: Experimental surgery of the esophagus. Arch Surg 18:2324, 1929.

142. Sale CS, et al: Results of transthoracic esophagotomy retrieval of esophageal foreign body obstructions in dogs: 14 cases (2000–2004). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 42:450, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

143. Schnelle GB: Congenital stricture of the esophagus. J Am Vet Med Assoc 78:552, 1931.

144. Shamir MH, et al: Approaches to esophageal suturing. Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet 21:414, 1999.

145. Shaw DG, Dodd RR: Cricopharyngeal achalasia. Canine Pract 4:32, 1977.

146. Shemesh E, Czerniak A: A comparison between Savary-Gilliard and balloon dilatation of benign esophageal strictures. World J Surg 14:518, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

147. Shinhar D, et al: The use of collagen-coated Vicryl mesh for reconstruction of the canine cervical esophagus. Pediatr Surg Internat 13:84, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

148. Shires PK, Liu W: Persistent right aortic arch in dogs: a long term follow-up after surgical correction. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 17:773, 1981.

149. Smollich A: Abweichungen im bereich der aste des aortenbogens und ihre bedeutung. Arch Exp Veterinar Med 15:986, 1961.

150. Sokolovsky V: Cricopharyngeal achalasia in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 150:281, 1967. PUBMED Abstract

151. Sooy TE, et al: Balloon catheter dilation of alimentary tract strictures in the dog and cat. Vet Radiol 28:131, 1987.

152. Spielman BL, et al: Esophageal foreign bodies in dogs: a retrospective study of 23 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 28:570, 1992.

153. Squires RA: Oesophageal obstruction by a hairball in a cat. J Sm Anim Pract 30:311, 1989.

154. Stapling techniques—general surgery, ed 3, Norwalk, CT, 1988, United States Surgical Corporation.

155. Stogdale L, et al: A congenital oesophagotracheal fistula in a two-year-old dog. J S Afr Vet Assoc 48:212, 1977. PUBMED Abstract

156. Straw RC, et al: Use of a vascular skeletal muscle graft for canine esophageal reconstruction. Vet Surg 16:155, 1987. PUBMED Abstract

157. Sumner-Smith G: Oesophagotomy and oesophageal resection. J Sm Anim Pract 14:429, 1973. PUBMED Abstract

158. Swenson O, Clatworthy HW: Partial esophagotomy with end-to-end anastomosis in the posterior mediastinum. Surgery 25:839, 1949. PUBMED Abstract

159. Taylor RA: Transdiaphragmatic approach to distal esophageal foreign bodies. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 18:749, 1982.

160. Thrall DE: Bronchoesophageal fistula in a dog. J Am Vet Radiol Soc 14:22, 1973.

161. Tobias KM, University of Tennessee Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, personal communication.

162. Tsukise A, et al: Two anomalous cases of the right subclavian artery arising directly from the aortic arch in dogs. Jap J Vet Sci 34:11, 1972. PUBMED Abstract

163. van der Ingh TSGAM, van der Linde-Sipman JS: Vascular rings in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 164:939, 1974. PUBMED Abstract

164. van Ee RT, et al: Bronchoesophageal fistula and transient megaesophagus in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:874, 1986. PUBMED Abstract

165. vanGrundy T: Vascular ring anomalies. Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet 11:36, 1989.

166. Vianna ML, Krahwinkel DJ Jr: Double aortic arch in a dog. J Vet Med Assoc 225:1222, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

167. Villanova JA Jr, Daleck CR, Wouk AFPF, et al: Use of porcine intestinal submucous conserved in neomycin sulphate for esophagus graft in dogs. Arch Vet Sci 11:54, 2006.

168. Warnock JJ, et al: Surgical management of cricopharyngeal dysphagia in dogs: 14 cases (1989–2001). J Vet Med Assoc 223:1462, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

169. Watrous BJ, Sutter PF: Normal swallowing in the dog: a cineradiographic study. Vet Radiol 20:99, 1979.

170. Weaver AD: Cricopharyngeal achalasia in cocker spaniels. J Sm Anim Pract 24:209, 1983.

171. Westfall DS, et al: Evaluation of esophageal transit of tablets and capsules in 30 cats. J Vet Intern Med 15:467, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

172. Weyrauch EA, Willard MD: Esophagitis and benign esophageal strictures. Comp Cont Educ Vet Pract 20:203, 1998.

173. Wheaton LG, et al: Persistent right aortic arch associated with other vascular anomalies in two cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:848, 1984. PUBMED Abstract

174. White RAS, Lane JG: Pharyngeal stick penetration injuries in the dog. J Sm Anim Pract 29:12, 1988.

175. White RN, et al: Vascular ring anomaly with coarctation of the aorta in a cat. J Sm Anim Pract 44:330, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

176. Willard MD, et al: Iatrogenic tears associated with ballooning of esophageal strictures. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 30:431, 1994.

177. Williams DB, Payne WS: Observations on esophageal blood supply. Mayo Clin Proc 57:448, 1982. PUBMED Abstract

178. Withrow SJ: Esophageal cancer. In Withrow SJ, MacEwan EG, editors: Small animal clinical oncology, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2001, Saunders, pp 320–321.

179. Withrow SJ: Esophageal cancer. In Withrow SJ, Vail DM, editors: Small animal clinical oncology, ed 4, St Louis, 2007, Saunders Elsevier, pp 477–478.

180. Wowk BJ, Olson GA: Megaesophagus produced by persistent right aortic arch in a cat. VM SAC 75:77, 1980. PUBMED Abstract

181. Wysong RL: Embryology of persistent right aortic arch. VM SAC 64:203, 1969. PUBMED Abstract

182. Yamataka A, et al: Tubed latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flaps for esophageal replacement in puppies: long term follow-up. J Pediatr Surg 35:1623, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

183. Yamataka A, et al: Tubed latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flaps for thoracic esophageal replacement: an experimental study. J Pediat Surg 29:590, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

184. Yarim M, et al: Double aortic arch in a Siamese cat. Vet Pathol 36:340, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

185. Zhou JH, et al: Prevention of stricture development after corrosive esophageal burn with a modified esophageal stent in dogs. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 136:1336, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

Chapter 91: Stomach

[pic]

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28. Clark G: Gastric surgery with surgical stapling instruments. Vet Clin North Am Sm Anim Pract 24:279, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

29. Clark G, Spodnick G, Rush J, et al: Belt loop gastropexy in the management of gastroesophageal intussusception in a pup. J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:739, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

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38. Dow S, Curtis C, Jones R, et al: Bacterial culture of blood from critically ill dogs and cats: 100 cases (1985–1987). J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:113, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

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59. Galatos A, Raptopoulos D: Gastro-oesophageal reflux during anaesthesia in the dog: the effect of preoperative fasting and premedication. Vet Rec 137:479, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

60. Gaschen L, Kircher P, Wolfram K: Endoscopic ultrasound of the canine abdomen. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 48:338, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

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64. Glickman LT, Glickman NW, Schellenberg DB, et al: Multiple risk factors for the gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome in dogs: a practitioner/owner case-control study. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 33:197, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

65. Glickman LT, Glickman NW, Schellenberg DB, et al: Non-dietary risk factors for gastric dilatation-volvulus in large and giant breed dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 217(10): 1492, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

66. Goodman L, Torres B, Punke J, et al: Effects of firocoxib and tepoxalin on healing in a canine gastric mucosal injury model. J Vet Intern Med 23:56, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

67. Graham JP, Newell SM, Roberts GD, et al: Ultrasonographic features of canine gastrointestinal pythiosis. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 41:273, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

68. Graham K, Buss M, Dhein C, et al: Gastroesophageal intussusception in a Labrador retriever. Can Vet J 39:709, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

69. Graham M, Blomquist P, Zederfeldt B: The alimentary canal. In Cohen I, Diegelmann R, Lindbald W, editors: Wound healing: biochemical and clinical aspects, Philadelphia, 1992, Saunders, pp 433–449.

70. Greenfield CL, Quinn MK, Coolman BR: Bilateral incisional gastropexies for treatment of intermittent gastroesophageal intussusception in a puppy. J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:728, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

71. Greenfield CL, Walshaw R, Thomas MW: Significance of the Heineke-Mikulicz pyloroplasty in the treatment of gastric dilatation-volvulus: a prospective clinical study. Vet Surg 18:22, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

72. Grooters A: Pythiosis, lagenidiosis, and zygomycosis in small animals. Vet Clin North Am Sm Anim Pract 33:695, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

73. Grooters A, Johnson S: Canine gastric leiomyoma. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 17:1485, 1995.

74. Grover S: Gastrointestinal lymphoma in cats. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 27:741, 2005.

75. Guilford W, Center S, Strombeck D, et al, editors: Chronic gastric disease. In Strombeck’s small animal gastroenterology, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1996, Saunders.

76. Guiot LP, Lansdowne JL, Rouppert P, et al: Hiatal hernia in the dog: a clinical report of four Chinese Shar-Peis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 44:335, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

77. Hall J: Canine gastric dilatation-volvulus update. Sm Animal Semin Vet Med Surg 4:188, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

78. Hall J, Willer R, Seim H, et al: Gross and histologic evaluation of hepatogastric ligaments in clinically normal dogs and dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus. Am J Vet Res 56:1611, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

79. Hammel SP, Novo RE: Recurrence of gastric dilatation-volvulus after incisional gastropexy in a Rottweiler. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 42:147, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

80. Hardie EM, Ramirez III O, Clary EM, et al: Abnormalities of the thoracic bellows: stress fractures of the ribs and hiatal hernia. J Vet Intern Med 12:279, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

81. Hardie RJ, Flanders JA, Schmidt P, et al: Biomechanical and histological evaluation of a laparoscopic stapled gastropexy technique in dogs. Vet Surg 25:127, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

82. Hardy J, Lepage Y, Bonneville-Chouinard N: Occurrence of gastroesophageal reflux on induction of anaesthesia does not correlate with volume of gastric contents. Can J Anaesth 37:502, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

83. Hathcock J: Radiographic view of choice for the diagnosis of gastric volvulus: the right lateral recumbent view. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 20:967, 1984.

84. Hayes G: Gastrointestinal foreign bodies in dogs and cats: a retrospective study of 208 cases. J Sm Anim Pract 50:576, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

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86. Henderson AK, Webster CRL: Disruption of the gastric mucosal barrier in dogs. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 28:340, 2006.

87. Hinton LE, McLoughlin MA, Johnson SE, et al: Spontaneous gastroduodenal perforation in 16 dogs and seven cats (1982–1999). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 38:176, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

88. Holt D, Callan M, Washabau R, et al: Medical treatment versus surgery for hiatal hernias. J Am Vet Med Assoc 213:800, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

89. Hosgood G: Gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 204:1742, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

90. Howell J: Two cases of mucin-secreting carcinoma of the stomach of the dog. J Comp Pathol 74:94, 1964. PUBMED Abstract

91. Jennings P: Epidemiology of gastric dilatation-volvulus in the military working dog program. Mil Med 157:369, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

92. Jennings PB, Mathey W, Ehler W: Intermittent gastric dilatation after gastropexy in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:1707, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

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95. Kelly K: Gastric emptying of liquids and solids: rates of proximal distal stomach. Am J Physiol 239:G71, 1980. PUBMED Abstract

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98. Lantz G, Badylak S, Hiles M: Treatment of reperfusion injury in dogs with experimentally induced gastric dilatation-volvulus. Am J Vet Res 53:1594, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

99. Lascelles BD, Blikslager AT, Fox SM, et al: Gastrointestinal tract perforation in dogs treated with a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor: 29 cases (2002–2003). J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:1112, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

100. Lecoindre P, Richard S: Digestive disorders associated with the chronic obstructive respiratory syndrome of brachycephalic dogs: 30 cases (1999–2001). Revue Med Vet 155:141, 2004.

101. Leib M, Blass C: Gastroesophageal intussusception in the dog: a review of the literature and a case report. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 20:783, 1984.

102. Leib M, Hall R: Megaesophagus in the dog. II. Clinical aspects. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 6:11, 1984.

103. Leib M, Konde L, Wingfield W, et al: Circumcostal gastropexy for preventing recurrence of gastric dilation-volvulus in the dog: an evaluation of 30 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 187:245, 1985. PUBMED Abstract

104. Leib M, Saunders G, Moon M, et al: Endoscopic diagnosis of chronic hypertrophic pyloric gastropathy in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 7:335, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

105. Liptak JM, Hunt GB, Barrs VR, et al: Gastroduodenal ulceration in cats: eight cases and a review of the literature. J Feline Med Surg 4:27, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

106. Lorinson D, Bright R: Long-term outcome of medical and surgical treatment of hiatal hernias in dogs and cats: 27 cases (1978–1996). J Am Vet Med Assoc 213:381, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

107. MacCoy D, Kneller S, Sundberg J: Partial invagination of the canine stomach for the treatment of infarction of the gastric wall. Vet Surg 15:237, 1986.

108. MacCoy DM, Sykes GP, Hoffer RE, et al: A gastropexy technique for permanent fixation of the pyloric antrum. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 18:763, 1982.

109. Mackenzie G, Barnhart M, Kennedy S, et al: A retrospective study of factors influencing survival following surgery for gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome in 306 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 46:97, 2010. PUBMED Abstract

110. MacPhail CM, Monnet E, Pelsue DH, et al: Evaluation of cardiac performance of the dog after induction of portal hypertension and gastric ischemia. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 16:192, 2006.

111. Manchikanti L, Colliver J, Marrero T, et al: Assessment of age-related acid aspiration risk factors in pediatric, adult, and geriatric patients. Anesth Analg 64:11, 1985. PUBMED Abstract

112. Martinez N, Cook W, Troy G, et al: Intermittent gastroesophageal intussusception in a cat with idiopathic megaesophagus. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 37:234, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

113. Matthiesen D: The gastric dilatation-volvulus complex: medical and surgical considerations. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 19:925, 1983.

114. Mayhew PD, Brown DC: Prospective evaluation of two intracorporeally sutured prophylactic laparoscopic gastropexy techniques compared with laparoscopic-assisted gastropexy in dogs. Vet Surg 38:738, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

115. McDonald A: Primary gastric carcinoma of the dog: review and case report. Vet Surg 7:70, 1978.

116. McGill SE, Lenard ZM, See AM, et al: Nonsurgical treatment of gastroesophageal intussusception in a puppy. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 45:185, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

117. Meyer-Lindenberg A, Harder A, Fehr M, et al: Treatment of gastric dilatation-volvulus and a rapid method for prevention of relapse in dogs: 134 cases (1988–1991). J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:1303, 1994.

118. Miles K, Pope E, Jergens A: Paraesophageal hiatal hernia and pyloric obstruction in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:1437, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

119. Miller M, Wishart H, Nimmo W: Gastric contents at induction of anaesthesia. Is a 4-hour fast necessary? Br J Anaesth 55:1185, 1983. PUBMED Abstract

120. Miller R: Gastrointestinal phycomycosis in 63 dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 186:473, 1985. PUBMED Abstract

121. Monnet E: Gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome in dogs. Vet Clin North Am Sm Anim Pract 33:987, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

122. Monnet E, Pelsue D, MacPhail C: Evaluation of laser Doppler flowmetry for measurement of capillary blood flow in the stomach wall of dogs during gastric dilatation-volvulus. Vet Surg 35:198, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

123. Muir W: Gastric dilatation-volvulus in the dog, with emphasis on cardiac arrhythmias. J Am Vet Med Assoc 180:739, 1982. PUBMED Abstract

124. Murray M, Robinson P: Primary gastric neoplasia in the dog: a clinico-pathological study. Vet Rec 91:474, 1972. PUBMED Abstract

125. Nawrocki MA, McLaughlin R, Hendrix PK: The effects of heated and room-temperature abdominal lavage solutions on core body temperature in dogs undergoing celiotomy. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 41:61, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

126. Orton E, Muir W: Hemodynamics during experimental gastric dilatation-vovulus in dogs. Am J Vet Res 44:1512, 1983. PUBMED Abstract

127. Papageorges M, Breton L, Bonneau N: Gastric drainage procedures: effects in normal dogs. II. Clinical observations and gastric emptying. Vet Surg 16:332, 1987. PUBMED Abstract

128. Parton AT, Volk SW, Weisse C: Gastric ulceration subsequent to partial invagination of the stomach in a dog with gastric dilatation-volvulus. J Am Vet Med Assoc 228:1895, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

129. Patnaik A, Hurvitz A, Johnson G: Canine gastrointestinal neoplasms. Vet Pathol 14:547, 1977. PUBMED Abstract

130. Patnaik A, Hurvitz A, Johnson G: Canine gastric adenocarcinoma. Vet Pathol 15:600, 1978. PUBMED Abstract

131. Pearson H: Pyloric stenosis in the dog. Vet Rec 105:393, 1968.

132. Penninck D, Moore A, Gliatto J: Ultrasonography of canine gastric epithelial neoplasia. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 39:342, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

133. Peters RM, Goldstein RE, Erb HN, et al: Histopathologic features of canine uremic gastropathy: a retrospective study. J Vet Intern Med 19:315, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

134. Pietra M, Gentilini F, Pinna S, et al: Intermittent gastroesophageal intussusception in a dog: clinical features, radiographic and endoscopic findings, and surgical management. Vet Res Commun 27:783, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

135. Pollock S, Wagner B: Gastric adenocarcinoma or linitis plastica in a dog. Vet Med Sm Anim Clin 68:139, 1973. PUBMED Abstract

136. Poncet CM, Dupre GP, Freiche VG, et al: Prevalence of gastrointestinal tract lesions in 73 brachycephalic dogs with upper respiratory syndrome. J Sm Anim Pract 46:273, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

137. Pope E, Jones B: Clinical evaluation of a modified circumcostal gastropexy in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 215:952, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

138. Pratschke KM, Bellenger CR, McAllister H, et al: Barrier pressure at the gastroesophageal junction in anesthetized dogs. Am J Vet Res 62:1068, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

139. Pratschke KM, Fitzpatrick E, Campion D, et al: Topography of the gastro-oesophageal junction in the dog revisited: possible clinical implications. Res Vet Sci 76:171, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

140. Pratschke KM, Hughes JML, Shelly C, et al: Hiatal herniation as a complication of chronic diaphragmatic herniation. J Sm Anim Pract 39:33, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

141. Prymak C, Saunders H, Washabau R: Hiatal hernia repair by restoration and stabilization of normal anatomy an evaluation in four dogs and one cat. Vet Surg 18:386, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

142. Punke JP, Speas AL, Reynolds LR, et al: Effects of firocoxib, meloxicam, and tepoxalin on prostanoid and leukotriene production by duodenal mucosa and other tissues of osteoarthritic dogs. Am J Vet Res 69:1203, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

143. Rahal SC, Mamprim MJ, Muniz LMR, et al: Type-4 esophageal hiatal hernia in a Chinese Shar-Pei dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 44:646, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

144. Rasmussen L: Stomach. In Slatter D, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, vol 3, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders.

145. Rawlings CA: Laparoscopic-assisted gastropexy. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 38:15, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

146. Rawlings CA, Foutz TL, Mahaffey MB, et al: A rapid and strong laparoscopic-assisted gastropexy in dogs. Am J Vet Res 62:871, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

147. Rawlings CA, Mahaffey MB, Bement S, et al: Prospective evaluation of laparoscopic-assisted gastropexy in dogs susceptible to gastric dilatation. J Am Vet Med Assoc 221:1576, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

148. Rivers B, Walter P, Johnston G, et al: Canine gastric neoplasia: utility of ultrasonography in diagnosis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 33:144, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

149. Roach W, Hecht S: What is your diagnosis? Gastroesophageal intussusception. J Am Vet Med Assoc 231:381, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

150. Runge JJ, Mayhew P, Rawlings CA: Laparoscopic-assisted and laparoscopic prophylactic gastropexy: indications and techniques. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 31:58, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

151. Russell KN, Mehler SJ, Skorupski KA, et al: Clinical and immunohistochemical differentiation of gastrointestinal stromal tumors from leiomyosarcomas in dogs: 42 cases (1990–2003). J Am Vet Med Assoc 230:1329, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

152. Sanchez-Margallo F, Ezauerra-Calvo L, Soria-Galvez F, et al: Comparison of the effect of laparoscopic and conventional pyloric surgery on gastric emptying in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 46:57, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

153. Sautter J, Hanlon G: Gastric neoplasms of the dog: a report of 20 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 166:691, 1975. PUBMED Abstract

154. Savvas I, Rallis T, Raptopoulos D: The effect of pre-anesthetic fasting time and type of food on gastric content volume and acidity in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 36:539, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

155. Scanziani E, Giusti A, Gualtieri M, et al: Gastric carcinoma in the Belgian shepherd dog. J Sm Anim Pract 32:465, 1991.

156. Schaible R, Ziech J, Glickman N, et al: Predisposition to gastric dilatation-volvulus in relation to genetics of thoracic conformation in Irish setters. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 33:379, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

157. Schellenberg D, Yi Q, Glickman N, et al: Influence of thoracic conformation and genetics on the risk of gastric dilatation-volvulus in Irish setters. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 34:64, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

158. Schober KE, Cornand C, Kirbach B, et al: Serum cardiac troponin I and cardiac troponin T concentrations in dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus. J Am Vet Med Assoc 221:381, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

159. Schulman A, Lusk R, Lippincott C, et al: Muscular flap gastropexy: a new surgical technique to prevent recurrences of gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 22:339, 1986.

160. Stanton ME, Bright RM: Gastroduodenal ulceration in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 3:238, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

161. Steelman-Szymeczek SM, Stebbins ME, Hardie EM: Clinical evaluation of a right-sided prophylactic gastropexy via a grid approach. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 39:397, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

162. Stemper T, Cooke A: Effect of a fixed pyloric opening on gastric emptying in the cat and dog. Am J Phys 230:813, 1976. PUBMED Abstract

163. Sullivan M, Lee R, Fisher E, et al: A study of 31 cases of gastric carcinoma in dogs. Vet Rec 120:79, 1987. PUBMED Abstract

164. Swann HM, Holt DE: Canine gastric adenocarcinoma and leiomyosarcoma: a retrospective study of 21 cases (1986–1999) and literature review. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 38:157, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

165. Tian F, Appert HE, Howard JM: The disintegration of absorbable suture materials on exposure to human digestive juices—an update. Am Surg 60:287, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

166. Tobias KM: Surgical stapling devices in veterinary medicine: a review. Vet Surg 36:341, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

167. Tomihata K, Suzuki M, Kada Y: The pH dependence of monofilament sutures on hydrolytic degradation. J Biomed Mater Res 58:511, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

168. Tyrrell D, Beck C: Survey of the use of radiography vs. ultrasonography in the investigation of gastrointestinal foreign bodies in small animals. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 47:404, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

169. VanCamp S, Love N, Kuamresan S: Gastroesophageal intussusception in a cat. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 39:190, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

170. Walker TG, Chan DL, Freeman LM, et al: Serial determination of biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidant status in dogs with naturally occurring gastric dilatation-volvulus. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 17:250, 2007.

171. Walter M, Goldschmidt M, Stone E, et al: Chronic hypertrophic pyloric gastropathy as a cause of pyloric obstruction in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 186:157, 1985. PUBMED Abstract

172. Walter M, Mathiesen D: Acquired antral pyloric hypertrophy in the dog. Vet Clin North Am Sm Anim Pract 23:547, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

173. Walter M, Matthiesen D, Stone E: Pylorectomy and gastroduodenostomy in the dog: technique and clinical results in 28 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 187:909, 1985. PUBMED Abstract

174. Ward MP, Patronek GJ, Glickman LT: Benefits of prophylactic gastropexy for dogs at risk of gastric dilatation-volvulus. Prev Vet Med 60:319, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

175. Waschak M: Evaluation of percutaneous gastrostomy as a technique for permanent gastropexy. Vet Surg 26:235, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

176. Werthern C, Montavon P, Fluckiger M: Gastroesophageal intussusception in a young German shepherd dog. J Sm Anim Pract 37:491, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

177. Wheaton L, Thacker H, Caldwell S: Intravenous fluorescein as an indicator of gastric viability in gastric dilatation-volvulus. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 22:197, 1986.

178. Whitney W, Scavelli T, Matthiesen D: Belt-loop gastropexy: technique and surgical results in 20 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 25:75, 1989.

179. Willard MD, Mansell J, Fosgate GT, et al: Effect of sample quality on the sensitivity of endoscopic biopsy for detecting gastric and duodenal lesions in dogs and cats. J Vet Intern Med 22:1084, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

180. Wilson D, Walshaw R: Postanesthesia esophageal dysfunction in 13 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 40:455, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

181. Wilson DV, Boruta DT, Evans AT: Influence of halothane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane on gastroesophageal reflux during anesthesia in dogs. Am J Vet Res 67:1821, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

182. Wilson E, Henderson R, Montgomery R, et al: A comparison of laparoscopic and belt-loop gastropexy in dogs. Vet Surg 25:221, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

183. Winkler KP, Greenfield CL, Schaeffer DJ: Bacteremia and bacterial translocation in the naturally occurring canine gastric dilatation-volvulus patient. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 39:361, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

184. Woolfson J, Kostolich M: Circumcostal gastropexy: clinical use of the technique in 34 dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 22:825, 1986.

185. Zacher LA, Berg J, Shaw SP, et al: Association between outcome and changes in plasma lactate concentration during presurgical treatment in dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus: 64 cases (2002–2008). J Am Vet Med Assoc 236:892, 2010. PUBMED Abstract

Chapter 92: Small Intestine

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32. Carmichael MJ, Weisbrodt NW, Copeland EM: Effect of abdominal surgery on intestinal myoelectric activity in the dog. Am J Surg 133(1):34–38, 1977. PUBMED Abstract

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35. Clinkenbeard KD, Cowell RL, Morton RJ. et al: Diagnostic cytology: bacterial infections. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 17(1):71–85, 1995.

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56. Du Toit DF, Homan WP, Reece-Smith H, et al: Canine intestinal intussusception following renal and pancreatic transplantation. Vet Rec 108(2):34–35, 1981. PUBMED Abstract

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62. Ellison GW: Wound healing in the gastrointestinal tract. Semin Vet Med Surg 4(4):287–293, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

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72. Feeney DA, Klausner JS, Johnston GR: Chronic bowel obstruction caused by primary intestinal neoplasia: a report of five cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 18(1):67–77, 1982.

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76. Freeman DE, Gentile DG, Richardson DW, et al: Comparison of clinical judgment: Doppler ultrasound, and fluorescein fluorescence as methods for predicting intestinal viability in the pony. Am J Vet Res 49(6):895–900, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

77. Fullington RJ, Otto CM: Characteristics and management of gunshot wounds in dogs and cats: 84 cases (1986–1995). J Am Vet Med Assoc 210(5):658–662, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

78. Gaskell CJ, Pass MA, Biery DN: Intestinal obstruction in a dog due to incarceration of small intestine in a coccygeal fracture. J Sm Anim Pract 14(2):101–105, 1973. PUBMED Abstract

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83. Graves GM, Becht JL, Rawlings CA: Metoclopramide reversal of decreased gastrointestinal myoelectric and contractile activity in a model of canine postoperative ileus. Vet Surg 18(1):27–33, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

84. Hamilton JE: Reappraisal of open intestinal anastomoses. Ann Surg 165(6):917–924, 1967. PUBMED Abstract

85. Hardie EM: Life-threatening bacterial infection. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 17(6):763–778, 1995.

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90. Heller K, Waag K, Beyersdorf F: Intestinal duplications—intestinal diverticula—segmental dilation of the intestine: a common genetic complex. Pediatr Surg Int 4:249–253, 1989.

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96. Hosgood G: Drainage of the peritoneal cavity. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 15(12):1605–1609, 1612–1616, 1993.

97. Hosgood G, Bunge M, Dorfman M: Jejunal incarceration by an omental tear in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 200(7):947–950, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

98. Hosgood G, Salisbury SK: Generalized peritonitis in dogs: 50 cases (1975–1986). J Am Vet Med Assoc 193(11):1448–1450, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

99. Hosgood G, Salisbury SK, Cantwell HD, DeNicola DB: Intraperitoneal circulation and drainage in the dog. Vet Surg 18(4):261–268, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

100. Hosgood G, Salisbury SK, Cantwell HD, DeNicola DB: Open peritoneal drainage versus sump-Penrose drainage: clinicopathological effects in normal dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 27(1):115–121, 1991.

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119. Koike T, Hagio M, Yasui T, et al: Experimental studies in intestinal healing of the dog. IV. Observations on the various types of enterotomy. Jpn J Vet Res 24(1–2):31–36, 1976. PUBMED Abstract

120. Kolata RJ, Johnston DE: Motor vehicle accidents in urban dogs: a study of 600 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 167(10):938–941, 1975. PUBMED Abstract

121. Krausz MM, Manny J, Utsunomiya T, Hechtman HB: Peritoneal lavage in blunt abdominal trauma. Surg Gynecol Obstet 152(3):327–330, 1981. PUBMED Abstract

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123. Lamb WA, France MP: Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction in a dog. Aust Vet J 71(3):84–86, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

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128. Lewis DD, Ellison GW: Intussusception in dogs and cats. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 9(5):523–532, 534–535, 1987.

129. MacDonald JM, Mullen HS, Moroff SD: Adenomatous polyps of the duodenum in cats: 18 cases (1985–1990). J Am Vet Med Assoc 202(4):647–651, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

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137. McCord JM: Oxygen-derived free radicals in postischemic tissue injury. N Engl J Med 312(3):159–163, 1985. PUBMED Abstract

138. McGeehan D, Hunt D, Chaudhuri A, Rutter P: An experimental study of the relationship between synergistic wound sepsis and suture materials. Br J Surg 67(9):636–638, 1980. PUBMED Abstract

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147. Moore R, Carpenter J: Intestinal sclerosis with pseudo-obstruction in three dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 184(7):830–833, 1984. PUBMED Abstract

148. Moore R, Carpenter J: Intramural intestinal hematoma causing obstruction in three dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 184(2):186–188, 1984. PUBMED Abstract

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151. Nash JM, Bellenger CR: Enteroplication in cats, using suture of N-butyl cyanoacrylate adhesive. Res Vet Sci 65(3):253–258, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

152. Nemzek JA, Walshaw R, Hauptman JG.: Mesenteric volvulus in the dog: a retrospective study. J Am Soc Horticult Sci 29(4):357–362, 1993.

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156. Oakes MG, Lewis DD, Hosgood G, Beale BS: Enteroplication for the prevention of intussusception recurrence in dogs: 31 cases (1978–1992). J Am Vet Med Assoc 205(1):72–75, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

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159. Olsen PR, Boserup F, Mikkelsen AM, Rorbech U: [Intussusception following renal transplantation in dogs (author’s transl)]. Nord Vet Med 29:36–40, 1977. PUBMED Abstract

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178. Rosenthal RE, Smith J, Walls RM, et al: Stab wounds to the abdomen: failure of blunt probing to predict peritoneal penetration. Ann Emerg Med 16(2):172–174, 1987. PUBMED Abstract

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181. Runyon CL, Merkley DF, Hagemoser WA: Intussusception associated with a paracolonic enterocyst in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 185(4):443, 1984. PUBMED Abstract

182. Rush JE: Therapy of feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Vet Clin North Am Sm Anim Pract 28(6):1459–1479, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

183. Schippers E, Tittel A, Ottinger A, Schumpelick V: Laparoscopy versus laparotomy: comparison of adhesion-formation after bowel resection in a canine model. Dig Surg 15(2):145–147, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

184. Sellin JH: Intestinal electrolyte absorption and secretion. In Feldman M, editor: Gastrointestinal and liver disease, Philadelphia, 1998, Saunders, p 1451.

185. Shales CJ, Warren J, Anderson DM, et al: Complications following full-thickness small intestinal biopsy in 66 dogs: a retrospective study [see comment]. J Sm Anim Pract 46(7):317–321, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

186. Shealy PM, Henderson RA: Canine intestinal volvulus. A report of nine new cases. Vet Surg 21(1):15–19, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

187. Song F, Glenny AM: Antimicrobial prophylaxis in colorectal surgery: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials [erratum appears in Br J Surg 86(2):280, 1999]. Br J Surg 85(9):1232–1241, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

188. Spencer CP, Ackerman N: Thoracic and abdominal radiography of the trauma patient. Vet Clin North Am Sm Anim Pract 10(3):541–559, 1980. PUBMED Abstract

189. Sridhar R, Thanikachalam M, Manonar BM, Sundararaj A: Multiple intussusceptions in a puppy. Can Vet J 35(11):729, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

190. Staatz AJ, Monnet E, Seim HB 3rd: Open peritoneal drainage versus primary closure for the treatment of septic peritonitis in dogs and cats: 42 cases (1993–1999). Vet Surg 31(2):174–180, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

191. Suter PF, Olsson SE: The diagnosis of injuries to the intestines, gallbladder and bile ducts in the dog. J Sm Anim Pract 11(9):575–584, 1970. PUBMED Abstract

192. Swift I: Ultrasonographic features of intestinal entrapment in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 50(2):205–207, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

193. Tangner CH: A review of canine intestinal intussusception. Southwest Vet 34(3):203–207, 1982.

194. Thompson JS: Growth of neomucosa after intestinal resection. Arch Surg 122(3):316–319, 1987. PUBMED Abstract

195. Thompson JS: Surgical considerations in the short bowel syndrome. Surg Gynecol Obstet 176(1):89–101, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

196. Thompson JS, Quigley EM, Adrian TE: Effect of intestinal tapering and lengthening on intestinal structure and function. Am J Surg 169(1):111–119, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

197. Thompson JS, Quigley EM, Adrian TE: Factors affecting outcome following proximal and distal intestinal resection in the dog: an examination of the relative roles of mucosal adaptation, motility, luminal factors, and enteric peptides. Dig Dis Sci 44(1):63–74, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

198. Thrall DE: Gastrointestinal radiography. III. Normal radiographic presentations. Vet Gastroenterol 65–76, 1980.

199. Tollefson DF, Wright DJ, Reddy DJ, Kintanar EB: Intraoperative determination of intestinal viability by pulse oximetry. Ann Vasc Surg 9(4):357–360, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

200. Tyrrell D, Beck C: Survey of the use of radiography vs. ultrasonography in the investigation of gastrointestinal foreign bodies in small animals. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 47(4):404–408, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

201. Ullman SL: Surgical stapling of the small intestine. Vet Clin North Am Sm Anim Pract 24(2):305–322, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

202. Ullman SL, Pavletic MM, Clark GN: Open intestinal anastomosis with surgical stapling equipment in 24 dogs and cats. Vet Surg 20(6):385–391, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

203. van Klaveren NJ, Grinwis GC, Brocks BA, Kirpensteijn J: Collapse following gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to a congenital duodenal diverticulum in two littermate boxer pups. J Sm Anim Pract 49(2):103–106, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

204. Van Winkle W Jr, Hastings JC: Considerations in the choice of suture material for various tissues. Surg Gynecol Obstet 135(1):113–126, 1972. PUBMED Abstract

205. Vergine M, Pozzo S, Pogliani E, et al: Common bile duct obstruction due to a duodenal gastrinoma in a dog. Vet J 170(1):141–143, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

206. Walker MC: Physiology of the digestive system. In Slatter D, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, Philadelphia, 1993, Saunders, pp 522–529.

207. Wallack ST, Hornof WJ, Herrgesell EJ: Ultrasonographic diagnosis—small bowel infarction in a cat. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 44(1):81–85, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

208. Washabau RJ: Gastrointestinal motility disorders and gastrointestinal prokinetic therapy. Vet Clin North Am Sm Anim Pract 33(5):1007–1028, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

209. Washabau RJ, Holt DE: Pathophysiology of gastrointestinal disease. In Slatter D, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders, pp 530–552.

210. Watson DE, Mahaffey MB, Neuwirth, LA: Ultrasonographic detection of duodenojejunal intussusception in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 27(3):367–369, 1991.

211. Weaver AD: Canine intestinal intussusception. Vet Rec 100(25):524–527, 1977. PUBMED Abstract

212. Weinstein J, Beck K, Quinn M, Jessen C: Evaluation of the abdomen using ultrasound following a ventral midline celiotomy. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 46(4):337–339, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

213. Weisman DL, Smeak DD, Birchard SJ, Zweigart SL: Comparison of a continuous suture pattern with a simple interrupted pattern for enteric closure in dogs and cats: 83 cases (1991–1997). J Am Vet Med Assoc 214(10):1507–1510, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

214. Westermarck E, Rimaila-Parnanen E: Mesenteric torsion in dogs with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency: 21 cases (1978–1987). J Am Vet Med Assoc 195(10):1404–1406, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

215. White RN: Modified functional end-to-end stapled intestinal anastomosis: technique and clinical results in 15 dogs. J Sm Anim Pract 49(6):274–281, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

216. Williams DA, Burrows CF: Short bowel syndrome—a case report in a dog and discussion of the pathophysiology of bowel resection. J Sm Anim Pract 22(5):263–265, 1981. PUBMED Abstract

217. Williams RD, Huang TT, Parks JP, Ohlms MT: Experimental comparison of lactated Ringer’s solution and plasma in the treatment of intestinal obstruction. Am J Surg 117(5):638–642, 1969. PUBMED Abstract

218. Wilson GP, Burt JK: Intussusception in the dog and cat: a review of 45 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 164(5):515–518, 1974. PUBMED Abstract

219. Wolfe DA: Recurrent intestinal intussusceptions in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 171(6):553–556, 1977. PUBMED Abstract

220. Wolfe DA, Meyer CW: Obstructing intestinal abscess in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 166(5):518–519, 1975. PUBMED Abstract

221. Woolfson JM, Dulisch ML: Open abdominal drainage in the treatment of generalized peritonitis in 25 dogs and cats. Vet Surg 15(1):27–32, 1986.

222. Wright JF, Berman E: Intestinal torsion in the cat. Feline Pract 3(5):42–43, 1973.

223. Wylie KB, Hosgood G: Mortality and morbidity of small and large intestinal surgery in dogs and cats: 74 cases (1980–1992). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 30(5):469–474, 1994.

224. Yanoff SR, Willard MD: Short bowel syndrome in dogs and cats. Semin Vet Med Surg 4(3):226–231, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

225. Yanoff SR, Willard MD, Boothe HW, Walker M: Short-bowel syndrome in four dogs. Vet Surg 21(3):217–222, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

Chapter 93: Colon

[pic]

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127. Lorenz TM, Fok M, Wong J: Anastomotic leakage after resection and bypass for esophageal cancer: lessons learned from the past. World J Surg 13:472, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

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135. McKee WM, Wong WT: Symphyseal distraction-osteotomy using an ulnar autograft for the treatment of pelvic canal stenosis in three cats. Vet Rec 134:132, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

136. Merad F, Jean-Marie Hay J-M, Fingerhut A: Omentoplasty in the prevention of anastomotic leakage after colonic or rectal resection: a prospective randomized study in 712 patients. Ann Surg 227:179, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

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138. Miller WW, Hathcock JT, Dillon AR: Cecal inversion in eight dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 20:1009, 1985.

139. Milner HR, Newington AN: Longitudinal colonic torsion as a cause of tenesmus in an adult Irish water spaniel. N Z Vet J 52:40, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

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141. Morello E, Martano M, Squassino C, et al: Transanal pull-through rectal amputation for treatment of colorectal carcinoma in 11 dogs. Vet Surg 37:420, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

142. Morrin MM, Pedrosa I, McKenzie CA, et al: Parallel imaging enhanced MR colonography using a phantom model. J Magn Reson Imaging 28:664, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

143. Moura AR, Wheeler JT, Fialho SA: Resseccao Colon-Retal com a tecnica “Swenson’pull-Through” Modificada. Rev Centro Ciencias Rurais 20:3, 1990.

144. Muir P, Goldsmid SE, Bellenger CR: Megacolon in a cat following ovariohysterectomy. Vet Rec 129:512, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

145. Muir W: Drugs used to treat pain. In Gaynor JS, editor: Handbook of veterinary pain management, St Louis, 2002, Mosby.

146. Myers NC, Penninck DG: Ultrasonographic diagnosis of gastrointestinal smooth muscle tumors in the dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 35:391, 1994.

147. Nemeth T, Solymosi N, Balka G: Long-term results of subtotal colectomy for acquired hypertrophic megacolon in eight dogs. J Sm Anim Pract 49:618, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

148. Nichols RL: Preventing surgical site infections: a surgeon’s perspective. Emerg Infect Dis 7:220, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

149. Nichols RL, Condon RE: Preoperative preparation of the colon. Surg Gynecol Obstet 132:323, 1971. PUBMED Abstract

150. Niles JD, Williams JM: The large intestine and rectum. In Williams JM, Niles JD, editors: BSAVA manual of canine and feline abdominal surgery, Gloucester, 2005, British Small Animal Veterinary Association, p 125.

151. Niles JD, Williams JM: Suture materials and patterns. In Practice 21:308, 1999.

152. Novak N, Bieber T: Dendritic cells as regulators of immunity and tolerance. J Allergy Clin Immunol 121:S370, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

153. O’Brien TR: Large intestine. In Radiographic diagnosis of abdominal disorders in the dog and cat, Philadelphia, 1978, Saunders, p 352.

154. Orr MM, Edwards AJ: Neoplastic change in duplications of the alimentary tract. Br J Surg 62:269, 1975. PUBMED Abstract

155. Ozmen MM, Ozlap N, Zulfikaroglu B, et al: Histoacryl blue versus sutured left colonic anastomosis: experimental study. ANZ J Surg 74:1107, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

156. Paoloni MC, Penninck DG, Moore AS: Ultrasonographic and clinicopathologic findings in 21 dogs with intestinal adenocarcinomas. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 43:562, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

157. Pasternak B, Rehn M, Andersen L, et al: Doxycycline-coated sutures improve mechanical strength of intestinal anastomoses. Int J Colorectal Dis 23:271, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

158. Patnaik AK, Hurvitz AI, Johnson GF: Canine gastrointestinal neoplasm. Vet Pathol 14:547, 1977. PUBMED Abstract

159. Penninck DG, Nylan TG, Fisher PE, et al: Ultrasonography of the normal canine gastrointestinal tract. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 30:272, 1989.

160. Petrus DJ, Nicholls PK, Gregory SP: Megacolon secondary to autonomic ganglioneuritis in a dog. Vet Rec 148:276, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

161. Pollock S, Wagner BM, Rendanov T: Adenocarcinoma of the cecum with plastic impaction in a dog. Vet Med Sm Anim Clin 70:1173, 1975. PUBMED Abstract

162. Popovitch CA, Holt D, Bright R: Colopexy as a treatment of rectal prolapse in dogs and cats: a retrospective study of 14 cases. Vet Surg 23:155, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

163. Quandt J, Lee JA: Analgesia and constant rate infusions. In Silverstein D, editor: Small animal critical care medicine, Philadelphia, 2009, Saunders, p 710.

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165. Rakoff-Nahoum S, Paglino J, Eslami-Varzaneh F, et al: Recognition of commensal microflora by toll-like receptors is required for intestinal homeostasis. Cell 118:229, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

166. Ram E, Sherman Y, Weills R, et al: Mechanical bowel preparation mandatory for elective colon surgery? A prospective randomized study. Arch Surg 140:285, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

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168. Richter KP, Cleveland MVB: Comparison of an orally administered gastrointestinal lavage solution with traditional enema administration as preparation for colonoscopy in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:1727, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

169. Rönnau K, Guth D, Engelhardt WV: Absorption of dissociated and undissociated short-chain fatty acids across the colonic epithelium of guinea-pig. Exp Physiol 74:511, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

170. Rosin E, Walshaw R, Mehlhaff C, et al: Subtotal colectomy for treatment of chronic constipation associated with idiopathic megacolon in cats: 38 cases (1979–1985). J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:850, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

171. Russell JM: Sodium-potassium-chloride cotransport. Phys Rev 80:211, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

172. Russell KN, Mehler SJ, Skorupski KA, et al: Clinical and immunohistochemical differentiation of gastrointestinal stromal tumors from leiomyosarcomas in dogs: 42 cases (1990–2003). J Am Vet Med Assoc 230:1329, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

173. Ryan S, Seim H, MacPhail C, et al: Comparison of biofragmentable anastomosis ring and sutured anastomoses for subtotal colectomy in cats with idiopathic megacolon. Vet Surg 35:740, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

174. Sandle GI: Salt and water absorption in the human colon: a modern appraisal. Gut 43:294, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

175. Sato K, Hikasa Y, Morita T, et al: Secondary erythrocytosis associated with high plasma erythropoietin concentrations in a dog with cecal leiomyosarcoma. J Am Vet Med Assoc 220:486, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

176. Savvas I, Papazoglou LG, Kazakos G, et al: Incisional block with bupivacaine for analgesia after celiotomy in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 44:60, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

177. Schillaci A, Cavallaro A, Stipa S: Comparative results of three different techniques for colonic anastomosis in the dog. Surg Gynecol Obstet 149:238, 1979. PUBMED Abstract

178. Schrader SC: Pelvic osteotomy as a treatment for obstipation in cats with acquired stenosis of the pelvic canal: six cases (1978–1989). J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:208, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

179. Sharp NJH, Nash AS, Griffiths IR: Feline dysautonomia (the Key-Gaskell syndrome): a clinical and pathological study of 40 cases. J Sm Anim Pract 25:599, 1984.

180. Shinozaki JK, Sellon RK, Tobias KM, et al: Tubular colonic duplication in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 36:209, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

181. Simpson JW: Diet and large intestinal disease in dogs and cats. J Nutr 128:2717S, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

182. Simpson JW: Gastrointestinal endoscopy. In Hall EJ, Simpson JW, Williams DA, editors: BSAVA manual of canine and feline gastroenterology, ed 2, Gloucester, 2005, British Small Animal Veterinary Association, p 34.

183. Slawienski MJ, Mauldin GE, Mauldin GN, et al: Malignant colonic neoplasia in cats: 46 cases (1990–1996). J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:878, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

184. Smith MC, Davies NL: Obstipation following ovariohysterectomy in a cat. Vet Rec 138:163, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

185. Smith TK, Robertson WJ: Synchronous movements of the longitudinal and circular muscle during peristalsis in the isolated guinea pig distal colon. J Physiol 506:563, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

186. Spector D, Rabi Y, Vasserman I, et al: In vitro large diameter bowel anastomosis using a temperature controlled laser tissue soldering system and albumin stent. Lasers Surg Med 41:504, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

187. Spotnitz WD: Fibrin sealant: past, present and future: a brief review. World J Surg 34(4):632–634, 2010. PUBMED Abstract

188. Spring KR: Routes and mechanism of fluid transport by epithelia. Annu Rev Physiol 60:105, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

189. Stoloff D, Snider TG, III, Crawford MP, et al: End-to-end colonic anastomosis: a comparison of techniques in normal dogs. Vet Surg 13:75, 1985.

190. Strombeck DR: Small and large intestine: normal structure and function. In Guilford WG, Center SA, Strombeck DR, et al, editors: Strombeck’s small animal gastroenterology, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1996, Saunders, p 318.

191. Stumpf, M, Klinge U, Wilms A, et al: Changes of the extracellular matrix as a risk factor for anastomotic leakage after large bowel surgery. Surgery 137:229, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

192. Sweet DC, Hardie EM, Stone EA: Preservation versus excision of the ileocolic junction during colectomy for megacolon: a study of 22 cats. J Sm Anim Pract 35:358, 1994.

193. Tan B, Chen H, Wei F, et al: Formation of independently revascularized bowel segments using the rectus abdominis muscle flap: a rat model for jejunal prefabrication. Plast Reconstr Surg 109:655, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

194. Tanigawa N: Experimental studies on surgical problems concerning lymphatics. I. Microlymphangiography of canine intestine and microlymphangiographic study of lymphatic regeneration following intestinal anastomosis. Nippon Geka Hokan 47:563, 1978. PUBMED Abstract

195. te Velde EA, Kusters B, Maass C, et al: Histological analysis of defective colonic healing as a result of angiostatin treatment. Exp Mol Pathol 75:119, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

196. Terragni R, Vignoli M, Rossi F, et al: Colonic and rectal tumours in dogs and cats: experiences in five years. Veterinaria (Cremona) 20:19, 2006.

197. Terzi C, Sevinç AI, Koçdor H, et al: Improvement of colonic healing by preoperative rectal irrigation with short-chain fatty acids in rats given radiotherapy. Dis Colon Rectum 47:2184, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

198. Thompson SK, Chang EY, Jobe BA: Clinical review: healing in gastrointestinal anastomoses, part I. Microsurgery 26:131, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

199. Thornton FJ, Barbul A: Healing in the gastrointestinal tract. Surg Clin North Am 77:549, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

200. Tobias KM: Rectal perforation, rectocutaneous fistula formation, and enterocutaneous fistula formation after pelvic trauma in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 205:1292, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

201. Tocchi A, Mazzoni G, Lepre L, et al: Prospective evaluation of omentoplasty in preventing leakage of colorectal anastomosis. Dis Colon Rectum 43:951, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

202. Trevor PB, Saunders GK, Waldron DR, Leib MS: Metastatic extramedullary plasmacytoma of the colon and rectum in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:406, 1999.

203. Troncy E, Junot S, Keroack S, et al: Results of preemptive epidural administration of morphine with or without bupivacaine in dogs and cats undergoing surgery: 265 cases (1997–1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc 221:666, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

204. Tsioli V, Papazoglou LG, Anagnostou T, et al: Use of a temporary incontinent end-on colostomy in a cat for the management of rectocutaneous fistulas associated with atresia ani. J Feline Med Surg 11:1011, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

205. Ullman SL, Pavletic MM, Clark GN: Open intestinal anastomosis with surgical stapling equipment in 24 dogs and cats. Vet Surg 20:385, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

206. Uludag M, Citgez B, Ozkaya O: Effects of amniotic membrane on the healing of normal and high-risk colonic anastomoses in rats. Int J Colorectal Dis 24:809, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

207. Valerius KD, Powers BE, McPherron MA, et al: Adenomatous polyps and carcinoma in situ of the canine colon and rectum: 34 cases (1982–1994). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 33:156, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

208. van den Broek AHM, Else RW, Hunter MS: Atresia ani and urethrorectal fistula in a kitten. J Sm Anim Pract 29:91, 1988.

209. van der Ham AC, Kort WJ, Weijma IM, et al: Healing of ischemic colonic anastomosis fibrin sealant does not improve wound healing. Dis Colon Rectum 35:884, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

210. Veterinary Anesthesia Support Group: Constant-rate infusions. Available at .

211. Washabau RJ, Hasler AH: Constipation, obstipation, and megacolon. In August JR, editor: Consultations in feline internal medicine, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1997, Saunders, p 104.

212. Washabau RJ, Holt D: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy of feline idiopathic megacolon. Vet Clin North Am Sm Anim Pract 29:589, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

213. Washabau RJ, Stalis IH: Alterations in colonic smooth muscle function in cats with idiopathic mega-colon. Am J Vet Res 57:580, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

214. Webb SM: Surgical management of acquired mega-colon in the cat. J Sm Anim Pract 26:399, 1985.

215. Weisman DL, Smeak DD, Birchard SJ, et al: Comparison of a continuous suture pattern with a simple interrupted pattern for enteric closure. J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:1507, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

216. Welches CD, Scavelli TD, Aronsohn MG, Matthiesen DT: Perineal hernia in the cat: a retrospective study of 40 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 28:431, 1992.

217. Wells KL, Bright RM, Wright KN: Cecal impaction in a dog. J Sm Anim Pract 35:455, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

218. Wershil BJ, Furuta GT: Gastrointestinal mucosal immunity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 121:S380, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

219. Whitcomb DC: Pancreatic bicarbonate secretion: role of CFTR and the sodium-bicarbonate cotransporter. Gastroenterology 117:275, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

220. White RN: Chronic cecal fecolithiasis in a dog. J Sm Anim Pract 38:459, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

221. White RN: Surgical management of constipation. J Feline Med Surg 4:129, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

222. Williams FA Jr, Bright RM, Daniel GB, et al: The use of colonic irrigation to control fecal incontinence in dogs with colostomies. Vet Surg 28:348, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

223. Yamada K, Morimoto M, Kishimoto M, et al: Virtual endoscopy of dogs using multi-detector row CT. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 48:318, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

224. Yoder JT, Dragstedt LR, Starch CJ: Partial colectomy for correction of megacolon in a cat. Vet Med Sm Anim Clin 63:1049, 1968. PUBMED Abstract

225. Yucesan S, Zorludemir U, Oclay I: Complete duplication of the colon. J Pediatr Surg 21:962, 1986. PUBMED Abstract

226. Zmora O, Mahajna A, Bar-Zakai B, et al: Colon and rectal surgery without mechanical bowel preparation: a randomized prospective trial. Ann Surg 237:363, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

Chapter 94: Rectum, Anus, and Perineum

[pic]

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71. Ellison GW, Bellah JR, Stubbs WP, et al: Treatment of perianal fistulas with ND:YAG laser—results in twenty cases. Vet Surg 24:140–147, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

72. Emms SG: Anal sac tumours of the dog and their response to cytoreductive surgery and chemotherapy. Aust Vet J 83:340–343, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

73. Engen MH: Management of rectal prolapse. In Bojrab MJ, Birchard ST, Tomlinson JL, editors: Current techniques in small animal surgery, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1990, Lea & Febiger, pp 259–263.

74. Esplin DG, Wilson SR, Hullinger GA: Squamous cell carcinoma of the anal sacs in five dogs. Vet Pathol 40:332–334, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

75. Evans CR, Pierrepoint CG: Tissue steroid intersctions in canine hormone–dependent tumors. Vet Rec 97:464–467, 1975. PUBMED Abstract

76. Evans HE, editor: Miller’s anatomy of the dog, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1993, Saunders.

77. Farquharson J: Surgical treatment of perineal hernias. Proc Am Anim Hosp Assoc. Tulsa, OK, 1947.

78. Fingl E: Laxatives and cathartics. In Gilman AG, Goodman LS, Gilman A, editors: The pharmacological basis of therapeutics, ed 6, New York, 1980, Macmillan, pp 1002.

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81. Frankland AL: Use of porcine dermal collagen in the repair of perineal hernia in dogs—a preliminary report. Vet Rec 119:13–14, 1986. PUBMED Abstract

82. Fransson BA: Rectocutaneous fistula. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 30:1–5, 2008.

83. Fucci V, Newton JC, Hedlund CS, et al: Rectal surgery in the cat: comparison of suture versus staple technique through a dorsal approach. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 28:519–525, 1992.

84. Gadd JD: Hypertrophy of the prostate gland. J Am Vet Med Assoc 104:15, 1944.

85. Galandiuk S, Polk HC Jr, Jagelman DG, Fazio VW: Reemphasis of priorities in surgical antibiotic prophylaxis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 169:219–222,1989. PUBMED Abstract

86. Gilley RS, Caywood DD, Lulich JP, et al: Treatment with a combined cystopexy-colopexy for dysuria and rectal prolapse after bilateral perineal herniorrhaphy in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 222:1717–1721, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

87. Goldsmid SE, Bellenger CR, Hopwood PR, Rothwell JT: Colorectal blood supply in dogs. Am J Vet Res 54:1948–1952, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

88. Goldschmidt MH, Zoltowski C: Anal sac gland adenocarcinoma in the dog: 14 cases. J Sm Anim Pract 22:119–128, 1981. PUBMED Abstract

89. Goring RL, Bright RM, Stancil ML: Perianal fistulas in the dog. Retrospective evaluation of surgical treatment by deroofing and fulguration. Vet Surg 15:392–398, 1986.

90. Goulden B, Bergman MM, Wyburn RS: Canine urethrorectal fistulae. J Sm Anim Pract 14:143–150, 1973. PUBMED Abstract

91. Grandage J: Rectum and anus. In Slatter D, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, Philadelphia, 1985, Saunders, pp 768–792.

92. Gregory CR: Cyclosporine. In Kirk RW, Bonagura JD, editors: Current veterinary therapy, X, Philadelphia, 1989, Saunders, pp 513–515.

93. Greiner TP: Surgical treatment of canine perianal fistulas. Vet Med Sm Anim Clin 76(5):663–664, 1981.

94. Greiner TP, Johnson RG, Betts CW: Diseases of the rectum and anus. In Ettinger SJ, editor: Textbook of veterinary internal medicine, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1975, Saunders, pp 1505–1508.

95. Griffiths LG, Sullivan M, Borland WW. Cyclosporine as the sole treatment for anal furunculosis: preliminary results. J Sm Anim Pract 40:569–572, 1999.

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97. Guilford WG, Strombeck DR. Miscellaneous disorders of the bowel, abdomen and anorectum. In Guilford WG, Center SA, Strombeck DR, et al, editors: Strombeck’s small animal gastroenterology, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1996, Saunders, pp 503–518.

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99. Gyssens IC: Preventing postoperative infections: current treatment recommendations. Drugs 57:175–185, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

100. Hajsig M, Tdic V, Lukman P: Malassezia pahydermatis u pasa: znacajnosti nekih nalazista. Vet Arch 55:259–266, 1985.

101. Hardie EM, Gilson SD: Use of colostomy to manage rectal disease in dogs. Vet Surg 26:270–274, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

102. Hardie RJ, Gregory SP, Tomlin J, et al: Cyclosporine treatment of anal furunculosis in 26 dogs. J Sm Anim Pract 46:3–9, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

103. Hardie EM, Kolota RJ, Earley TD, et al: Evaluation of internal obturator muscle transposition in treatment of perineal hernia in dogs. Vet Surg 12:69–72, 1983.

104. Hargis AM, Baldessari AE, Walder EJ: Intraepidermal adenocarcinoma in the perianal skin of two cats, a condition resembling human extramammary Paget’s disease. J Comp 19:31–37, 2007.

105. Harkin KR, Walshaw R, Mullaney TP: Association of perianal fistula and colitis in the German shepherd dog: response to high-dose prednisone and dietary therapy. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 32:515–520, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

106. Harvey CE: Perianal fistula in the dog. Vet Rec 91:25–32, 1972. PUBMED Abstract

107. Harvey CE: Treatment of perineal hernia in the dog—a reassessment. J Sm Anim Pract 18:505–511, 1977. PUBMED Abstract

108. Hause WR, Stevenson S, Meuten DJ, Capen CC: Pseudohyperparathyroidism associated with adenocarcinomas of anal sac origin in four dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 17:373–379, 1981.

109. Hayden DW, Niesen SW: Canine alimentary neoplasia. Zentralbl Veterinarmed (A) 20:1–22, 1973. PUBMED Abstract

110. Hayes HM Jr, Wilson GP: Hormone-dependent neoplasms of the canine perianal gland. Cancer Res 37:2068–2071, 1977. PUBMED Abstract

111. Hayes HM, Wilson GP, Tarone RE: The epidemiologic feature of perineal hernias in 771 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 14:703–707, 1978.

112. Head KW, Else RW: Neoplasia and allied conditions of the canine and feline intestine. Vet Ann 190–208, 1981.

113. Head LL, Francis DA: Mineralized paraprostatic cyst as a potential contributing factor in the development of perineal hernias in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 221:533–535, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

114. Hendriks T, Mastboom WJB: Healing of experimental intestinal anastomoses. Parameters for repair. Dis Colon Rectum 33:891–901, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

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118. Hipple AK, Rogers KS: Apocrine gland adenocarcinoma of the anal sac in dogs: a retrospective review of 23 cases (1992–2000). Pacific Grove, CA, 2000, Veterinary Cancer Society 20th Annual Meeting.

119. Hobson HP, Brown MR, Rogers KS: Surgery of metastatic anal sac adenocarcinoma in five dogs. Vet Surg 35:267–270, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

120. Hoelzler MG, Bellah JR, Donofro MC: Omentalization of cystic sublumbar lymph node metastasis for long term palliation of tenesmus and dysuria in a dog with anal sac adenocarcinoma. J Am Vet Med Assoc 219:1729–1731, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

121. Holmes JR: Perineal hernia in the dog. Vet Rec 76:1250, 1964.

122. Holt D, Johnston DE, Orsher R, et al: Clinical use of a dorsal surgical approach to the rectum. Comp Contin Educ Sm Anim Pract 13:1519–1528, 1991.

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124. Holt PE, Lucke VM: Rectal neoplasia in the dog: a clinicopathological review of 31 cases. Vet Rec 116:400–405, 1985. PUBMED Abstract

125. Holt PE, Durdey P: Transanal endoscopic treatment of benign canine rectal tumours: preliminary results in six cases (1992–1996). J Sm Anim Pract 40:423–427, 1999.

126. Horiguchi K, Keef KD, Ward SM: Distribution of interstitial cells of Cajal in tunica muscularis of the canine rectoanal region. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 284:G756–G767, 2003.

127. Hosgood G, Hedlund CS, Pechman RD, et al: Perineal herniorrhaphy: perioperative data from 100 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 31:331–342, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

128. Hoskins JD, Dimski DS: The digestive system. In Hoskins JD, editor: Veterinary pediatrics: dogs and cats from birth to 6 months, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1995, Saunders, pp 133–187.

129. Houlton JEF: Anal furunculosis: a review of seventy cases. J Sm Anim Pract 21:575–584, 1980.

130. Houlton JEF: Surgical treatment of perineal hernia in dogs. Vet Ann 23:209–213, 1983.

131. House AK, Catchpole B, Gregory SP: Matrix metalloproteinase mRNA expression in canine anal furunculosis lesions. Vet Immununol Immunopathol 115:68–75, 2007.

132. Huber DJ, Seim HB, Goring RL: Cystopexy and colopexy for the management of large or recurrent perineal hernias in the dog: nine cases (1994–1996). Vet Surg 26:253–254, 1997.

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134. Isitor GN: Comparative ultrastructural study of normal, adenomatous, carcinomatous, and hyperplastic cells of canine hepatoid circumanal gland. Am J Vet Res 44:463–474, 1983. PUBMED Abstract

135. Isitor GN, Weinman DE: Origin and early development of canine circumanal glands. Am J Vet Res 40:487–492, 1979. PUBMED Abstract

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137. Jeffery N, Phillips SM, Brearley MJ: Surgical management of metastasis from anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinoma of dogs. J Sm Anim Pract 41:390, 2000.

138. Johnston DE: Surgical diseases—rectum and anus. In Slatter D, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, Philadelphia, 1985, Saunders, pp 770–794.

139. Johnston DE: Pediatric surgery in small animals. Proc PostGrad Comm in Vet Sci-Univ of Sydney 115:81–98, 1989.

140. Johnston GR, Feeney DA, Osborne CA: Radiographic findings in urinary tract infection. Vet Clin North Am Sm Anim Pract 9:749–774, 1979.

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144. Killingsworth CR, Walshaw R, Dunstan RW, Rosser EJ Jr: Bacterial population and histologic changes in dogs with perianal fistula. Am J Vet Res 49:1736–1741, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

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147. Knecht CD, Westerfield C: Anorecto-urogenital anomalies in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 159:91–92, 1971.

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149. Knottenbelt CM, Simpson JW, Tasker S, et al: Preliminary clinical observations on the use of piroxicam in the management of rectal tubulopapillary polyps. J Sm Anim Pract 41:393–397, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

150. Knottenbelt CM, Simpson JW, Chandler ML: Neutrophilic leucocytosis in a dog with a rectal tumour. J Sm Anim Pract 41:457–460, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

151. Krahwinkel DJ: Rectal diseases and their role in perineal hernia. Vet Surg 12:160–165, 1983.

152. Kumagai D, Shimada T, Yamate J, et al: Use of an incontinent end-on colostomy in a dog with annular rectal adenocarcinoma. J Sm Anim Pract 44:363–366, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

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154. Kupanoff PA, Popovitch CA, Goldschmidt MH: Colorectal plasmacytomas: a retrospective study of nine dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 42:37–43, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

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157. Lawson DD, Campbell JR: Perineal hernia in the dog. Vet Rec 76:1522–1523, 1964.

158. Leib MS, Monroe WE, Codner EC: Performing rigid or flexible colonoscopy in dogs with chronic large bowel diarrhea. Vet Med 900–912, 1991.

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170. Mann FA, Boothe HW: Rectal diverticulum in a dog with perineal hernia. Calif Vet 8–10, 1985.

171. Mann FA, Boothe HW, Amoss MS, et al: Serum testosterone and estradiol 17-beta concentration in 15 dogs with perineal hernia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 194:1578–1580, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

172. Mann FA, Constantinescu GM: Salvage techniques for failed perineal herniorrhaphy.

173. Mann FA, Nonneman DJ, Pope ER, et al: Androgen receptors in the pelvic diaphragm muscles of dogs with and without perineal hernia. Am J Vet Res 56:134–137, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

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175. Marretta SM, Mathiessen DT: Problems associated with the surgical treatment of diseases involving the perineal region. Probl Vet Med 1:215–242, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

176. Martin WD, Fletcher TF, Bradley WE: Perineal musculature in the cat. Anat Rec 180:3–14, 1974. PUBMED Abstract

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180. Matthiesen DT: Diagnosis and management of complications occurring after perineal herniorrhaphy in dogs. Comp Contin Educ Sm Anim Pract 11:797–822, 1989.

181. Matthiesen DT, Marretta SM: Diseases of the anus and rectum. In Slatter D, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1993, Saunders, pp 627–645.

182. Matus RE, Weir EC: Hypercalcemia of malignancy. In Kirk RW, editor: Current veterinary therapy, X, Philadelphia, 1989, Saunders, pp 988–993.

183. Matushek KJ, Rosin E: Perianal fistulas in dogs. Comp Contin Educ Sm Anim Pract 13:621–627, 1991.

184. Maute AM, Koch DA, Montavon PM: Perineal hernia in dogs—colopexy, vasopexy, cystopexy and castration as an alternative therapy in 32 dogs. Eur J Compan Anim Med 13:104–109, 2003.

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202. Niebauer GW: Rectum, anus, and perianal and perineal regions. In Harvey CE, Newton CD, Schwartz A, editors: Small animal surgery, Philadelphia, 1990, JB Lippincott, pp 381–402.

203. Niebauer GW: Vet Surg 25:263, 1996.

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206. Nielsen SW, Aftosmis J: Canine perianal gland tumors. J Am Vet Med Assoc 144:127–135, 1964. PUBMED Abstract

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212. Orsher RJ: Problems and complications associated with colorectal surgery. In Matthiesen DT, editor: Problems in veterinary medicine, Philadelphia, 1989, JB Lippincott, pp 243–253. PUBMED Abstract

213. Orsher RJ, Johnston DE: The surgical treatment of perineal hernia in dogs by transposition of the obturator muscle. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 7:233–239, 1985.

214. Orton EC: Perineal hernia. Proc Vet Surg Forum, Am Coll Vet Surg Chicago, 1988, pp 52–53.

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225. Penwick RC: Perioperative antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis in gastrointestinal surgery. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 24:133–144, 1988.

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232. Popovitch CA, Holt D, Bright R: Colopexy as a treatment for rectal prolapse in dogs and cats: a retrospective study of 14 cases. Vet Surg 23:115–118, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

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238. Ramos-Vara JA, Miller MA, Pace LW, et al: Intestinal multinodular A8-amyloid deposition associated with extramedullary plasmacytoma in three dogs: clinicopathological and immunohistochemical studies. J Comp Path 119:239–249, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

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242. Rissellada, Kramer M, Van de Velde B, et al: Retroflexion of the urinary bladder associated with a perineal hernia in a female cat. J Sm Anim Pract 44:508–510, 2003.

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244. Robson D, Burton G: Cyclosporine: applications in small animal dermatology. Vet Dermatol 14:1–9, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

245. Robson D, Burton G, Bassett R, et al: Cytological examination and physical characteristics of the anal sacs in 17 clinically normal dogs. Aust Vet J 81:36–41, 2002.

246. Rochat MC, Mann FA: Sciatic perineal hernia in two dogs. J Sm Anim Pract 39:240–243, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

247. Rosin E, Uphoff TS, Schultz-Darken NJ, et al: Cefazolin antibacterial activity and concentrations in serum and the surgical wound in dogs. Am J Vet Res 54:1317–1321,1993. PUBMED Abstract

248. Rosol TJ, Capen CC, Danks JA, et al: Identification of parathyroid hormone-related protein in canine apocrine adenocarcinoma of the anal sac. Vet Pathol 27:89–95, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

249. Ross JT, Scavelli TD, Matthiesen DT, Patnaik AK: Adenocarcinoma of the apocrine glands of the anal sac in dogs: a review of 32 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 27:349–355, 1991.

250. Rubin S, Shivaprasad HL: Hypercalcemia associated with an anal sac adenocarcinoma in a castrated male dog. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 7:348–352, 1985.

251. Rytz U, Hofer D, Spreng D: Treatment of canine perianal fistulas with cyclosporine and cyclosporine/ketoconazole combination: preliminary results. Vet Surg 28:204, 1999.

252. Saglam M, Kaya U: Cryosurgical treatment of anal sac fistulae in dogs. Turk J Vet Anim Sci 32:407–411, 2008.

253. Sandborn WJ, Strong RM, Forland SC, et al: The pharmacokinetics and colonic tissue concentrations of cyclosporine after IV, oral and enema administration. J Clin Pharmacol 31:76–80, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

254. Sandler RS, Galanko JC, Murray SC, et al: Aspirin and nonsteroidal agents and risk for colorectal adenomas. Gastroenterology 114:441–447. PUBMED Abstract

255. Sandwith DJ: Perineal hernia in the bitch. Vet Rec 99:18, 1976. PUBMED Abstract

256. Sato T, Konishi F, Kanazawa K: End-to-side pudendal nerve anastomosis for the creation of a new reinforcing anal sphincter in dogs. Surgery 127:92–98, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

257. Saulnier-Troff FG, Busscher VD, Hamaide A: Acute gaseous peritonitis after rupture of a retroperitoneal diverticulum in a dog. J Sm Anim Pract 49:356–358, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

258. Scarff DH: An approach to anal sac diseases. In Foster AP, Foil CS, editors: British small animal veterinary association manual of small animal dermatology, ed 2, Gloucester, 2003, British Small Animal Veterinary Medical Association, pp 121–124.

259. Schafter E, Scheter B: Incidence and type of canine rectal carcinomas. J Sm Anim Pract 9:491–496, 1968.

260. Scher KS: Studies on the duration of antibiotic administration for surgical prophylaxis. Am Surgeon 63:59–62, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

261. Schiller AG, Helper LC, Knecht CD, et al: Repair of rectocutaneous fistulas in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 150:758–759, 1967. PUBMED Abstract

262. Schwabegger AH, Kronberger P, Obrist P. Functional sphincter ani externus reconstruction for treatment of fecal stress incontinence using free latissimus dorsi muscle transfer with coaptation to the pudendal nerve: preliminary experimental study in dogs. J Reconstr Microsurg 23:79–85, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

263. Seiler RJ: Colorectal polyps of the dog: a clinicopathologic study of 17 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 174:72–75, 1979. PUBMED Abstract

264. Seim HB: Mechanisms of cold-induced death. Vet Clin North Am 10:755–762, 1980. PUBMED Abstract

265. Seim HB: Surgical management of perineal hernia. Proc North Am Vet Conference 2009, pp 1571–1573.

266. Seim HB III: Diseases of the anus and rectum. In Kirk RW, editor: Current veterinary therapy, IX, Philadelphia, 1989, Saunders, pp 916–921.

267. Seim HB III: Surgery of the feline anus and rectum. Proc PostGrad Comm in Vet Sci-Univ of Sydney 308:125–134, 1998.

268. Senagore A, Milsom JW, Senagore P, et al: A comparison between intrarectal ultrasound and CT scanning in staging of experimental rectal tumors. J Surg Res 44:522, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

269. Seuss RP Jr, Martin RA, Moon ML, et al: Rectovaginal fistula with atresia ani in three kittens. Cornell Vet 82:141–153, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

270. Shafik A, El Sibai O, Ahmed I: Parasympathetic extrinsic reflex: role in defecation mechanism. World J Surg 26:737–741, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

271. Shahar R, Shamir MH, Niebauer GW: A possible association between acquired nontraumatic inguinal and perineal hernia in adult male dogs. Can Vet J 37:614–616, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

272. Shearer DH, Day MJ: Aspects of humoral immune response to staphylococcus intermedius in dogs with superficial pyoderma, deep pyoderma and anal furunculosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 58:107–120, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

273. Shelley BA: Use of the carbon dioxide laser for perianal and rectal surgery. Vet Clin North Am Sm Anim Pract 32:6211–6637, 2002.

274. Shelley BA: Use of the carbon dioxide laser for perianal and rectal surgery. Vet Clin North Am Sm Anim Pract 32:621–637, 2002.

275. Sherding RG: Anorectal diseases. In Birchard SJ, Sherding RG, editors: Saunders manual of small animal practice, Philadelphia, 2006, pp 891–900.

276. Shoieb AM, Hanshaw DM: Anal sac gland carcinoma in 64 cats in the United Kingdom (1995–2007). Vet Pathol 46:677–683, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

277. Simeonov R, Simeonova G: Computer-assisted nuclear morphometry in the cytological evaluation of canine perianal adenocarcinomas. J Comp Path 139:226–230, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

278. Sims MH: Electrodiagnostic techniques in the evaluation of diseases affecting skeletal muscle. Vet Clin North Am Sm Anim Pract 13:145–162, 1983.

279. Sjollema BE, van Sluijs FJ: Perineal hernia in the dog: developments in its treatment and retrospective study in 197 patients. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 116:142–147, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

280. Sjollema BE, Venker-van Haagen AJ, van Sluijs FJ, et al: Electromyography of the pelvic diaphragm and anal sphincter in dogs with perineal hernia. Am J Vet Res 54:185–190, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

281. Sontas BH, Apaydin SO, Toydemir TSF: Perineal hernia because of retroflexion on the urinary bladder in a Rottweiler bitch during pregnancy. J Sm Anim Pract 49:421–425, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

282. Sparks ER: Prostatectomy in the reduction of perineal hernias in the dog. Vet Med 28:508, 1933.

283. Spreull JSA, Frankland AL: Transplanting the superficial gluteal muscle in the treatment of perineal hernia and flexure of the rectum in the dog. J Sm Anim Pract 21:265–278, 1980.

284. Spugnini EP, Filipponi M, Romani L, et al: Local control and distant metastasis after electrochemotherapy of a canine anal melanoma. In Vivo 21:897–900, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

285. 285 Stannard AA, Pulley LT: Tumors of the skin and soft tissues. In Moulton JE, editor: Tumors in domestic animals, Berkeley, CA, 1978, University of California Press, pp 59–62.

286. Stephenson BM, Ng KJ, Shandall AA, Price-Thomas JM: Endoscopic transanal resection of large villous tumours of the rectum. Ann Royal Coll Surg Eng 74:54–58, 1992.

287. Stoll MR, Cook JL, Pope ET, et al: The use of porcine mall intestine submucosa as a biomaterial for perineal herniorrhaphy in the dog. Vet Surg 31:379, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

288. Straw RC, Withrow SJ, Seim HB, et al: Intraoperative radiation for management of metastatic carcinoma to the sublumbar lymph nodes. Townsend, TN, 1994, Veterinary Cancer Society 14th Annual Meeting.

289. Stubbs RS: The aetiology of colorectal cancer. Br J Surg 70:313–316, 1983. PUBMED Abstract

290. Suess RP Jr, Martin RA, Moon ML, Dallman MJ: Rectovaginal fistula with atresia ani in three kittens. Cornell Vet 82:141–153, 1982.

291. Swiderskii J, Withrow S: A novel surgical technique for rectal mass removal: a retrospective analysis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 45:67–71, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

292. Tams T: Anorectal diseases. In Handbook of small animal gastroenterology, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders, pp 281–285.

293. Theilan GH, Madewell BR: In Theilen GH, Madewell BR, editors: Veterinary cancer medicine, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1987, Lea & Febiger, pp 392–407.

294. Thompson JP, Christopher MM, Ellison GW, et al: Paraneoplastic leukocytosis associated with a rectal adenomatous polyp in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:737–738, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

295. Thompson MS: Diseases of the anal sacs. In Bonagura JD, editor: Kirk’s current veterinary therapy, XIII, Philadelphia, 2000, Saunders, pp 591–593.

296. Thompson SE, Hendrickson DA: Minimally invasive hernia repair: ancillary procedures for perineal hernia. In Freeman LJ, editor: Veterinary endosurgery, St Louis, 1998, Mosby, pp 110–112.

297. Tisdall PLC, Hunt GB, Beck JA, Malik R: Management of perianal fistulae in five dogs using azathioprine and metronidazole before surgery. Aust Vet J 77:374–378, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

298. Tivers MS, Catchpole B, Gregory SP, et al: Interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma mRNA expression in canine anal furunculosis lesions and the effect of cyclosporine therapy. Vet Immununol Immunopathol 125:31–36, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

299. Tobias KS: Rectal perforation, rectocutaneous fistula formation, and enterocutaneous fistula formation after pelvic trauma in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 205(9):1292–1296, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

300. Tobias KS, Barbee D: Abnormal micturition and recurrent cystitis associated with multiple congenital anomalies of the urinary tract in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:191–193, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

301. Tsukise A, Meyer W, Nagaoka D, et al: Lectin histochemistry of the canine anal glands. Ann Anat 182:151–159, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

302. Turek MM, Forrest LJ, Adams WM, et al: A pilot study to evaluate radiotherapy and mitoxantrone for the treatment of canine anal sac adenocarcinoma. Proc Veterinary Oncology Meeting, 1999.

303. Turek MM, Withrow SJ: Perianal tumors. In Withrow SJ, Vail DM, editors: Small animal clinical oncology, ed 4, St Louis, 2007, Saunders/Elsevier, pp 503–510.

304. Turrel JM, Theon AP: Single high-dose irradiation for selected canine rectal carcinomas. Vet Radiol 27:141–145, 1986.

305. Vail DM, Withrow SJ, Schwarz PD, Powers BE: Perianal adenocarcinoma in the canine male: a retrospective study of 41 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 26:329–334, 1990.

306. Valerius KD, Powers BE, Hutchison JM, et al: Adenomatous polyps and carcinoma in situ of the canine colon and rectum: 34 cases (1982–1994). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 33:156–160, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

307. van den Broek AHM, Else RW, Hunter MS: Atresia ani and urethrorectal fistula in a kitten. J Sm Anim Pract 29:91–94, 1988.

308. van Ee RT: Tail amputation for the treatment of perianal fistulas in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 23:95–100, 1987.

309. Van Sluijs FJ, Sjollema BE: Perineal hernia repair in the dog by transposition of the internal obturator muscle. I. Surgical technique. Vet Q 11:12–17, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

310. Van Stolk RU, Beck GJ, Baron JA, et al: Adenoma characteristics at first colonoscopy as predictors of adenoma recurrence and characteristics at follow-up. Gastroenterology 115:13–18, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

311. Vasseur PB: Perianal fistulae in dogs: a retrospective analysis of surgical techniques. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 17:177–179, 1981.

312. Vasseur PB: Results of surgical excision of perianal fistulas in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 185:60–62, 1984. PUBMED Abstract

313. Vianna M, Tobias KM: Atresia ani in the dog: a retrospective study. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 41:317–322, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

314. Vnuk D, Maticic D, Kreszinger M, et al: A modified salvage technique in surgical repair of perineal hernia in dogs using polypropylene mesh. Veterinarni Medicina 51:111–117, 2006.

315. Vnuk D, Babic T, Stejskal D, et al: Application of a semitendinosus muscle flap in the treatment of perineal hernia in a cat. Vet Rec 156:182–184, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

316. Walker RG: Perineal hernia in the dog. Vet Rec 77:93–94, 1965.

317. Walshaw R: Removal of rectoanal neoplasms. In Bojrab MJ, Birchard ST, Tomlinson JL, editors: Current techniques in small animal surgery, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1990, Lea & Febiger, pp 274–290.

318. Washabau RJ, Brockman DJ: Recto-anal disease. In Ettinger SJ, Feldman, editors: Textbook of veterinary internal medicine, ed 4, Philadelphia, 1994, Saunders, pp 1398–1409.

319. Weaver AD, Omamegbe JO: Surgical treatment of perineal hernia in the dog. J Sm Anim Pract 22:749, 1981.

320. Webb CB, McCord KW, Twedt DC: Rectal strictures in 19 dogs (1997–2005). J Am Anim Hosp 43:332–336, 2007.

321. Weese JL, Bruskewitz R: Endoscopic transrectal resection of rectal carcinomas using the urologic resectoscope. Dis Colon Rectum 27:123–125, 1984. PUBMED Abstract

322. Weiss G: Relaxin in the male. Biol Reprod 40:197–200, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

323. Welches CD, Scavelli TD, Aronson MG, et al: Perineal hernia in the cat: a retrospective study of 40 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 28:431–438, 1992.

324. Welsh E: Management of anal furunculosis in the dog. In Pract 23:208–219, 2001.

325. White RAS, Gorman NT: The clinical diagnosis and management of rectal and pararectal tumours in the dog. J Sm Anim Pract 28:87–107, 1987.

326. White RA, Herrtage ME: Bladder retroflexion in the dog. J Sm Anim Pract 27:735–746, 1986.

327. Whitney WO, Schrader LA: Urethrorectal fistulectomy in a dog using a perineal approach. J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:568–569, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

328. Williams LE, Gliatto JM, Dodge RK, et al: Carcinoma of the apocrine glands of the anal sac in dogs: 113 cases (1985–1995). J Am Vet Med Assoc 223:825–831, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

329. Wilson GP, Hayes HM Jr: Castration for treatment of perianal gland neoplasms in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 174:1301–1303, 1979. PUBMED Abstract

330. Wisselink MA, Willemse A, Koeman JP: Deep pyoderma in the German shepherd dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 21:773–776, 1985.

331. Whitebread TJ, Batt RN, Garthwaite G: Relative deficiency of serum IgA in the German shepherd dog: a breed abnormality. Res Vet Sci 37:350–352, 1984. PUBMED Abstract

332. Wooldridge JD, Gregory CR, Mathews LG, et al: Clinical evaluation of leflunomide alone, leflunomide and cyclosporine, and cyclosporine at varying dosages in the treatment of perianal fistula in dogs, personal communication.

333. Yoon HY, Mann FA: Bilateral pubic and ischial osteotomy for surgical management of caudal colonic and rectal masses in six dogs and a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 232:1016–1020, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

Chapter 95: Liver and Biliary System

[pic]

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Chapter 96: Hepatic Vascular Anomalies

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150. Schunk CM: Feline portosystemic shunts. Semin Vet Med Surg Sm Anim 12:45, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

151. Scrivani PV, Yeager AE, Dykes NL, Scarlett JM: Influence of patient positioning on sensitivity of mesenteric portography for detecting an anomalous portosystemic blood vessel in dogs: 34 cases (1997–2000). J Am Vet Med Assoc 219:1251–1253, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

152. Seguin B, Tobias KM, Gavin PR, et al: Use of magnetic resonance angiography for diagnosis of portosystemic shunts in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 40:251, 2005.

153. Seim H, MacPhail C, Monnet E, et al: Outcome of surgical attenuation of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts using ameroid ring constrictors or cellophane banding in 13 cats. Proceedings of the 7th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Society of Veterinary Soft Tissue Surgery, June 2008.

154. Sereda CW, Adin CA: Methods of gradual vascular occlusion and their applications in treatment of congenital portosystemic shunts in dogs: a review. Vet Surg 34:83–91, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

155. Shawcross D, Jalan R: Dispelling myths in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. Lancet 365:431, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

156. Siman J, Payer J, Stojkovic J, et al: Hemodynamics of the liver. II. Hemodynamics of the dog liver after resection of 70% of the liver and ligation of the left branch of the portal vein. Zeitschrift fur Exp Chir 12:113–118, 1979.

157. Simpson KW, Meyer DJ, Boswood A, et al: Iron status and erythrocyte volume in dogs with congenital portosystemic vascular anomalies. J Vet Intern Med 11:14, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

158. Smith KR, Bauer M, Monnet E: Portosystemic communications: follow-up of 32 cases. J Sm Anim Pract 36(10):435, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

159. Sterczer A, Meyer HP, Boswijk HC, Rothuizen J: Evaluation of ammonia measurements in dogs with two analysers for use in veterinary practice. Vet Rec 144:23–26, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

160. Sura PA, Tobias KM, Morandi F, et al: Comparison of 99mTcO4—trans-splenic portal scintigraphy with per-rectal portal scintigraphy for diagnosis of portosystemic shunts in dogs. Vet Surg 36:654, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

161. Swalec KM: Portosystemic shunts. In Bojrab MJ, Smeak DD, Bloomberg MS, editors: Disease mechanisms in small animal surgery, Philadelphia, 1993, Lea & Febiger, pp 298–305.

162. Swalec KM, Smeak DD: Partial versus complete attenuation of single portosystemic shunts. Vet Surg 19:406–410, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

163. Swalec KM, Smeak DD, Brown J: Effects of mechanical and pharmacologic manipulations on portal pressure, central venous pressure, and heart rate. Am J Vet Res 52:1327–1335, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

164. Szatmári V, Rothuizen J, van Sluijs FJ, et al: Ultrasonographic evaluation of partially attenuated congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in 14 dogs. Vet Rec 155:448–456, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

165. Szatmári V, van Sluijs FJ, Rothuizen J, Voorhout G: Intraoperative ultrasonography of the portal vein during attenuation of intrahepatic portocaval shunts in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 222:1086–1092, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

166. Szatmári V, van Sluijs FJ, Rothuizen J, Voorhout G: Ultrasonographic assessment of hemodynamic changes in the portal vein during surgical attenuation of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:395–402, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

167. Tams TR: Diseases of the liver and hepatobiliary system. In Tams TR, editor: Handbook of small animal gastroenterology, ed 2, St Louis, 2003, Saunders, p 330.

168. Tiemessen I, Rothuizen J, Voorhout G: Ultrasonography in the diagnosis of congenital portosystemic shunts in dogs. Vet Q 17:50, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

169. Tillson DM, Winkler JT: Diagnosis and treatment of portosystemic shunts in the cat. Vet Clin of North Am Sm Anim Pract 32:881, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

170. Tisdall PLC, Hunt GB, Bellenger CR, et al: Congenital portosystemic shunts in Maltese and Australian cattle dogs. Aust Vet J 71:174, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

171. Tisdall PLC, Hunt GB, Borg RP, Malik R: Anatomy of the ductus venosus in neonatal dogs (Canis familiaris). Anat Histol Embryol 26:35–38, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

172. Tisdall PLC, Hunt GB, Youmans KR, Malik R: Neurological dysfunction in dogs following attenuation of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts. J Sm Anim Pract 41:539–546, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

173. Tisdall PC, Tothwell TW, Hunt GB, et al: Glomerulopathy in dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts. Aust Vet J 73:52, 1997.

174. Tobias KM: Determination of inheritance of single congenital portosystemic shunts in Yorkshire terriers. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 39:385, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

175. Tobias KM: Portosystemic shunts. In Bonagura JD, Twedt DC, editors: Current veterinary therapy XIV, ed 14, St Louis, 2009, Saunders/Elsevier, p 581.

176. Tobias KM: Portosystemic shunts and other hepatic vascular anomalies. In Slatter D, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders, pp 727–751.

177. Tobias KM, Besser TE: Evaluation of leukocytosis, bacteremia, and portal vein partial oxygen tension in normal dogs and dogs with portosystemic shunt in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:715, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

178. Tobias KM, Byarlay JM, Henry RW: A new dissection technique for approach to right-sided intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: anatomical study and use in 3 dogs. Vet Surg 33:32–39, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

179. Tobias KM, Rohrbach BW: Association of breed with the diagnosis of congenital portosystemic shunts in dogs: 2400 cases (1980–2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc 223(11):1636, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

180. Tobias KM, Rohrbach BW: Proportional diagnosis of congenital portosystemic shunts in dogs accessed by veterinary teaching hospitals: 1980–2002. J Am Vet Med Assoc 223:1636–1639, 2003.

181. Tobias KMS, Johnston G, Seguin B: Surgical approaches to single extrahepatic portosystemic shunts. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 20:593–601, 1998.

182. Tobias KMS, Rawlings CA: Surgical techniques for extravascular occlusion of intrahepatic shunts. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 18:745–755, 1996.

183. Tobias KS, Barbee D, Pluhar GE: Intraoperative use of subtraction angiography and an ultrasonic aspirator to improve identification and isolation of an intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 208(6):888–890, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

184. Toulsa O, Center SA, Brooks MB, et al: Evaluation of plasma protein C activity for detection of hepatobiliary disease and portosystemic shunting in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 229(11):1761–1771, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

185. Trow AV, Rozanski EA, deLaforcade AM, Chan DL: Evaluation of use of human albumin in critically ill dogs: 73 cases (2003–2006). J Am Vet Med Assoc 233:607–612, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

186. Uršič M, Ravnik D, Hribernik M, et al: Gross anatomy of the portal vein and hepatic artery ramifications in dogs: corrosion cast study. Anat Histol Embryol 36:83–87, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

187. Van den Ingh TS, Rothuizen J: Hepatoportal fibrosis in three young dogs. Vet Rec 110:575, 1982. PUBMED Abstract

188. van Gundy TE, Boothe HW, Wolf A: Results of surgical management of feline portosystemic shunts. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 26:55–62, 1990.

189. van Straten G, Leegwater PAJ, de Vries M, et al: Inherited congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in Cairn Terriers. J Vet Intern Med 19:321–324, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

190. van Vechten BJ van, Komtebedde J, Koblik PD, et al: Use of transcolonic portal scintigraphy to monitor blood flow and progressive postoperative attenuation of partially ligated single extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 204:1770–1774, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

191. Vogt JC, Krahwinkel DJ, Bright RM, et al: Gradual occlusion of extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in dogs and cats using the ameroid constrictor. Vet Surg 25:495–502, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

192. Volk HA, et al: The efficacy and tolerability of levetiracetam in pharmacoresistant epileptic dogs. Vet J 176(3):310–319, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

193. Walker MC, Hill RC, Guilford WG, et al: Postprandial venous ammonia concentrations in the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disease in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 15:463, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

194. Washizu T, Washizu M, Zhang C, et al: A suspected case of ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency in a cat. J Vet Med Sci 66(6):701, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

195. Watson PJ, Herrtage ME: Medical management of congenital portosystemic shunts in 27 dogs—a retrospective study. J Sm Anim Pract 39:62, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

196. Weisse C: Personal communication, February 12, 2011.

197. Weisse C, Berent A, Todd K, et al: Percutaneous transjugular coil embolization for intrahepatic portosystemic shunts in 40 dogs [abstract]. In Programs and Abstracts of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Conference, Louisville, KY, 2006.

198. Weisse C, Mondschein JI, Itkin M, et al: Use of a percutaneous atrial septal occluder device for complete acute occlusion of an intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 227(2):249–252, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

199. Weisse C, Schwartz K, Stronger R, et al: Transjugular coil embolization of an intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 221(9):1287, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

200. White RN, Burton CA: Anatomy of the patent ductus venosus in the cat. J Feline Med Surg 3:229–233, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

201. White RN, Burton CA: Anatomy of the patent ductus venosus in the dog. Vet Rec 146:425–429, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

202. White RN, Burton CA, McEvoy FJ: Surgical treatment of intrahepatic portosystemic shunts in 45 dogs. Vet Rec 142:358–365, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

203. White RN, Forster van Hijfte MA, Petrie G, et al: Surgical treatment of intrahepatic portosystemic shunts in six cats. Vet Rec 139:314–317, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

204. White RN, MacDonald NJ, Burton CA, et al: Use of intraoperative mesenteric portovenography in congenital portosystemic shunt surgery. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 44:514–521, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

205. White RN, Trower ND, McEvoy FJ, et al: A method for controlling portal pressure after attenuation of intrahepatic portocaval shunts. Vet Surg 25:407–413, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

206. Whiting PG, Breznock EM, Moore P, et al: Partial hepatectomy with temporary hepatic vascular occlusion in dogs with hepatic arteriovenous fistulas. Vet Surg 15:171–180, 1986.

207. Whiting PA, Peterson SL: Portosystemic shunts. In Slatter DH, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1993, Saunders, pp 660–677.

208. Willard MD, Twedt DC: Gastrointestinal, pancreatic, hepatic disorders. In Willard, Tvedten, Turnwald, editors: Small animal clinical diagnosis by laboratory methods, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1999, Saunders.

209. Windsor RC, Olby NJ: Congenital portosystemic shunts in five mature dogs with neurological signs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 43:322–331, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

210. Winkler JT, Bohling MW, Tillson DM, et al: Portosystemic shunts: diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of 64 cases (1993–2001). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 39:169–185, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

211. Wolschrijn DF, Mahapokai W, Rothuizen J, et al: Gauged attenuation of congenital portosystemic shunts: results in 160 dogs and 15 cats. Vet Q 22:94–98, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

212. Worley DR, Holt DE: Clinical outcome of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt attenuation in dogs aged five years and older: 17 cases (1992–2005). J Am Vet Med Assoc 232:722–727, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

213. Wrigley RH, Macy DW, Wyles PM: Ligation of ductus venosus in a dog, using ultrasonographic guidance. J Am Vet Med Assoc 183:1461–1464, 1983. PUBMED Abstract

214. Yamanakak K: Effect of enterohepatic circulation on bile production in regenerating liver. Gastroenterol Jpn 11:285–292, 1976. PUBMED Abstract

215. Yool DA, Kirby BM: Neurological dysfunction in three dogs and one cat following attenuation of intrahepatic portosystemic shunts. J Sm Anim Pract 43:171–176, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

216. Youmans KR, Hunt GB: Cellophane banding for the gradual attenuation of single extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in eleven dogs. Aust Vet J 76:531–537, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

217. Zwingenberger A, Schwarz T, Saunders HM: Helical computed tomographic angiography of canine portosystemic shunts. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 46(1):27, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

Chapter 97: Pancreas

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32. Johnson MD, Mann FA: Treatment for pancreatic abscesses via omentalization with abdominal closure versus open peritoneal drainage in dogs: 15 cases (1994–2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc 228(3):397–402, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

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35. Kruth S, Feldman E, Kennedy P: Insulin-secreting islet cell tumors: establishing a diagnosis and the clinical course for 25 dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 181:54, 1982. PUBMED Abstract

36. Leese T, Holliday M, Watkins M, et al: A multicentre controlled clinical trial of high-volume fresh frozen plasma therapy in prognostically severe acute pancreatitis. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 74:214, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

37. Leifer C, Petterson M, Matus R: Insulin-secreting tumor: diagnosis and medical and surgical management in 55 dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:60, 1986. PUBMED Abstract

38. Levy MM, Ketchum RJ, Tomaszewski JE, et al: Intrathymic islet transplantation in the canine: I. Histological and functional evidence of autologous intrathymic islet engraftment and survival in pancreatectomized recipients. Transplantation 73(6):842–852, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

39. Logan JC, Callan MB, Drew K, et al: Clinical indications for use of fresh frozen plasma in dogs: 74 dogs (October through December 1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc 218(9):1449–1455, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

40. Lutz T, Rand J, Watt P, et al: Pancreatic biopsy in normal cats. Aust Vet J 71:223, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

41. Mai W, Cáceres AV: Dual phase computed tomographic angiography in three dogs with pancreatic insulinoma. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 49:141, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

42. Marchevsky A, Yovich J, Wyatt K: Pancreatic pseudocyst causing extrahepatic biliary obstruction in a dog. Aust Vet J 78:99, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

43. Matthiesen D, Mullen H: Problems and complications associated with endocrine surgery in the dog and cat. Probl Vet Med 2:627, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

44. Mayhew P: Techniques for laparoscopic and laparoscopic-assisted biopsy of abdominal organs. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 31:170–176, 2009.

45. Mix K, Jones C: Diagnosing acute pancreatitis in dogs. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 28:226–234, 2006.

46. Mizumoto R, Yano T, Sekoguchi T, et al: Resectability of the pancreas without producing diabetes, with special reference to pancreatic regeneration. Int J Pancreatol 1:185, 1986. PUBMED Abstract

47. Moore AS, Nelson RW, Henry CJ, et al: Streptozocin for treatment of pancreatic islet cell tumors in dogs: 17 cases (1989–1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc 221(6):811–818, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

48. Nielsen S, Bishop E: The duct system of the canine pancreas. Am J Vet Res 15:266, 1954. PUBMED Abstract

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50. Papachristou DN, Fortner JG: Simple method of pancreatic transplantation in the dog. Am J Surg 139:344, 1980. PUBMED Abstract

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53. Rosin E, Campos R, Moberg AW, et al: Technique for total pancreatectomy of dog. Am J Vet Res 33:1299, 1972. PUBMED Abstract

54. Rutgers C, Herring D, Orton E: Pancreatic pseudocyst associated with pancreatitis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 21:411, 1985.

55. Salinas A, Triebling A, Toth L, et al: The pathogenesis of pancreatic pseudocysts: a canine experimental model. Am J Gastroenterol 80(2):126–131, 1985. PUBMED Abstract

56. Salisbury S, Lantz G, Nelson R: Pancreatic abscess in dogs: six cases (1978–1986). J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:1104, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

57. Schaer M: A clinicopathologic survey of acute pancreatitis in 30 dogs and 5 cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 15:681, 1979.

58. Seaman RL: Exocrine pancreatic neoplasia in the cat: a case series. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 40(3):238–245, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

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61. Steiner J, Newman S, Xenoulis P, et al: Sensitivity of serum markers for pancreatitis in dogs with macroscopic evidence of pancreatitis, Veterinary Therapeutics 9:263, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

62. Stimson E, Espada Y, Moon M, et al: Pancreatic abscesses in nine dogs. J Vet Intern Med 12:202, 1998.

63. Swift N, Marks S, MacLachalan N: Evaluation of serum feline trypsin-like immunoreactivity for the diagnosis of pancreatitis in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 217:37, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

64. Tasker S, Griffon DJ, Nuttall TJ, et al: Resolution of paraneoplastic alopecia following surgical removal of a pancreatic carcinoma in a cat. J Sm Anim Pract 40(1):16–19, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

65. Thompson LJ, Seshadri R, Raffe MR: Characteristics and outcomes in surgical management of severe acute pancreatitis: 37 dogs (2001–2007). J Vet Emerg Crit Care 19(2):165–173, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

66. Tobin R, Nelson R, Lucroy M: Outcome of surgical versus medical treatment of dogs with beta cell neoplasia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 215:226, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

67. Trifonidou M, Kirpenstein J, Robben J: A retrospective evaluation of 51 dogs with insulinoma. Vet Q 20(suppl):S115, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

68. VanEnkevort BA, O’Brien RT, Young KM: Pancreatic pseudocysts in 4 dogs and 2 cats: ultrasonographic and clinicopathologic findings. J Vet Intern Med 13(4):309–313, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

69. Vergine M, Pozzo S, Pogliani E, et al: Common bile duct obstruction due to a duodenal gastrinoma in a dog. Vet J 170(1):141–143, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

70. Washabau R: Feline pancreatitis. In Ettinger S, Feldman E, editors: Textbook of veterinary internal medicine, vol 2, ed 4, St Louis, 2010, Saunders/Elsevier, pp 1704–1710.

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76. Wolfsheimer K, Hedlund C, Pechman R: Pancreatic pseudocyst in a dog with chronic pancreatitis. Canine Pract 16:6, 1991.

77. Yokota T, Denham W, Murayama K, et al: Pancreatic stellate cell activation and MMP production in experimental pancreatic fibrosis. J Surg Res 104(2):106–111, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

78. Yotsumoto F, Manabe T, Ohshio G, et al: Role of pancreatic blood flow and vasoactive substances in the development of pancreatitis. J Surg Res 55:531, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

Chapter 98: Feeding Tubes

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10. Campbell SJ, Marks SL, Yoshimoto SK, et al: Complications and outcomes of one-step low-profile gastrostomy devices for long-term enteral feeding in dogs and cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 42:197–206, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

11. Cavanaugh RP, Kovak JR, Fischetti AJ, et al: Evaluation of surgically placed gastrojejunostomy feeding tubes in critically ill dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 232(3):380–388, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

12. Clary EM, Hardie EM, Fischer WD, Kyles AE: Nonendoscopic antegrade percutaneous gastrostomy: the effect of preplacement gastric insufflation on tube position and intra-abdominal anatomy. J Vet Intern Med 10:15–20, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

13. Crane SW: Placement and maintenance of a temporary feeding tube gastrostomy in the dog and cat. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 11(10):770–776, 1980.

14. Crowe DT: Clinical use of an indwelling nasogastric tube for enteral nutrition and fluid therapy in the dog and cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 22:675–682, 1986.

15. Crowe DT: Enteral nutrition for critically ill or injured patients—part I. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 8(9):603–612, 1986.

16. Crowe DT: Enteral nutrition for critically ill or injured patients—part II. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 8(10):719–732, 1986.

17. Crowe DT: Nutritional support for the hospitalized patient: an introduction to tube feeding. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 12(12):1711–1720, 1990.

18. Crowe DT, Devey JJ: Clinical experience with jejunostomy feeding tubes in 47 small animal patients. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 7(1):7–19, 1997.

19. Crowe DT, Devey JJ: Esophagostomy tubes for feeding and decompression: clinical experience in 29 small animal patients. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 33:393–403, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

20. Crowe DT, Downs MO: Pharyngostomy complications in dogs and cats and recommended technical modifications: experimental and clinical investigations. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 22:493–502, 1986.

21. Daye RM, Huber ML, Henderson RA: Interlocking box jejunostomy: a new technique for enteral feeding. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 35:129–134, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

22. DeBowes LJ, Coyne B, Layton CE: Comparison of French-Pezzar and Malecot catheters for percutaneously placed gastrostomy tubes in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 202(12):1963–1965, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

23. Devitt CM, Seim HB: Clinical evaluation of tube esophagostomy in small animals. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 33:55–60, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

24. Elliott DA, Riel DL, Rogers QR: Complications and outcomes associated with use of gastrostomy tubes for nutritional management of dogs with renal failure: 56 cases (1994–1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc 217(9):1337–1342, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

25. Fulton RB, Dennis JS: Blind percutaneous placement of a gastrostomy tube for nutritional support in dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 201(5):697–700, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

26. Glaus TM, Cornelius LM, Bartges JW, Reusch C: Complications with non-endoscopic percutaneous gastrostomy in 31 cats and 10 dogs: a retrospective study. J Sm Anim Pract 39:218–222, 1998.

27. Hardie EM, Armstrong PJ: Development of a gastro-jejunal tube for the dog. J Nutr 121(suppl):S154, 1991.

28. Jennings M, Center SA, Barr SC, Brandes D: Successful treatment of feline pancreatitis using an endoscopically placed gastrojejunostomy tube. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 37:145–152, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

29. Lantz GC, Cantwell HD, Van Vleet JF, et al: Pharyngostomy tube induced esophagitis in the dog: an experimental study. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 19:207–212, 1983.

30. Levine PB, Smallwood LJ, Buback JL: Esophagostomy tubes as a method of nutritional management in cats: a retrospective study. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 33:405–410, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

31. Marks SL: The principles and practical application of enteral nutrition. Vet Clin North Am Sm Anim Pract 28(3):677–708, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

32. Mason NJ, Michel KE: Subcutaneous emphysema, pneumoperitoneum, and pneumoretroperitoneum after gastrostomy tube placement in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 216(7):1096–1099, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

33. Mathews KA, Binnington AG: Percutaneous incisionless placement of a gastrostomy tube utilizing a gastroscope: preliminary observations. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 22:601–610, 1986.

34. Mauterer JV Jr, Abood SK, Buffington CA, Smeak DD: New technique and management guidelines for percutaneous nonendoscopic tube gastrostomy. J Am Vet Med Assoc 205(4):574–579, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

35. McCrackin MA, DeNovo RC, Bright RM, Toal RL: Endoscopic placement of a percutaneous gastroduodenostomy feeding tube in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 203(6):792–796, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

36. Mohr AJ, Leisewitz AL, Jacobson LS, et al: Effect of early enteral nutrition on intestinal permeability, intestinal protein loss, and outcome in dogs with severe parvoviral enteritis. J Vet Intern Med 17:791–798, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

37. Novo RE, Churchill J, Faudskar L, Lipowitz AJ: Limited approach to the right flank for placement of a duodenostomy tube. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 37:193–199, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

38. Orton EC: Enteral hyperalimentation administered via needle catheter-jejunostoma as an adjunct to cranial abdominal surgery in dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 188(12):1406–1411, 1986. PUBMED Abstract

39. O'Toole E, Miller CW, Wilson BA, et al: Comparison of the standard predictive equation for calculation of resting energy expenditure with indirect calorimetry in hospitalized and healthy dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 225(1):58–64, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

40. Rawlings CA: Percutaneous placement of a midcervical esophagostomy tube: new technique and representative cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 29:526–530, 1993.

41. Remillard RL, Darden DE, Michel KE, et al: An investigation of the relationship between caloric intake and outcome in hospitalized dogs. Vet Ther 2(4):301–310, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

42. Salinardi BJ, Harkin KR, Bulmer BJ, Roush JK: Comparison of complications of percutaneous endoscopic versus surgically placed gastrostomy tubes in 42 dogs and 52 cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 42:51–56, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

43. Seaman R, Legendre AM: Owner experiences with home use of a gastrostomy tube in their dog or cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 212(10):1576–1578, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

44. Seim HB, Willard M: Postoperative care of the surgical patient. In Fossum TW, editor: Small animal surgery, St Louis, 1997, Mosby, pp 64–85.

45. Smeak DD: The Chinese finger trap suture technique for fastening tubes and catheters. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 26:215–218, 1990.

46. Smith SA, Ludlow CL, Hoskinson JJ, et al: Effect of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy on gastric emptying in clinically normal cats. Am J Vet Res 59:1414–1416, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

47. Stevenson MAM, Stiffler KS, Schmiedt CW: One-step placement of a percutaneous nonendoscopic low-profile gastrostomy port in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 217(11):1636–1641, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

48. Swann HM, Sweet DC, Michel K: Complications associated with use of jejunostomy tubes in dogs and cats: 40 cases (1989–1994). J Am Vet Med Assoc 210(12):1764–1767, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

49. Swann HM, Sweet DC, Holt DE, Michel K: Placement of a low-profile duodenostomy and jejunostomy device in five dogs. J Sm Anim Pract 39:191–194, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

50. von Werthern CJ, Wess G: A new technique for insertion of esophagostomy tubes in cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 37:140–144, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

SECTION VIII: Respiratory System

Chapter 99: Nasal Planum, Nasal Cavity, and Sinuses

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30. Chang Y, Thompson H, Reed N, Penderis J: Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging features of nasopharyngeal lymphoma in two cats with concurrent intracranial mass. J Sm Anim Pract 47(11):678–681, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

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33. Clercx C, Wallon J, Gilbert S, et al: Imprint and brush cytology in the diagnosis of canine intranasal tumours. J Sm Anim Pract 37(9):423–427, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

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35. Coolman BR, Marretta SM, McKiernan BC, Zachary JF: Choanal atresia and secondary nasopharyngeal stenosis in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 34(6):497–501, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

36. Cox NR, Brawner WR, Powers RD, Wright JC: Tumors of the nose and paranasal sinuses in cats: 32 cases with comparison to a national database (1977–1987). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 27(3):339–347, 1991.

37. da Silva Curiel JM, Kraus KH, Brown TP, Chastain CB: Eosinophilic granuloma of the nasal skin in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 193(5):566–567, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

38. De Lorenzi D, Bertoncello D, Bottero E: Squash-preparation cytology from nasopharyngeal masses in the cat: cytological results and histological correlations in 30 cases. J Feline Med Surg 10(1):55–60, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

39. Demko JL, Cohn LA: Chronic nasal discharge in cats: 75 cases (1993–2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc 230(7):1032–1037, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

40. Detweiler DA, Johnson LR, Kass PH, Wisner ER: Computed tomographic evidence of bulla effusion in cats with sinonasal disease: 2001–2004. J Vet Intern Med 20(5):1080–1084, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

41. Dorn CR, Taylor DO, Schneider R: Sunlight exposure and risk of developing cutaneous and oral squamous cell carcinomas in white cats. J Natl Cancer Inst 46(5):1073–1078, 1971. PUBMED Abstract

42. Elkins AD: Resolving respiratory distress created by a nasopharyngeal polyp. Vet Med 82(12):1234–1235, 1987.

43. Ellison GW, Donnell RL, Daniel GB: Nasopharyngeal epidermal cyst in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 207(12):1590–1592, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

44. Ellison GW: Alapexy: an alternative technique for repair of stenotic nares in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 40(6):484–489, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

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54. Gillilan LA: Extra- and intra-cranial blood supply to brains of dog and cat. Am J Anat 146(3):237–253, 1976. PUBMED Abstract

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60. Goodall SA, Lane JG, Warnock DW: The diagnosis and treatment of a case of nasal aspergillosis in a cat. J Sm Anim Pract 25(10):627–633, 1984.

61. Goodfellow M, Hayes A, Murphy S, Brearley M: A retrospective study of (90)Strontium plesiotherapy for feline squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal planum. J Feline Med Surg 8(3):169–176, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

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63. Griffon DJ, Tasker S: Use of a mucosal advancement flap for the treatment of nasopharyngeal stenosis in a cat. J Sm Anim Pract 41(2):71–73, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

64. Gross ME, Dodam JR, Faunt KK: Anesthetic considerations for endoscopy. In McCarthy TC, editor: Veterinary endoscopy for the small animal practitioner, St Louis, 2005, Saunders/Elsevier, pp 21–29.

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70. Harvey CE: Surgical correction of stenotic nares in a cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 22(1):31–32, 1986.

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77. Holmberg DL, Fries C, Cockshutt J, Van Pelt D: Ventral rhinotomy in the dog and cat. Vet Surg 18(6):446–449, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

78. Holmberg DL: Sequelae of ventral rhinotomy in dogs and cats with inflammatory and neoplastic nasal pathology: a retrospective study. Can Vet J 37(8):483–485, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

79. Holt TL, Mann FA: Soft tissue application of lasers. Vet Clin North Am Sm Anim Pract 32(3):569–599, vi, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

80. Huck JL, Stanley BJ, Hauptman JG: Technique and outcome of nares amputation (Trader’s technique) in immature shih tzus. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 44(2):82–85, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

81. Hunt GB, Perkins MC, Foster SF, et al: Nasopharyngeal disorders of dogs and cats: A review and retrospective study. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 24(3):184–200, 2002.

82. Jiménez DA, Berry CR, Ferrell EA, Graham JP: Imaging diagnosis—choanal atresia in a dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 48(2):135–137, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

83. Johnson LR, Clarke HE, Bannasch MJ, De Cock HEV: Correlation of rhinoscopic signs of inflammation with histologic findings in nasal biopsy specimens of cats with or without upper respiratory tract disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 225(3):395–400, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

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86. Kapatkin AS, Matthiesen DT, Noone KE, et al: Results of surgery and long-term follow-up in 31 cats with nasopharyngeal polyps. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 26(4):387–392, 1990.

87. Karnik K, Reichle JK, Fischetti AJ, Goggin JM: Computed tomographic findings of fungal rhinitis and sinusitis in cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 50(1):65–68, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

88. Kern TJ, Walton DK, Riis RC, et al: Uveitis associated with poliosis and vitiligo in six dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 15?187(4):408–414, 1985. PUBMED Abstract

89. Kerr LY: Pulmonary edema secondary to upper airway obstruction in the dog: a review of nine cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 25(2):207–212, 1989.

90. Khoo AML, Marchevsky AM, Barrs VR, Beatty JA: Choanal atresia in a Himalayan cat—first reported case and successful treatment. J Feline Med Surg 9(4):346–349, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

91. King LG: Textbook of respiratory disease in dogs and cats, St Louis, 2004, Saunders.

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103. Lascelles BDX, Thomson MJ, Dernell WS, et al: Combined dorsolateral and intraoral approach for the resection of tumors of the maxilla in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 39(3):294–305, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

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106. Lent SE, Hawkins EC: Evaluation of rhinoscopy and rhinoscopy-assisted mucosal biopsy in diagnosis of nasal disease in dogs: 119 cases (1985–1989). J Am Vet Med Assoc 201(9):1425–1429, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

107. Leonard HC: Surgical relief for stenotic nares in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 128(11):530, 1956. PUBMED Abstract

108. Little L, Patel R, Goldschmidt M: Nasal and nasopharyngeal lymphoma in cats: 50 cases (1989–2005). Vet Pathol 44(6):885–892, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

109. Lorison D, Bright RM, White RAS: Brachycephalic airway obstruction syndrome—a review of 118 cases. Canine Pract 22(5/6):18–21, 1997.

110. Lundberg JO, Farkas-Szallasi T, Weitzberg E, et al: High nitric oxide production in human paranasal sinuses. Nat Med 1(4):370–373, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

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112. Malik R, Martin P, Wigney DI, et al: Nasopharyngeal cryptococcosis. Aust Vet J 75(7):483–488, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

113. Mathews KG, Koblik PD, Richardson EF, et al: Computed tomographic assessment of noninvasive intranasal infusions in dogs with fungal rhinitis. Vet Surg 25(4):309–319, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

114. Mathews KG, Davidson AP, Koblik PD, et al: Comparison of topical administration of clotrimazole through surgically placed versus nonsurgically placed catheters for treatment of nasal aspergillosis in dogs: 60 cases (1990–1996). J Am Vet Med Assoc 213(4):501, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

115. McAbee KP, Ludwig LL, Bergman PJ, Newman SJ: Feline cutaneous hemangiosarcoma: a retrospective study of 18 cases (1998–2003). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 41(2):110–116, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

115a. McAnulty J: Personal communication.

116. McEntee MC, Page RL, Heidner GL, et al: A retrospective study of 27 dogs with intranasal neoplasm treated with cobalt radiation. Vet Radiol 32(3):135–139, 1991.

117. Meler E, Dunn M, Lecuyer M: A retrospective study of canine persistent nasal disease: 80 cases (1998–2003). Can Vet J 49(1):71–76, 2008.

118. Michiels L, Day MJ, Snaps F, et al: A retrospective study of non-specific rhinitis in 22 cats and the value of nasal cytology and histopathology. J Feline Med Surg 5(5):279–285, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

119. Miles MS, Dhaliwal RS, Moore MR, Reed AL: Association of magnetic resonance imaging findings and histologic diagnosis in dogs with nasal disease: 78 cases (2001–2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc 232(12):1844–1849, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

120. Mitten RW: Nasopharyngeal stenosis in four cats. J Sm Anim Pract 29(6):341–345, 1988.

121. Moore AH: Use of topical povidone-iodine dressings in the management of mycotic rhinitis in three dogs. J Sm Anim Pract 44(7):326–329, 2003.

122. Moore PF: Systemic histiocytosis of Bernese mountain dogs. Vet Pathol 21(6):554–563, 1984. PUBMED Abstract

123. Moore PF, Schrenzel MD, Affolter VK, et al: Canine cutaneous histiocytoma is an epidermotropic Langerhans cell histiocytosis that expresses CD1 and specific beta 2-integrin molecules. Am J Pathol 148(5):1699–1708, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

124. Munday JS, Dunowska M, De Grey S: Detection of two different papillomaviruses within a feline cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: case report and review of the literature. N Z Vet J 57(4):248–251, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

125. Munday JS, Howe L, French A, et al: Detection of papillomaviral DNA sequences in a feline oral squamous cell carcinoma. Res Vet Sci 86(2):359–361, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

126. Neil JA, Canapp SO, Cook CR, Lattimer JC: Kartagener’s syndrome in a dachshund dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 38(1):45–49, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

127. Nelson AW: Nasal passages, sinus, and palate. In Slatter D, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, vol 1, Philadelphia, 2000, Saunders, pp 824–837.

128. Noone KE: Rhinoscopy, pharyngoscopy, and laryngoscopy. Vet Clin North Am Sm Anim Pract 31(4):671, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

129. Norsworthy GD: Surgical treatment of chronic nasal discharge in 17 cats. Vet Med 88(6):526–530, 532–537, 1993.

130. Novo RE, Kramek B: Surgical repair of nasopharyngeal stenosis in a cat using a stent. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 35(3):251–256, 1999.

131. Obrien RT, Evans SM, Wortman JA, Hendrick MJ: Radiographic findings in cats with intranasal neoplasia or chronic rhinitis: 29 cases (1982–1988). J Am Vet Med Assoc 208(3):385–389, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

132. Oechtering GU HJ, Kiefer I, Noeller C: Laser assisted turbinectomy (LATE)—a novel approach to brachycephalic airway syndrome. Eur Coll Vet Surg 36:E11, 2007.

133. Oechtering GU HJ, Oechtering TH, Noeller C: Laser assisted turbinectomy (LATE)—treating brachycephalic airway distress at its intranasal origin. Am Coll Vet Surg 36:E18, 2007.

134. Oechtering TH, Oechtering GU, Nöller C: Structural characteristics of the nose in brachycephalic dog breeds analysed by computed tomography. Strukturelle Besonderheiten der Nase brachyzephaler Hunderassen in der Computertomographie 35(3):177–187, 2007.

135. Papazoglou LG, Patsikas MN: What is your diagnosis? A radiopaque foreign body located in the nasopharynx. J Sm Anim Pract 36(10):425, 434, 1995.

136. Park RD, Beck ER, Lecouteur RA: Comparison of computed-tomography and radiography for detecting changes induced by malignant nasal neoplasia in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 201(11):1720–1724, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

137. Parker NR, Binnington AG: Nasopharyngeal polyps in cats: three case reports and a review of the literature. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 21(4):473–479, 1985.

138. Patnaik AK, Ludwig LL, Erlandson RA: Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the nasopharynx in a dog. Vet Pathol 39(4):496–500, 2002.

139. Pavletic M: Atlas of small animal reconstructive surgery, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1999, Saunders.

140. Pavletic MM, Clark GN: Open nasal cavity and frontal sinus treatment of chronic canine aspergillosis. Vet Surg 20(1):43–48, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

141. Peters J, Scott DW, Erb HN, Miller WH: Hereditary nasal parakeratosis in Labrador retrievers: 11 new cases and a retrospective study on the presence of accumulations of serum (“serum lakes”) in the epidermis of parakeratotic dermatoses and inflamed nasal plana of dogs. Vet Dermatol 14(4):197–203, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

142. Pink JJ, Doyle RS, Hughes JM, et al: Laryngeal collapse in seven brachycephalic puppies. J Sm Anim Pract 47(3):131–135, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

143. Pollock S: Nasopharyngeal polyp in a dog. A case study. Vet Med Sm Anim Clin 66(7):705–706, 1971. PUBMED Abstract

144. Pownder S, Rose M, Crawford J: Radiographic techniques of the nasal cavity and sinuses. Clin Tech Sm Anim Pract 21(2):46–54, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

145. Pratschke KM, Hill PB: Dermal arteritis of the nasal philtrum: surgery as an alternative to long-term medical therapy in two dogs. J Sm Anim Pract 50(2):99–103, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

146. Priddy NH 2nd, Pope ER, Cohn LA, Constantinescu GM: Alveolar mucosal approach to the canine nasal cavity. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 37(2):179–182, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

147. Radford AD, Coyne KP, Dawson S, et al: Feline calicivirus. Vet Res 38(2):319–335, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

148. Reetz JA, Mai W, Muravnick KB, et al: Computed tomographic evaluation of anatomic and pathologic variations in the feline nasal septum and paranasal sinuses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 47(4):321–327, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

149. Richardson EF, Mathews KG: Distribution of topical agents in the frontal sinuses and nasal cavity of dogs—comparison between current protocols for treatment of nasal aspergillosis and a new noninvasive technique. Vet Surg 24(6):476–483, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

150. Riecks TW, Birchard SJ, Stephens JA: Surgical correction of brachycephalic syndrome in dogs: 62 cases (1991–2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc 230(9):1324–1328, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

151. Rogers KS, Helman RG, Walker MA: Squamous cell carcinoma of the canine nasal planum: eight cases (1988–1994). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 31(5):373–378, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

152. Russo M, Lamb CR, Jakovljevic S: Distinguishing rhinitis and nasal neoplasia by radiography. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 41(2):118–124, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

153. Saunders JH, Zonderland JL, Clercx C, et al: Computed tomographic findings in 35 dogs with nasal aspergillosis. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 43(1):5–9, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

154. Saunders JH, Van Bree H: Comparison of radiography and computed tomography for the diagnosis of canine nasal aspergillosis. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 44(4):414–419, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

155. Saunders JH, Van Bree H, Gielen I, De Rooster H: Diagnostic value of computed tomography in dogs with chronic nasal disease. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 44(4):409–413, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

156. Saunders JH, Clercx C, Snaps FR, et al: Radiographic, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomographic, and rhinoscopic features of nasal aspergillosis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 225(11):1703–1712, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

157. Schmidtke HO: Removal of foreign bodies in the nasopharynx. J Sm Anim Pract 37(4):186, 1996.

158. Schoenborn WC, Wisner ER, Kass PP, Dale M: Retrospective assessment of computed tomographic imaging of feline sinonasal disease in 62 cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 44(2):185–195, 2003.

159. Scott D: Vitiligo in the rottweiler. Canine Pract 15:22–25, 1990.

160. Scrivani PV, Thompson MS, Winegardner KR, et al: Association between frontal-sinus size and syringohydromyelia in small-breed dogs. Am J Vet Res 68(6):610–613, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

161. Sigle KJ, McLellan GJ, Haynes JS, et al: Unilateral uveitis in a dog with uveodermatologic syndrome. J Am Vet Med Assoc 228(4):543–548, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

162. Simpson AM, Harkin KR, Hoskinson JJ: Radiographic diagnosis: nasopharyngeal foreign body in a dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 41(4):326–328, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

163. Slatter DH, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders.

164. Smart L, Jandrey KE: Upper airway obstruction caused by a nasopharyngeal polyp and brachycephalic airway syndrome in a Chinese Shar-Pei puppy. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 18(4):393–398, 2008.

165. Smith SA, Andrews G, Biller DS: Management of nasal aspergillosis in a dog with a single, noninvasive intranasal infusion of clotrimazole. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 34(6):487–492, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

166. Steen JB, Mohus I, Kvesetberg T, Walloe L: Olfaction in bird dogs during hunting. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 157(1):115–119, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

167. Tasker S, Knottenbelt CM, Munro EAC, et al: Aetiology and diagnosis of persistent nasal disease in the dog: a retrospective study of 42 cases. J Sm Anim Pract 40(10):473–478, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

168. Taylor TN, Smith MM, Snyder L: Nasal displacement of a tooth root in a dog. J Vet Dent 21(4):222–225, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

169. Theon AP, Madewell BR, Harb MF, Dungworth DL: Megavoltage irradiation of neoplasms of the nasal and paranasal cavities in 77 dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 202(9):1469–1475, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

170. Theon AP, VanVechten MK, Madewell BR: Intratumoral administration of carboplatin for treatment of squamous cell carcinomas of the nasal plane in cats. Am J Vet Res 57(2):205–210, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

171. Thiry E, Addie D, Belak S, et al: Feline herpesvirus infection ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. J Feline Med Surg 11(7):547–555, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

172. Thrall DE: Textbook of veterinary diagnostic radiology, ed 5, St Louis, 2007, Saunders Elsevier.

173. Tomsa K, Glaus TA, Zimmer C, Greene CE: Fungal rhinitis and sinusitis in three cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 222(10):1380–1384, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

174. Torres SMF, Brien TO, Scott DW: Dermal arteritis of the nasal philtrum in a Giant Schnauzer and three Saint Bernard dogs. Vet Dermatol 13(5):275–281, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

175. Torrez CV, Hunt GB: Results of surgical correction of abnormalities associated with brachycephalic airway obstruction syndrome in dogs in Australia. J Sm Anim Pract 47(3):150–154, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

176. Trader R: Nose operation. J Am Vet Med Assoc 114:210–211, 1949.

177. Tromblee TC, Jones JC, Etue AE, Forrester SD: Association between clinical characteristics, computed tomography characteristics, and histologic diagnosis for cats with sinonasal disease. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 47(3):241–248, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

178. Tyler JW: Endoscopic retrieval of a large, nasopharyngeal foreign body. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 33(6):513–516, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

179. Tyler JW: Endoscopic retrieval of a large, nasopharyngeal foreign body. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 33(6):513–516, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

180. Veir JK, Lappin MR, Foley JE, Getzy DM: Feline inflammatory polyps: historical, clinical, and PCR findings for feline calicivirus and feline herpes virus-1 in 28 cases. J Feline Med Surg 4(4):195–199, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

181. Wada T, Kremenak CR, Miyazaki T: Midfacial growth effects of surgical trauma to the area of the vomer in beagles. J Osaka Univ Dent Sch 20:241–276, 1980. PUBMED Abstract

182. Wehner A, Crochik S, Howerth EW, Koenig A: Diagnosis and treatment of blastomycosis affecting the nose and nasopharynx of a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 233(7):1112–1116, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

183. White S: Diseases of the nasal planum. Vet Clin North Am Sm Anim Pract 24(5):887–895, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

184. Whittaker CJG, Dill-Macky E, Hodgson DR: Nasopharyngeal polyp in a cat. Aust Vet Pract 24(1):8–10, 1994.

185. Wiemelt SP, Goldschmidt MH, Greek JS, et al: A retrospective study comparing the histopathological features and response to treatment in two canine nasal dermatoses, DLE and MCP. Vet Dermato 15(6):341–348, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

186. Willard MD, Radlinsky MA: Endoscopic examination of the choanae in dogs and cats: 118 cases (1988–1998). J Am Vet Med Assoc 215(9):1301–1305, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

187. Willis AM, Martin CL, Stiles J: Sino-orbital aspergillosis in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 214(11):1644–1647, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

188. Wills SJ, Arrese M, Torrance A, et al: Pneumonyssoides species infestation in two Pekingese dogs in the UK. J Sm Anim Pract 49(2):107–109, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

189. Windsor RC, Johnson LR, Herrgesell EJ, De Cock HEV: Idiopathic lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis in dogs: 37 cases (1997–2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc 224(12): 1952–1957, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

190. Windsor RC, Johnson LR: Canine chronic inflammatory rhinitis. Clin Tech Sm Anim Pract 21(2):76–81, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

191. Windsor RC, Johnson LR, Sykes JE, et al: Molecular detection of microbes in nasal tissue of dogs with idiopathic lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis. J Vet Intern Med 20(2):250–256, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

192. Withrow S: Tumors of the respiratory system. In Withrow SJ, Vail DM, editors: Withrow and MacEwen’s small animal clinical oncology, vol 1, ed 4, St Louis, 2007, Saunders Elsevier, pp 511–539.

193. Withrow SJ, Straw RC: Resection of the nasal planum in nine cats and five dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 26(2):219–222, 1990.

194. Withrow SJ, Vail DM: Withrow and MacEwen’s small animal clinical oncology ed 4, St Louis, 2007, Saunders/Elsevier.

195. Yoon JH, Feeney DA, Jessen CR, Walter PA: External-beam Co-60 radiotherapy for canine nasal tumors: a comparison of survival by treatment protocol. Res Vet Sci 84(1):140–149, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

196. Zonderland JL, Stork CK, Saunders JH, et al: Intranasal infusion of enilconazole for treatment of sinonasal aspergillosis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 221(10):1421–1425, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

Chapter 100: Palate

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84. Weissman C, Damask MC, Yang J: Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema following laryngeal obstruction. Anesthesiology 60:163, 1984. PUBMED Abstract

85. White RN, Hawkins HL, Alemi VP, et al: Soft palate hypoplasia and concurrent middle ear pathology in six dogs. J Sm Anim Pract 50:34, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

86. Woodward TM: Greater palatine island axial pattern flap for repair of oronasal fistula related to eosinophilic granuloma. J Vet Dent 23:161, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

87. Younes M: Mechanisms of respiratory load compensation. In Dempsey JA, Pack AI, editors: Regulation of breathing, ed 2, New York, 1995, Marcel Dekker.

Chapter 101: Larynx

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45. Harvey CE: Partial laryngectomy in the dog. II: immediate increase in glottic area obtained and compared with other laryngeal surgical procedures. Vet Surg 12:197, 1983.

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53. Holt D, Harvey C: Glottic stenosis secondary to vocal fold resection: results of scar removal and corticosteroid treatment in nine dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 30:396–400, 1994.

54. Holt D, Harvey C: Idiopathic laryngeal paralysis: results of treatment by bilateral vocal fold resection in 40 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 30:389–395, 1994.

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56. Jaggy A, Oliver JE: Neurologic manifestations of thyroid disease. Vet Clin North Am Sm Anim Pract 24:487–494, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

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58. Jakubiak ML, Siedlecki CT, Zengser E, et al: Laryngeal, laryngotracheal, and tracheal masses in cats: 27 cases (1998–2003). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 41:310, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

59. Janssens LAA: Devocalization of dogs: a new technique. Vet Surg 15:375–377, 1986.

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64. LaHue TR: Treatment of laryngeal paralysis in dogs by unilateral cricoarytenoid laryngoplasty. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 25:317–324, 1989.

65. Lane JG: Canine laryngeal surgery. Vet Annu 18:239, 1978.

66. Leonard HC: Entrapment of the epiglottis. Compan Anim Pract 19:16, 1989.

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83. Oechtering GU, Hueber JP, Noeller C: Selected laryngeal problems: vocal fold granulomas. Proc North Am Vet Conf 22:1548, 2008.

84. O’Hara AJ, McConnell M, Wyatt K, Huxtable C: Laryngeal rhabdomyoma in a dog. Aust Vet J 79:817–821, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

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86. Pass DA, Huxtable CR, Cooper BJ, et al: Canine laryngeal oncocytomas. Vet Pathol 17:672–677, 1980. PUBMED Abstract

87. Peppler C, Hubler C, Kramer M: Bite injury in the neck in dogs. Retrospective study on extern, diagnostic and therapy options. Tierarztliche Praxis 37:75, 2009.

88. Petersen SW, Rosin E, Bjorling DE: Surgical options for laryngeal paralysis in dogs: a consideration of partial laryngectomy. Comp Contin Educ Pract Vet 13:1531–1540, 1991.

89. Peterson KL, Graves M, Berke GS, et al: Role of motor unit number estimate electromyography in experimental canine laryngeal reinnervation. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 121:180–184, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

90. Pink JJ, Doyle RS, Hughes JML, et al: Laryngeal collapse in seven brachycephalic puppies. J Sm Anim Pract 47:131–135, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

91. Poncet CM, Dupre GP, Freiche VG, et al: Long-term results of upper respiratory syndrome surgery and gastrointestinal tract medical treatment in 51 brachycephalic dogs. J Sm Anim Pract 47:137, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

92. Poncet CM, Dupre GP, Freiche VG, et al: Prevalence of gastrointestinal tract lesions in 73 brachycephalic dogs with upper respiratory syndrome. J Sm Anim Pract 46:273–279, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

93. Radlinsky MG, Williams J, Frank PM: Comparison of three clinical techniques for the diagnosis of laryngeal paralysis in dogs. Vet Surg 38:434, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

94. Riecks TW, Birchard SJ, Stephens JA: Surgical correction of brachycephalic syndrome in dogs: 62 cases (1991–2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc 230:1324, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

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99. Rudorf H, Barr FJ, Lane JG: The role of ultrasound in the assessment of laryngeal paralysis in the dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 42:338–343, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

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101. Salisbury SK, Forbes S, Blevins WE: Peritracheal abscess associated with tracheal collapse and bilateral laryngeal paralysis in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:1273–1275, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

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108. Stanley BJ, Hauptman JG, Fritz MC, et al: Esophageal dysfunction in dogs with idiopathic laryngeal paralysis: a controlled cohort study. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 46:86, 2010. PUBMED Abstract

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114. Trout NJ, Harpster NK, Berg J, Carpenter J: Long-term results of unilateral ventriculocordectomy and partial arytenoidectomy for the treatment of laryngeal paralysis in 60 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 30:401–407, 1994.

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116. Valentine BA, McGavin MD: Skeletal muscle. In McGavin MD, editor: Pathologic basis of veterinary disease, ed 4, St Louis, 2006, Mosby, p 973.

117. Venker-van Haagen AJ: Diseases of the larynx. Vet Clin North Am Sm Anim Pract 22:1155–1172, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

118. Venker-van Haagen AJ: Laryngeal paralysis in Bouviers Belge des Flandres and breeding advice to prevent this condition. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 107:21–22, 1982. PUBMED Abstract

119. Wheeldon EB, Suter PF, Jenkins T: Neoplasia of the larynx in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 180:642–647, 1982. PUBMED Abstract

120. White RA: Laryngeal paralysis: an introduction. Vet Q 20(suppl 1):S2–S3, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

121. White RA: Laryngeal paralysis: surgical solutions. Vet Q 20(suppl 1):S4–S6, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

122. White RA, Littlewood JD, Herrtage ME, Clarke DD: Outcome of surgery for laryngeal paralysis in four cats. Vet Rec 118:103–104, 1986. PUBMED Abstract

123. White RAS: Arytenoid lateralization: an assessment of technique, complications and long-term results in 62 dogs with laryngeal paralysis. Vet Surg 18:72, 1989.

124. White RAS: Unilateral arytenoid lateralisation: an assessment of technique and long-term results in 62 dogs with laryngeal paralysis. J Sm Anim Pract 30:543–549, 1989.

125. Withrow SJ: Tumors of the respiratory system. In Withrow SJ, editor: Small animal clinical oncology, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2001, Saunders, pp 354–377.

126. Wykes PM: Canine laryngeal diseases. Part II. Diagnosis and treatment. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 5:105–110, 1983.

127. Yoder JT, Starch CJ: Devocalization of dogs by laryngofissure and dissection of thyroarytenoid folds. J Am Vet Med Assoc 145:325, 1964. PUBMED Abstract

Chapter 102: Trachea and Bronchi

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82. Harvey CE, Fink EA: Tracheal diameter: analysis of radiographic measurements in brachycephalic and nonbrachycephalic dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 18:570–576, 1982.

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87. Hedlund CS: Tracheal resection and reconstruction. Probl Vet Med 3:210–228, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

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89. Hedlund CS, Tangner CH, Montgomery DL, et al: A procedure for permanent tracheostomy and its effects on tracheal mucosa. Vet Surg 11:13–17, 1982.

90. Hedlund CS, Tangner CH, Waldron DR, et al: Permanent tracheostomy: perioperative and long-term data from 34 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 24:585–591, 1988.

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97. Hoover JP, Henry GA, Panciera RJ: Bronchial cartilage dysplasia with multifocal lobar bullous emphysema and lung torsions in a pup. J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:599–602, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

98. Hoover JP, Howard-Martin MO, Bahr RJ: Chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, bronchiolitis, bronchiolitis obliterans, and bronchopneumonia in a Rottweiler with primary ciliary dyskinesia. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 25:297–304, 1989.

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114. Knudson RJ, Knudson DE: Effect of muscle constriction on flow-limiting collapse of isolated canine trachea. J Appl Physiol 38:125–131, 1975. PUBMED Abstract

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120. Leonard CD, Johnson LR, Bonadio CM, et al: Changes in tracheal dimensions during inspiration and expiration in healthy dogs as detected via computed tomography. Am J Vet Res 70:986–991, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

121. Leonard HC: Surgical correction of collapsed trachea in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 158:598–600, 1971. PUBMED Abstract

122. Lulenski GC, Batsakis JG: Tracheal incision as a contributing factor to tracheal stenosis. Ann Otol S4:781–786, 1975. PUBMED Abstract

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124. Maeda M, Grillo H: Tracheal growth following anastomosis in puppies. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 64:304–313, 1972. PUBMED Abstract

125. Maeda M, Grillo HC: Effect of tension on tracheal growth after resection and anastomosis in puppies. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 65:658–668, 1973. PUBMED Abstract

126. Mahler SP, Mootoo NFA, Reece JLM, et al: Surgical resection of a primary tracheal fibrosarcoma in a dog. J Sm Anim Pract 47:537–540, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

127. Marolf AJ, Blaik MA: Bronchiectasis. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 28:766–775, 2006.

128. Matsumoto H, Kakehata T, Hyodo T, et al: Surgical correction of congenital lobar emphysema in a dog. J Vet Med Sci 66:217–219, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

129. Mawby DI, Krahwinkel DJ, Donnell RL, et al: Segmental tracheal dysplasia in a mixed breed dog. Can Vet J 47:1003–1006, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

130. McGlennon NJ, Platt D, Dunn JK, et al: Tracheal foreign body in a cat: a case report. J Sm Anim Pract 27:457–461, 1986.

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132. McKeown PP, Tsuboi H, Togo T, et al: Growth of tracheal anastomoses: advantage of absorbable interrupted sutures. Ann Thorac Surg 51:636–664, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

133. Mims HL, Hancock RB, Leib MS, et al: Primary tracheal collapse in a cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 44:149–153, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

134. Mitchell SL, McCarthy R, Rudloff E, et al: Tracheal rupture associated with intubation in cats: 20 cases (1996–1998). J Am Vet Med Assoc 216:1592–1595, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

135. Mittleman E, Weisse C, Mehler SJ, et al: Fracture of an endoluminal nitinol stent used in the treatment of tracheal collapse in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 225:1217–1221, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

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140. Mutlu Z, Acar SE, Perk C: Treatment of a case of tracheal stenosis in a dog with tracheal resection and anastomosis. Vet Med Czech 48:339–342, 2003.

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147. Pacchiana PD, Burnside PK, Wilkens BE, et al: Primary bronchotomy for removal of an intrabronchial foreign body in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 37:582–585, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

148. Palombini B, Coburn RF: Control of the compressibility of the canine trachea. Respir Physiol 15:365–383, 1972. PUBMED Abstract

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150. Park RD: Bronchoesophageal fistula in the dog: literature survey, case presentations, and radiographic manifestations. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 6:669–675, 1984.

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152. Pink JJ: Intramural tracheal haematoma causing acute respiratory obstruction in a dog. J Sm Anim Pract 47:161–164, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

153. Pratschke KM, Hughes JML, Guerin SR, et al: Foley catheter technique for removal of a tracheal foreign body in a cat. Vet Rec 144:181–182, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

154. Radlinsky MG, Fossum TW, Walker MA, et al: Evaluation of the Palmaz stent in the trachea and mainstem bronchi of normal dogs. Vet Surg 26:99–107, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

155. Reichler IM, Hoerauf A, Guscetti F, et al: Primary ciliary dyskinesia with situs inversus totalis, hydrocephalus internus and cardiac malformations in a dog. J Sm Anim Pract 42:345–348, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

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157. Rossi G, Magi GE, Tarantino C, et al: Tracheobronchial neuroendocrine carcinoma in a cat. J Comp Pathol 137:165–168, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

158. Saunders HM, Keith D: Thoracic imaging. In Textbook of respiratory disease in dogs and cats, Philadelphia, 2004, Saunders/Elsevier, pp 72–93.

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160. Sihvo EIT, Sioris T, Tynninen O, et al: Fatal fistula between the trachea and the brachiocephalic artery: late complication of a second-generation, self-expanding metallic tracheal stent. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 131:1415–1416, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

161. Silverman BS, Robello G, Fowell E: Percutaneous tracheostomy in the dog. Mod Vet Pract 63:62–63, 1982.

162. Silverman S, Poulos PW, Suter PF: Cavitary pulmonary lesions in animals. J Am Vet Radiol Soc 17:134–146, 1976.

163. Smith MM, Gourley IM, Amis TC, et al: Management of tracheal stenosis in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:931–934, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

164. Smith MM, Saunders GK, Leib MS, et al: Evaluation of horizontal and vertical tracheotomy healing after short-duration tracheostomy in dogs. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 53:289–294, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

165. Spodnick GJ, Nwadike BS: Surgical management of extrathoracic tracheal collapse in two large-breed dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:1545–1548, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

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172. Tangner CH, Hedlund CS: Tracheal surgery in the dog—part I. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 5:599–603, 1983.

173. Tangner CH, Hobson HP: A retrospective study of 20 surgically managed cases of collapsed trachea. Vet Surg 11:146–149, 1982.

174. Tennant BJ, Haywood S: Congenital bullous emphysema in a dog: a case report. J Sm Anim Pract 28:109–116, 1987.

175. Thrall DE: Esophagobronchial fistula in a dog. J Am Vet Radiol Soc 14:22–25, 1973.

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180. van Ee RT, Dodd VM, Pope ER, et al: Bronchoesophageal fistula and transient megaesophagus in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:874–876, 1986. PUBMED Abstract

181. Venker-van Haagen AJ, Vroom MW, Heijn A, et al: Bronchoscopy in small animal clinics: an analysis of the results of 228 bronchoscopies. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 21:521–526, 1985.

182. Voorhout G, Goedegebuure SA, Nap RC: Congenital lobar emphysema caused by aplasia of bronchial cartilage in a Pekingese puppy. Vet Pathol 23:83–84, 1986. PUBMED Abstract

183. Weight AK, McCracken MD, Krahwinkel DJ: Extramedullary plasmacytoma in the canine trachea: case report and literature review. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 23:143–152, 2001.

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185. White RAS, Williams JM: Tracheal collapse in the dog—is there really a role for surgery? A survey of 100 cases. J Sm Anim Pract 35:191–196, 1994.

186. White RN: Unilateral arytenoid lateralisation and extraluminal polypropylene ring prostheses for correction of tracheal collapse in the dog. J Sm Anim Pract 36:151–158, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

187. White RN, Burton CA: Surgical management of intrathoracic tracheal avulsion in cats: long-term results in 9 consecutive cases. Vet Surg 29:430–435, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

188. White RN, Milner HR: Intrathoracic tracheal avulsion in three cats. J Sm Anim Pract 36:343–347, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

189. White RN, Oakley MR: Left principle bronchus rupture in a cat. J Sm Anim Pract 42:495–498, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

190. Whitfield JB, Graves GM, Lappin MR, et al: Anesthetic and surgical management of intrathoracic segmental tracheal stenosis utilizing high-frequency jet ventilation. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 25:443–446, 1989.

191. Withrow SJ: Cancer of the larynx and trachea. In Withrow SJ, Vail DM, editors: Withrow and MacEwen’s small animal clinical oncology, ed 4, Philadelphia, 2007, Saunders/Elsevier, pp 515–517.

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193. Woo H-M, Kim M-J, Lee S-G, et al: Intraluminal stent fracture in a Yorkshire terrier. Can Vet J 48:1063–1066, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

194. Yanoff SR, Fuentealba C, Boothe HW, et al: Tracheal defect and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma in a young dog. Can Vet J 37:172–173, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

195. Zaugg Y, Cuffel C, Monnier P: Releasing tension on a tracheal anastomosis: an ex vivo study on a sheep model. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 115:398–402, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

Chapter 103: Lungs

[pic]

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6. Basher AW, Hogan PM, Hanna PE, et al: Surgical treatment of a congenital bronchoesophageal fistula in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:479–482, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

7. Berzon JL, Rendano VT, Hoffer RE: Recurrent pneumothorax secondary to ruptured pulmonary blebs: a case report. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 15:707, 1979.

8. Brissot HN, Dupre GP, Bouvy BM, Paquet L: Thoracoscopic treatment of bullous emphysema in 3 dogs. Vet Surg 32:524–529, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

9. Brugarolas A, Takita H: Regeneration of the lung in the dog. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 65:187–190, 1973. PUBMED Abstract

10. Choi J, Yoon J: Lung lobe torsion in a Yorkshire terrier. J Sm Anim Pract 47:557, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

11. Conzemius MG, Brockman DJ, King LG, Perkowski SZ: Analgesia in dogs after intercostal thoracotomy: a clinical trial comparing intravenous buprenorphine and interpleural bupivacaine. Vet Surg 23:291–298, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

12. Crews LJ, Feeney DA, Jessen CR, et al: Radiographic findings in dogs with pulmonary blastomycosis: 125 cases (1989–2006). J Am Vet Med Assoc 232:215, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

13. D’Anjou MA, Tidwell AS, Heart S: Radiographic diagnosis of lung lobe torsion. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 46:478, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

14. Davis KM, Roe SC, Mathews KG, Mente PL: Median sternotomy closure in dogs: a mechanical comparison of technique stability. Vet Surg 35:271–277, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

15. DeBerry JD, Norris CR, Samii VF, et al: Correlation between fine-needle aspiration cytopathology and histopathology of the lung in dogs and cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 38:327, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

16. Dhokarikar P, Caywood DD, Stobie D, et al: Effects of intramuscular or interpleural administration of morphine and interpleural administration of bupivacaine on pulmonary function in dogs that have undergone median sternotomy. Am J Vet Res 57:375–380, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

17. Dye TL, Teague HD, Poundstone ML: Lung lobe torsion in a cat with chronic feline asthma. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 34:493–495, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

18. Fossum TW, Wellman M, Relford RL, Slater MR: Eosinophilic pleural or peritoneal effusions in dogs and cats: 14 cases (1986–1992). J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:1873–1876, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

19. Gaynor JS: Anesthesia and analgesia. In Orton EC, editor: Small animal thoracic surgery, Baltimore, 1995, Williams & Wilkins, pp 33–40.

20. Gelzer AR, Downs MO, Newell SM, et al: Accessory lung lobe torsion and chylothorax in an Afghan hound. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 33:171–176, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

21. Gulielmos V, Brandt M, Dill HM, et al: Coronary artery bypass grafting via median sternotomy or lateral minithoracotomy. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 16(suppl 2):S48–S52, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

22. Hahn KA, McEntee MF: Prognosis factors for survival in cats after removal of a primary lung tumor: 21 cases (1979–1994). Vet Surg 27:307, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

23. Hankins JR: Extensive pulmonary laceration caused by blunt trauma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 74:519, 1977. PUBMED Abstract

24. Hawkins EC, Basseches J, Berry CR, et al: Demographic, clinical, and radiographic features of bronchiectasis in dogs: 316 cases (1988–2000). J Am Vet Med Assoc 223:1628–1635, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

25. Hess JL: Use of mechanical staples in veterinary thoracic surgery. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 15:569, 1979.

26. Hofeling AD, Jackson AH, Alsup JC, O’Keefe D: Spontaneous midlobar lung lobe torsion in a 2-year-old Newfoundland. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 40:220–223, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

27. Holtsinger RH, Beale BS, King RR: Spontaneous pneumothorax in the dog: a retrospective analysis of 21 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 29:195–210, 1993.

28. Hoover JP, Henry GA, Panciera RJ: Bronchial cartilage dysplasia with multifocal lobar bullous emphysema and lung torsions in a pup. J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:599–602, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

29. Jerram RM, Fossum TW, Berridge BR, et al: The efficacy of mechanical abrasion and talc slurry as methods of pleurodesis in normal dogs. Vet Surg 28:322–332, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

30. Johnson EG, Wisner ER: Advances in respiratory imaging. Vet Clin Sm Anim 37:879, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

31. Johnson LR: Diseases of the small airways. In Ettinger S, Feldman EC, editors: Textbook of veterinary internal medicine, St Louis, 2005, Saunders/Elsevier, pp 1233–1239.

32. Johnston GR, Feeney DA, O’Brien TD, et al: Recurring lung lobe torsion in three Afghan hounds. J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:842–845, 1984. PUBMED Abstract

33. Kerpsack SJ, McLoughlin MA, Graves TK, et al: Chylothorax associated with lung lobe torsion and a peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia in a cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 30:351–354, 1994.

34. Kramek BA, Caywood DD: Pneumothorax. Vet Clin North Am 17:285–300, 1987. PUBMED Abstract

35. Kramek BA, Caywood DD, O’Brien TD: Bullous emphysema and recurrent pneumothorax in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 186:971–974, 1985. PUBMED Abstract

36. Kudnig ST, Monnet E, Riquelme M, et al: Cardiopulmonary effect of thoracoscopy in anesthetized normal dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 31:121–128, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

37. Kudnig ST, Monnet E, Riquelme M, et al: Effect of one-lung ventilation on oxygen delivery in anesthetized dogs with an open thoracic cavity. Am J Vet Res 64:443–448, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

38. Kudnig ST, Monnet E, Riquelme M, et al: Effect of positive end-expiratory pressure on oxygen delivery during 1-lung ventilation for thoracoscopy in normal dogs. Vet Surg 35:534–542, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

39. Lansdowne JL, Monnet E, Twedt DC, Dernell WS: Thoracoscopic lung lobectomy for treatment of lung tumors in dogs. Vet Surg 34:530–535, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

40. LaRue SM, Withrow SJ, Wykes PM: Lung resection using surgical staples in dogs and cats. Vet Surg 16:238–240, 1987. PUBMED Abstract

41. Lipscomb V, Brockman D, Gregory S, et al: CT scanning of dogs with spontaneous pneumothorax. Vet Rec 154:344, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

42. Lipscomb VJ, Hardie RJ, Dubielzig RR: Spontaneous pneumothorax caused by pulmonary blebs and bullae in 12 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 39:435–445, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

43. Liptak J, Monnet E, Dernell WS, Withrow J: Pulmonary metastasectomy in the management of four dogs with hypertrophic osteopathy. Vet Comp Oncol 2:1–12, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

44. Liptak JM, Monnet E, Dernell WS, et al: Pneumonectomy: four case studies and a comparative review. J Sm Anim Pract 45:441–447, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

45. Lopez A: Respiratory system. In McGavin MD, Zachary JF, editors: Pathologic basis of veterinary diseases, ed 4, St Louis, 2007, Elsevier, pp 463–558.

46. Lord PF: Lung lobe torsion in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 9:473, 1973.

47. Lores ME: Cardiovascular effects of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) after pneumonectomy in dogs. Ann Thorac Surg 40:464, 1985. PUBMED Abstract

48. Lucas CL: Effects of pneumonectomy on pulmonary input impedance. Surgery 94:807, 1983. PUBMED Abstract

49. Marolf A, Blaik M, Specht A: A retrospective study of the relationship between tracheal collapse and bronchiectasis in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 48:199, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

50. McNiel EA, Ogilvie GK, Powers BE, et al: Evaluation of prognostic factors for dogs with primary lung tumors: 67 cases (1985–1992). J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:1422–1427, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

51. Mehlhaff CJ, Leifer CE, Patnaik AK, Schwarz PD: Surgical treatment of primary pulmonary neoplasia in 15 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 20:799–803, 1984.

52. Millard RP, Myers JR, Novo RE: Spontaneous lung lobe torsion in a cat. J Vet Intern Med 22:671–673, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

53. Miller HG, Sherrill A: Lung lobe torsion: a difficult condition to diagnose. Vet Med 82:797–798, 1987.

54. Moses BL: Fiberoptic bronchoscopy for diagnosis of lung lobe torsion in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 176:44–47, 1980. PUBMED Abstract

55. Murphy KA, Brisson BA: Evaluation of lung lobe torsion in Pugs: 7 cases (1991–2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc 228:86–90, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

56. Murphy S, Mathews KG, Ellison GW, Bellah JR: Pulmonary lobectomy in the management of pneumonia in five cats. J Sm Anim Pract 38:159–162, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

57. Murphy ST, Ellison GW, McKiernan BC, et al: Pulmonary lobectomy in the management of pneumonia in dogs: 59 cases (1972–1994). J Am Vet Med Assoc 210:235–239, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

58. Nawrocki MA, Mackin AJ, McLaughlin R, et al: Fluoroscopic and endoscopic localization of an esophagobronchial fistula in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 39:257, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

59. Neath PJ, Brockman DJ, King LG: Lung lobe torsion in dogs: 22 cases (1981–1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc 217:1041–1044, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

60. Nelson OL, Sellon RK: Pulmonary parenchymal disease. In Ettinger S, Feldman EC, editors: Textbook of veterinary internal medicine, ed 6, St Louis, 2005, Elsevier, pp 1239–1266.

61. Nelson RW, editor: Small animal internal medicine, ed 3, St. Louis, 2003, Mosby, p 307.

62. Norris CR, Griffey SM, Walsh P: Use of keyhole lung biopsy for diagnosis of interstitial lung diseases in dogs and cats: 13 cases (1998–2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc 221:1453, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

63. Ogilvie GK, Weigel RM, Haschek WM, et al: Prognostic factors for tumor remission and survival in dogs after surgery for primary lung tumor: 76 cases (1975–1985). J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:109–112, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

64. Ohnishi T: Effects of nasal obstruction upon mechanics of the lung in the dog. Laryngoscope 81:712, 1971.

65. Ohnishi T, Ogura JH: Partitioning of pulmonary resistance in the dog. Laryngoscope 79:1847–1878, 1969. PUBMED Abstract

66. Orton EC: Monitoring and supportive care. In Orton EC, editor: Small animal thoracic surgery, Baltimore, 1995, Williams & Wilkins, pp 15–32.

67. Paolini MC, Adams WM, Dubielzig RR, et al: Comparison of results of computed tomography and radiography with histopathologic findings in tracheobronchial lymph nodes in dogs with primary lung tumors: 14 cases (1999–2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc 228:1718, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

68. Pascoe PJ, Dyson DH: Analgesia after lateral thoracotomy in dogs. Epidural morphine vs. intercostal bupivacaine. Vet Surg 22:141–147, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

69. Pelsue DH, Monnet E, Gaynor JS, et al: Closure of median sternotomy in dogs: suture versus wire. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 38:569–576, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

70. Polton GA, Brearley MJ, Powell SM, et al: Impact of primary tumor stage on survival in dogs with solitary lung tumors. J Sm Anim Pract 49:66, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

71. Popilskis S, Kohn D, Sanchez JA, Gorman P: Epidural vs. intramuscular oxymorphone analgesia after thoracotomy in dogs. Vet Surg 20:462–467, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

72. Puerto DA, Brockman DJ, Lindquist C, Drobatz K: Surgical and nonsurgical management of and selected risk factors for spontaneous pneumothorax in dogs: 64 cases (1986–1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc 220:1670–1674, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

73. Rannels DE, Rannels SR: Compensatory growth of the lung following partial pneumonectomy. Exp Lung Res 14:157, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

74. Rawlings CA: Torsion of the left apical and cardiac pulmonary lobes in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 156:726, 1970. PUBMED Abstract

75. Ringwald RJ, Birchard SJ: Complications of median sternotomy in the dog and literature review. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 25:430–434, 1989.

76. Rooney MB, Lanz O, Monnet E: Spontaneous lung lobe torsion in two pugs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 37:128–130, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

77. Rooney MB, Mehl M, Monnet E: Intercostal thoracotomy closure: transcostal sutures as a less painful alternative to circumcostal suture placement. Vet Surg 33:209–213, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

78. Rooney MB, Monnet E: Medical and surgical treatment of pyothorax in dogs: 26 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 221:86–92, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

79. Rustomjee T, Wagner A, Orton EC: Effect of 5 cm water positive end-respiratory pressure on arterial oxygen tension in dogs during and after thoracotomy. Vet Surg 23:307–310, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

80. Saperstein G: Congenital defects in domestic cats. Feline Pract 6:18, 1976.

81. Schultz RM, Peters J, Zwinberger A: Radiography, computed tomography, and virtual bronchoscopy in four dogs and two cats with lung lobe torsions. J Sm Anim Pract 50:360, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

82. Scott RN, Faraci RP, Hough A, Chretien PB: Bronchial stump closure techniques following pneumonectomy: a serial comparative study. Ann Surg 184:205–211, 1976. PUBMED Abstract

83. Seiler G, Schwarz T, Vignoli M, Rodriguez D: Computed tomographic features of lung lobe torsion. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 49:504–508, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

84. Shahar R, Shamir M, Johnston DE: A technique for management of bite wounds of the thoracic wall in small dogs. Vet Surg 26:45–50, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

85. Siems JJ, Jakovljevic S, Van Alstine W: Radiographic diagnosis—lung lobe torsion. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 39:418–420, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

86. Silberstein A, Mercier M, Jaafar M, Cadore JL: Lung lobe torsion: a rare complication of thoracic surgery in the dog. Point Veterinaire 23:433–438, 1991.

87. Spackman CJ, Caywood DD: Management of thoracic trauma and chest wall reconstruction. Vet Clin North Am Sm Anim Pract 17:431–447, 1987. PUBMED Abstract

88. Spackman CJ, Caywood DD, Feeney DA, Johnston GR: Thoracic wall and pulmonary trauma in dogs sustaining fractures as a result of motor vehicle accidents. J Am Vet Med Assoc 185:975–977, 1984. PUBMED Abstract

89. Spranklin DB, Gulikers KP, Lanz OI: Recurrence of spontaneous lung lobe torsion in a pug. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 39:446–451, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

90. Stobie D, Caywood DD, Rozanski EA, et al: Evaluation of pulmonary function and analgesia in dogs after intercostal thoracotomy and use of morphine administered intramuscularly or intrapleurally and bupivacaine administered intrapleurally. Am J Vet Res 56:1098–1109, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

91. Teske E, Stokhof AA, van der Ingh TSGAM, et al: Transthoracic needle aspiration biopsy of the lung in dogs with pulmonic disease. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 27:289–294, 1991.

92. Teunissen GH, Wolverkamp WT, Goedegebuure SA: Necrosis of a pulmonary lobe in a dog. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 101:1129–1133, 1976. PUBMED Abstract

93. Thompson SE, Johnson JM: Analgesia in dogs after intercostal thoracotomy. A comparison of morphine, selective intercostal nerve block, and interpleural regional analgesia with bupivacaine. Vet Surg 20:73–77, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

94. Tronc F, Gregoire J, Leblanc P, Deslauriers J: Physiologic consequences of pneumonectomy. Consequences on the pulmonary function. Chest Surg Clin North Am 9:459–473, xii–xiii, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

95. Tucker A: Respiratory pathophysiology. In Slatter D, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders, pp 781–797.

96. Waddell LS, Brady CA, Drobatz KJ: Risk factors, prognostic indicators, and outcome of pyothorax in cats: 80 cases (1986–1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc 221:819–824, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

97. Wall RE, Rush JE: Cardiac emergencies. In Murtaugh RJ, Kaplan PM, editors: Veterinary emergency and critical care medicine, St Louis, 1992, Mosby Yearbook, pp 213–251.

98. Watanabe Y, Ichihashi T, Iwa T: Median sternotomy as an approach for pulmonary surgery. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 36:227–231, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

99. West JB: Control of ventilation. In West JB, editor: Respiratory physiology: the essentials, ed 6, Philadelphia, 2000, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, pp 103–115.

100. West JB: Diffusion. In West JB, editor: Respiratory physiology: the essentials, ed 6, Philadelphia, 2000, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, pp 21–28.

101. West JB: Gas transport by the blood. In West JB, editor: Respiratory physiology: the essentials, ed 6, Philadelphia, 2000, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, pp 63–102.

102. West JB: Mechanics of breathing. In West JB, editor: Respiratory physiology: the essentials, ed 6, Philadelphia, 2000, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, pp 79–102.

103. West JB: Ventilation-perfusion relationships. In West JB, editor: Respiratory physiology: the essentials, ed 6, Philadelphia, 2000, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, pp 45–62.

104. White RN, Corzo-Menendez N: Concurrent torsion of the right cranial and right middle lung lobes in a whippet. J Sm Anim Pract 41:562–565, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

105. Williams JH, Duncan NM: Chylothorax with concurrent right cardiac lung lobe torsion in an Afghan hound. J S Afr Vet Med Assoc 57:35–37, 1986. PUBMED Abstract

106. Withrow SJ: Lung cancer. In Withrow SJ, MacEwen EG, editors: Small animal clinical oncology, Philadelphia, 2001, Saunders, pp 361–370.

107. Yoon HY, Mann FA, Lee S, Branson KR: Comparison of the amounts of air leakage into the thoracic cavity associated with four thoracostomy tube placement techniques in canine cadavers. Am J Vet Res 70:1161–1167, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

108. Zatloukal J, Rauser P, Necas A, et al: Bronchoesophageal fistula caused by a foreign body in the oesophagus of a dog. Kleinterpraxis 54:155, 2009.

SECTION IX: Thorax

Chapter 104: Thoracic Wall

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References

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2. Aronsohn M: Diaphragmatic advancement for defects of the caudal thoracic wall in the dog. Vet Surg 13:26, 1984.

3. Baines SJ, Gardner J, Allnutt R, et al: The deep pectoral muscle flap in the cat: its vascular supply and potential use. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatology 13:141, 2000.

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6. Bright RM, Birchard SJ, Long GG: Repair of thoracic wall defects in the dog with an omental pedicle flap. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 18:277, 1982.

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9. Davis KM, Roe SC, Mathews KG, et al: Median sternotomy closure in dogs: a mechanical comparison of technique stability. Vet Surg 35:271, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

10. Di Meo A, Pepe M, Belizza E, et al: Experimental use of Kiel bone after subtotal sternectomy in the dog. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 9:172, 1996.

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14. Frantzides CT, Carlson MA: Prosthetic reinforcement of posterior cruroplasty during laparoscopic hiatal herniorrhaphy. Surg Endoscopy 11:769, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

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16. Griffon DJ, Walter PA, Wallace LJ: Thoracic injuries in cats with traumatic fractures. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 7:98, 1994.

17. Halfacree ZJ, Baines SJ, Lipscomb VJ, et al: Use of a latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap for one-stage reconstruction of the thoracic wall after en-bloc resection of primary rib chondrosarcoma in five dogs. Vet Surg 36:587, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

18. Hardie EM, Ramirez O, Clary EM, et al: Abnormalities of the thoracic bellows: stress fractures of the ribs and hiatal hernia. J Vet Intern Med 12:279, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

19. Hebra A: Minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 21:76, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

20. Helphrey ML: Abdominal graft for repair of chronic diaphragmatic hernia in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 181:791, 1982. PUBMED Abstract

21. Hunt PA, Greaves I, Owens WA: Emergency thoracotomy in thoracic trauma: a review. Injury 37:1, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

22. Johnson KA, Goldsmid SE: Methyl methacrylates and polypropylene mesh reconstruction of ventral thoracic wall deficit following sterna liposarcoma resection. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 9:172, 1996.

23. Kraje BJ, Kraje AC, Rohrbach BW, et al: Intrathoracic and concurrent orthopaedic injury associated with traumatic rib fracture in cats: 75 cases (1980–1998). J Am Vet Med Assoc 216:51, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

24. Liptak JM, Brebner NS: Hemidiaphragmatic reconstruction with a transverse abdominis muscle flap after resection of a solitary diaphragmatic mesothelioma in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 228:1204, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

25. Liptak JM, Dernell WS, Rizzo SA, et al: Reconstruction of chest wall defects after rib tumor resection: A comparison of autogenous, prosthetic and composite techniques in 44 dogs. Vet Surg 37:479, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

26. Liptak JM, Kamstock DA, Dernell WS, et al: Oncologic outcome after curative-intent treatment in 39 dogs with primary chest wall tumors (1992–2005). Vet Surg 37:488, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

27. Lisciandro GR, Lagutchik MS, Mann KA, et al: Evaluation of a thoracic-focused assessment with sonography for trauma (TFAST) protocol to detect pneumothorax and concurrent thoracic injury in 145 traumatized dogs. J Vet Emerg Critical Care 18:258, 2008.

28. McAnulty JF, Harvey CE: Repair of pectus excavatum by percutaneous suturing and temporary external coaptation in a kitten. J Am Vet Med Assoc 194:1056, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

29. Munday JS, Boston SE, Owen MC, et al: Lameness in a dog caused by thoracic wall invasion by a pulmonary neoplasm. J Vet Med 53:288, 2006.

30. Newman BM, Jewett TC, Lewis A, et al. Prosthetic materials and muscle flaps in the repair of extensive diaphragmatic defects. J Pediatr Surg 20:362, 1985. PUBMED Abstract

31. Nuss D, Croituro DP, Kelly RE, et al: Review and discussion of the complications of minimally invasive pectus excavatum repair. Eur J Pediatr Surg 12:230, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

32. Olsen D, Renberg W, Perrett J, et al: Clinical management of flail chest in dogs and cats: a retrospective study of 24 cases (1989–1999). J Am Animal Hosp Assoc 38:315, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

33. Orton EC: Thoracic wall. In Slatter DH, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders, p 373.

34. Patterson CC, Perry RL, Steficek B: Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor of the diaphragm in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 44:36, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

35. Pelsue DH, Monnet E, Gaynor JS, et al: Closure of median sternotomy in dogs: suture versus wire. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 38:569, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

36. Pirkey-Ehrhart N, Withrow SJ, Straw RC, et al: Primary rib tumors in 54 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 31:65, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

37. Prather AB, Berry CR, Thrall DE: Use of radiography in combination with computed tomography for the assessment of noncardiac thoracic disease in the dog and cat. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 46:114, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

38. Purinton PT, Chambers JN, Moore JL: Identification and categorization of the vascular patterns to muscles of the thoracic limb, thorax and neck of dogs. Am J Vet Res 53:1435, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

39. Reiss AJ, McKiernan BC, Wingfield WE: Myocardial injury secondary to blunt thoracic trauma in dogs: incidence and pathophysiology. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 24:934, 2002.

40. Risselada M, de Rooster H, Liuti T, et al: Use of internal splinting to realign a noncompliant sternum in a cat with pectus excavatum. J Am Vet Med Assoc 228:1047, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

41. Rooney MB, Mehl M, Monnet E: Intercostal thoracotomy closure: transcostal sutures as a less painful alternative to circumferential suture placement. Vet Surg 33:209, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

42. Sahar R, Shamir M, Johnston DE: A technique for management of bite wounds of the thoracic wall in small dogs. Vet Surg 26:45, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

43. Schallberger SP, Stanley BJ, Hauptman JG, et al: Effect of porcine small intestinal submucosa on acute full-thickness wounds in dogs. Vet Surg 37:515, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

44. Scheepens ETF, Peeters ME, E’Plattenier HF, et al. Thoracic bite trauma in dogs: a comparison of clinical and radiological parameters with surgical results. J Sm Anim Pract 47:721, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

45. Sigrist NE, Doherr MG, Spreng DE, et al: Clinical findings and diagnostic value of post-traumatic thoracic radiographs in dogs and cats with blunt trauma. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 14:259, 2004.

46. Skoracki RJ, Chang DW: Reconstruction of the chest wall and thorax. J Surg Oncol 94:455, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

47. Smallwood JE, Beaver BV: Congenital chondrosternal depression (pectus excavatum) in the cat. J Am Vet Radiol Soc 18:141, 1977.

48. Soderstrom MJ, Gilson SD, Gulbas N: Fatal reexpansion pulmonary edema in a kitten following surgical correction of pectus excavatum. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 31:133, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

49. Vnuk D, Pirkic B, Maticic D: Feline high-rise syndrome: 119 cases (1998–2001). J Feline Med Surg 6:305, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

50. Watine S, Hamaide A, Peeters D, et al: Resolution of chylothorax after resection of rib chondroma in a dog. J Sm Anim Pract 44:546, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

51. Whelan MF, O’Toole TE, Carlson KR, et al: Budd-Chiari like syndrome in a dog with chondrosarcoma of the thoracic wall. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 17:175, 2007.

52. Widhe B, Bauer HC: Scandinavian Sarcoma Group. Surgical treatment is decisive for outcome in chondrosarcoma of the chest wall: a population-based Scandinavian Sarcoma Group study of 106 patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 137:610, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

Chapter 105: Thoracic Cavity

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REFERENCES

1. Allman DA, Radlinsky MG, Ralph AG, et al: Thoracoscopic thoracic duct ligation and thoracoscopic pericardiectomy for treatment of chylothorax in dogs. Vet Surg 39:21, 2010. PUBMED Abstract

2. Aronsohn MG, Schunk KL, Carpenter JL, et al: Clinical and pathologic features of thymoma in 15 dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:1355, 1984. PUBMED Abstract

3. Au JJ, Weisman DL, Stefanacci JD, et al: Use of computed tomography for evaluation of lung lesions associated with spontaneous pneumothorax in dogs: 12 cases (1999–2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc 228:733, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

4. Barrs VR, Allan GS, Beatty JA, et al: Feline pyothorax: a retrospective study of 27 cases in Australia. J Feline Med Surg 7:211,2005. PUBMED Abstract

5. Barrs VR, Beatty JA: Feline pyothorax—new insights into an old problem: part 1. Aetiopathogenesis and diagnostic investigation. Vet J 179:163, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

6. Barrs VR, Beatty JA: Feline pyothorax: new insights into an old problem: part 2. Treatment recommendations and prophylaxis. Vet J 179:171, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

7. Bellenger CR, Hunt GB, Goldsmid SE, et al: Outcomes of thoracic surgery in dogs and cats. Aust Vet J 74:25, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

8. Bernard F, Kudnig ST, Monnet E: Hemodynamic effects of interpleural lidocaine and bupivacaine combination in anesthetized dogs with and without an open pericardium. Vet Surg 35:252, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

9. Bezuidenhout AJ: The lymphatic system. In Evans HE, editor: Miller’s anatomy of the dog, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1993, Saunders, p 717.

10. Bilbrey SA, Birchard SJ: Pulmonary lymphatics in dogs with experimentally induced chylothorax. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 30:86, 1994.

11. Birchard SJ: Noncardiogenic pleural effusion. In Bojrab MJ, editor: Disease mechanisms in small animal surgery, ed 1, Philadelphia, 1993, Lea & Febiger, p 404.

12. Boscan P, Watson Z, Spangler T, et al: Adverse effect of complete thoracic evacuation during chronic pneumothorax in a dog. Vet Anaesth Anal 34:143, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

13. Brinkman EL, Biller D, Armbrust L: The clinical usefulness of ventrodorsal versus dorsoventral thoracic radiograph in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 42:440, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

14. Brisson BA, Reggeti F, Bienzle D: Portal site metastasis of invasive mesothelioma after diagnostic thoracoscopy in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 229:980, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

15. Brissot HN, Dupre GP, Bouvy BM, et al: Thoracoscopic treatment of bullous emphysema in 3 dogs. Vet Surg 32:524, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

16. Cahalane AK, Flanders JA, Steffey MA, et al: Use of vascular access ports with intrathoracic drains for treatment of pleural effusion in three dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 230:527, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

17. Carobbi B, White RAS, Romanelli G: Treatment of idiopathic chylothorax in 14 dogs by ligation of the thoracic duct and partial pericardectomy. Vet Rec 163:743, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

18. Chun H, Cho H, Cheon H, et al: Determination of optimal dosage and delay time for computed tomographic lymphangiography after percutaneous injection of iohexol into popliteal lymph nodes in dogs. J Vet Med Sci 71:873, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

19. Clifford CA, Hughes D, Beal MW, et al: Vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations in body cavity effusions in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 16:164, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

20. Clutton RE: Edrophonium for the antagonism of neuromuscular blockade in dogs. Vet Rec 134:674, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

21. Contreras S, Vazquez JM, De Miguel A, et al: Magnetic resonance angiography of the normal canine heart and associated blood vessels. Vet J 178:130, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

22. D’Anjou MA, Tidwell AS, Hecht S: Radiographic diagnosis of lung lobe torsion. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 46:478, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

23. Day MJ: Review of thymic pathology in 30 cats and 36 dogs. J Sm Anim Pract 38:393, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

24. Demetriou JL, Foale RD, Ladlow J, et al: Canine and feline pyothorax: a retrospective study of 50 cases in the UK and Ireland. J Sm Anim Pract 43:388, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

25. Ednick MD, Pagala M, Barakat JP, et al: Telemetric recording of intrapleural pressure. J Surg Res 138(1):10–14, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

26. Enwiller TM, Radlinsky MG, Mason DE, et al: Popliteal and mesenteric lymph node injection with methylene blue for coloration of the thoracic duct in dogs. Vet Surg 32:359, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

27. Esterline ML, Radlinsky MG, Biller DS, et al: Comparison of radiographic and computed tomography lymphangiography for identification of the canine thoracic duct. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 46:391, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

28. Evans HE, editor: Miller’s anatomy of the dog, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1993, Saunders.

29. Fossum TW: Feline chylothorax. Comp Contin Educ Pract Vet 15:549, 1993.

30. Fossum TW, editor: Small animal surgery, ed 3, St Louis, 2004, Mosby.

31. Fossum TW, Mertens MM, Miller MW, et al: Thoracic duct ligation and pericardectomy for treatment of idiopathic chylothorax. J Vet Intern Med 18:307, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

32. Gookin JL, Atkins CE: Evaluation of the effect of pleural effusion on central venous pressure in cats. J Vet Intern Med 13:561, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

33. Gould L: The medical management of idiopathic chylothorax in a domestic long-haired cat. Can Vet J 45:51, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

34. Gouldstone A, Brown RE, Butler JP, et al: Stiffness of the pleural surface of the chest wall is similar to that of the lung. J Appl Physiol 95:2345, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

35. Greenberg MJ, Weiss CS: Spontaneous resolution of iatrogenic chylothorax in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 226:1667, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

36. Henninger W: Use of computed tomography in the diseased feline thorax. J Sm Anim Pract 44:56, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

37. Hirschberger J, DeNicola DB, Hermanns W, et al: Sensitivity and specificity of cytologic evaluation in the diagnosis of neoplasia in body fluids from dogs and cats. Vet Clin Pathol 28:142, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

38. Hodges CC, Fossum TW, Evering WL: Evaluation of thoracic duct healing after experimental laceration and transaction. Vet Surg 22:431, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

39. Hopko SH: The use of rutin in a cat with idiopathic chylothorax. Can Vet J 46:729, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

40. Hyashi K, Sicard G, Gellasch K, et al: Cisterna chyli ablation with thoracic duct ligation for chylothorax: results in eight dogs. Vet Surg 34:519, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

41. Jerram RM, Fossum TW, Berridge BR, et al: The efficacy of mechanical abrasion and talc slurry as methods of pleurodesis in normal dogs. Vet Surg 28:322, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

42. Johannes CM, Henry CJ, Turnquist SE, et al: Hemangiosarcoma in cats: 53 cases (1992–2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc 231:1851, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

43. Johnson EG, Wisner ER, Kyles A, et al: Computed tomographic lymphography of the thoracic duct by mesenteric lymph node injection. Vet Surg 38:361, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

44. Johnson MS, Martin MWS: Successful medical treatment of 15 dogs with pyothorax. J Sm Anim Pract 48:12, 2007.

45. Joly H, D’Anjou MA, Alexander K, et al: Comparison of single-sliced computed tomography protocols for detection of pulmonary nodules in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 50:279, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

46. Kirberger RM, Avner A: The effect of positioning on the appearance of selected cranial thoracic structures in the dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 47:61, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

47. Kopko SH: The use of rutin in a cat with idiopathic chylothorax. Can Vet J 46:729, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

48. Kovak JR, Ludwig LL, Bergman PJ, et al: Use of thoracoscopy to determine the etiology of pleural effusion in dogs and cats: 18 cases (1998–2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc 221:990, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

49. Kraje BJ, Kraje AC, Rohrbach BW, et al: Intrathoracic and concurrent orthopedic injury associated with traumatic rib fractures in cats: 75 cases (1980–1998). J Am Vet Med Assoc 216:51, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

50. LaFond E, Weirich WE, Salisbury SK: Omentalization of the thorax for treatment of idiopathic chylothorax with constrictive pleuritis in a cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 38:74, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

51. Lainesse MF, Taylor SM, Myers SL, et al: Focal myasthenia gravis as a paraneoplastic syndrome of canine thymoma: improvement following thymectomy. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 32:111, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

52. Lana S, Plaza S, Hampe K, et al: Diagnosis of mediastinal masses in dogs by flow cytometry. J Vet Intern Med 20:1161, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

53. Liptak JM, Kamstock DA, Dernell WS, et al: Cranial mediastinal carcinomas in nine dogs. Vet Comp Oncol 6:19, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

54. Little AA, Steffey M, Kraus MS: Marked pleural effusion causing right atrial collapse simulating cardiac tamponade in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 43:157, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

55. Lynn A, Dockins JM, Kuehn NF, et al: Caudal mediastinal thyroglossal duct cyst in a cat. J Sm Anim Pract 50:147, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

56. Maritato KC, Colón JA, Kergosien DH: Pneumothorax. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 31:232, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

57. Marques AIDC, Tattersall J, Shaw DJ, et al: Retrospective analysis of the relationship between time of thoracostomy drain removal and discharge time. J Sm Anim Pract 50:162, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

58. Mayhew PD, Friedberg JS: Video-assisted thoracoscopic resection of noninvasive thymomas using one-lung ventilation in two dogs. Vet Surg 37:756–762, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

59. McCarthy TC: Diagnostic thoracoscopy. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 14:213, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

60. McCarthy TC, Monnet E: Diagnostic and operative thoracoscopy. In McCarthy TC, editor: Veterinary endoscopy for the small animal practitioner, St Louis, 2005, Saunders/Elsevier, p 409.

61. Mellanby RJ, Villiers E, Herrtage ME: Canine pleural and mediastinal effusions: a retrospective study of 81 cases. J Sm Anim Pract 43:447, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

62. Moffett AC: Metastatic thymoma and acquired generalized myasthenia gravis in a beagle. Can Vet J 48:91, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

63. Monnet E: Interventional thoracoscopy in small animals. Vet Clin Sm Anim 39:965, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

64. Moores AL, Halfacree ZJ, Baines SJ, et al: Indications, outcomes and complications following lateral thoracotomy in dogs and cats. J Sm Anim Pract 48:695, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

65. Neath PJ, Brockman DJ, King LG: Lung lobe torsion in dogs: 22 cases (1981–1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc 217:1041, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

66. Newitt AL, Cripps PJ, Shimali J: Sonographic estimation of pleural fluid volume in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 50:86, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

67. Orton EC, editor: Small animal thoracic surgery, ed 1, Baltimore, 1995, Williams & Wilkins.

68. Osuna, DJ, Armstrong, P, Duncan, DE, et al: Acute renal failure after methylene blue infusion in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 26:410, 1990.

69. Padrid P: Canine and feline pleural disease. Vet Clin North Am Sm Anim Pract 30:1295, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

70. Paoloni MC, Adams WM, Dubielzig RR, et al: Comparison of results of computed tomography and radiography with histopathologic findings in tracheobronchial lymph nodes in dogs with primary lung tumors: 14 cases (1999–2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc 228:1718, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

71. Parra MD, Papsouliotis K, Ceron JJ: Concentrations of C-reactive protein in effusions in dogs. Vet Rec 158:753, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

72. Prather AB, Berry CR, Thrall DE: Use of radiography in combination with computed tomography for the assessment of noncardiac thoracic disease in the dog and cat. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 46:114, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

73. Puerto DA, Brockman DJ, Lindquist C, et al: Surgical and nonsurgical management of and selected risk factors for spontaneous pneumothorax in dogs: 64 cases (1986–1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc 220:1670, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

74. Radlinsky MG, Mason DE, Biller DS, et al: Thoracoscopic visualization and ligation of the thoracic duct in dogs. Vet Surg 31:138, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

75. Risselada M, deRooster H, Taeymans O, et al: Penetrating injuries in dogs and cats. A study of 16 cases. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 21:434,2008. PUBMED Abstract

76. Rooney MB, Mehl M, Monnet E: Intercostal thoracotomy closure: transcostal sutures as a less painful alternative to circumcostal suture placement. Vet Surg 33:209–213, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

77. Rooney MB, Monnet E: Medical and surgical treatment of pyothorax in dogs: 26 cases (1991–2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc 221:86, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

78. Scheepens ETF, Peeters ME, L’Eplattenier HF, et al: Thoracic bite trauma in dogs: a comparison of clinical and radiological parameters with surgical results. J Sm Anim Pract 47:721, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

79. Scherrer WE, Kyles AE, Samii VF, et al: Computed tomographic assessment of vascular invasion and respectability of mediastinal masses in dogs and a cat. N Z Vet J 56:330, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

80. Schmiedt CW, Washabaugh KF, Rao DB, et al: Chylothorax associated with congenital peritoneal pericardial diaphragmatic hernia in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 45:134, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

81. Schultz RM, Peters J, Zwingenberger A: Radiography, computed tomography and virtual bronchoscopy in four dogs and two cats with lung lobe torsion. J Sm Anim Pract 50:360, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

82. Schultz RM, Zwingenberger A: Radiographic, computed tomographic, and ultrasonographic findings with migrating intrathoracic grass awns in dogs and cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 49:249–255, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

83. Seiler G, Schwarz T, Vignoli M, et al: Computed tomographic feature of lung lobe torsion. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 49:504, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

84. Seo KW, Choi US, Jung YC, et al: Palliative intravenous cisplatin treatment for concurrent peritoneal and pleural mesothelioma in a dog. J Vet Med Sci 69:201, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

85. Shaw SP, Rozanski EA, Rush JE: Thoracic body wall herniation in 36 dogs and cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 39:35, 2003.

86. Sicard GK, Waller KR, McAnulty JF: The effect of cisterna chyli ablation combined with thoracic duct ligation on abdominal lymphatic drainage. Vet Surg 34:64, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

87. Silverstein DC: Pleural space disease. In King LG, editor: Textbook of respiratory disease in dogs and cats, ed 1, Philadelphia, 2004, Saunders, p 49.

88. Smeak DD, Birchard SJ, McLoughlin MA, et al: Treatment of chronic pleural effusion with pleuroperitoneal shunts in dogs: 14 cases (1985–1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc 219:1590, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

89. Smith AN, Wright JC, Brawner WR, et al: Radiation therapy in the treatment of canine and feline thymomas: a retrospective study (1985–1999). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 37:489, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

90. Smits B, Reid MM: Feline paraneoplastic syndrome associated with thymoma. N Z Vet J 51:244, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

91. Sparkes A, Murphy S, McConnell F, et al: Palliative intracavitary carboplatin therapy in a cat with suspected pleural mesothelioma. J Feline Med Surg 7:313, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

92. Spugnini EP, Crispi S, Scarabello A, et al: Piroxicam and intracavitary platinum-based chemotherapy for the treatment of advanced mesothelioma in pets: preliminary observations. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 27:6, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

93. Talavera J, Agut A, Fernandez del Palacia J, et al: Thoracic omentalization for long-term management of neoplastic pleural effusion in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 234:1299–1302, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

94. Tanaka R, Shimizu M, Hirao H, et al: Surgical management of a double-chambered right ventricle and chylothorax in a Labrador retriever. J Sm Anim Pract 47:405, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

95. Tattersall JA, Welsh E: Factors influencing the short-term outcome following thoracic surgery in 98 dogs. J Sm Anim Pract 47:715, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

96. Thompson MD, Carr AP: Hyponatremia and hyperkalemia associated with chylous pleural and peritoneal effusion in a cat. Can Vet J 43:610, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

97. Valentine BA, McGavin MD: Skeletal muscle. In McGavin MD, editor: Pathologic basis of veterinary disease, ed 4, St Louis, 2006, Mosby, p 1005.

98. Valtolina C, Adamantos S: Evaluation of small-bore wire-guided chest drains for management of pleural space disease. J Sm Anim Pract 50:290, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

99. Van den Broek A: Pneumomediastinum in seventeen dogs: aetiology and radiographic signs. J Sm Anim Pract 27:747, 1986.

100. Viehoff FW, Stokof AA: En bloc ligation of the thoracic duct in twelve dogs with idiopathic chylothorax. Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde 128:278, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

101. Vnuk D, Pirkic B, Maticic D, et al: Feline high-rise syndrome: 119 cases (1998–2001). J Feline Med Surg 6:305, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

102. Waddell LS, Brady CA, Drobatz KJ: Risk factors, prognostic indicators, and outcome of pyothorax in cats: 80 cases (1986–1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc 221:819, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

103. Walker AL, Jang SS, Hirsh DC: Bacterial associated with pyothorax of dogs and cats: 98 cases (1989–1998). J Am Vet Med Assoc 216:359, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

104. White HL, Rozanski EA, Tidwell AS, et al: Spontaneous pneumothorax in two cats with small airway disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 222:1573, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

105. Whitney WO, Mehlhaff CJ: High-rise syndrome in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:1399, 1987. PUBMED Abstract

106. Williams JM, Niles JD: Use of omentum as a physiologic drain for treatment of chylothorax in a dog. Vet Surg 28:61, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

107. Yoon HY, Mann FA, Lee S, et al: Comparison of the amounts of air leakage into the thoracic cavity associated with four thoracostomy tube placement techniques in canine cadavers. Am J Vet Res 70:1161, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

108. Yoon J, Feeney DA, Cronk DE, et al: Computed tomographic evaluation of canine and feline mediastinal masses in 14 patients. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 45:542, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

109. Zekas LJ, Crawford JT, O’Brien RT: Computed tomography-guided fine-needle aspirate and tissue-core biopsy of intrathoracic lesions in thirty dogs and cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 46:200, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

110. Zitz JC, Birchard SJ, Couto GC, et al: Results of excision of thymoma in cats and dogs: 20 cases (1984–2005). J Am Vet Med Assoc 232:1186, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

111. Zoia A, Slater LA, Heller J, et al: A new approach to pleural effusion in cats: markers for distinguishing transudates from exudates. J Feline Med Surg 11:847, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

SECTION X: Cardiovascular System

Chapter 106: Cardiac Surgery

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53. Klement P, del Nido PJ, Mickleborough L, et al: Technique and postoperative management for successful cardiopulmonary bypass and open-heart surgery in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 190:869, 1987. PUBMED Abstract

54. Koffas H, Fuentes VL, Boswood A, et al: Double-chambered right ventricle in 9 cats. J Vet Intern Med 21:76–80, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

55. Krahwinkel DJ, Sackman JE: Surgical correction of pulmonic stenosis. In Bojrab MJ, editor: Current techniques in small animal surgery, ed 4, Baltimore, 1998, Williams & Wilkins, p 662.

56. Laschinger JC, Cunningham JN, Cooper MM: Monitoring of somatosensory potentials during surgical procedures on the thoracoabdominal aorta. I. Relationship of the aortic cross-clamp duration, changes in somatosensory evoked potentials, and incidence of neurological dysfunction. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 94:260, 1987. PUBMED Abstract

57. Lew LJ, Fowler JD, Egger CM, et al: Deep hypothermic low flow cardiopulmonary bypass in small dogs. Vet Surg 26:281, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

58. Maisano F, Torracca L, Oppizzi M, et al: The edge-to-edge technique: a simplified method to correct mitral insufficiency. Eur J Cardio-Thorac Surg 13:240, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

59. Mama K: Personal communication, November 24, 2009.

60. Martin J, Orton EC, Boon J, et al: Surgical correction of double-chambered right ventricle in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 220:770, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

61. Marx GR, Allen HD, Goldberg SJ, et al: Transatrial septal velocity measurement by Doppler echocardiography in atrial septal defect: correlation with Qp:Qs ratio. Am J Cardiol 55:1162, 1985. PUBMED Abstract

62. Miller CW, Holmberg DL, Bowen V, et al: Microsurgical management of tetralogy of Fallot in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 186:708, 1985. PUBMED Abstract

63. Monnet E, Orton EC, Gaynor J, et al: Partial atrioventricular septal defect: diagnosis and surgical repair in two dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:569, 1997.PUBMED Abstract

64. Ogilvie GK, Powers BE, Mallinckrodt CH, et al: Surgery and doxorubicin in dogs with hemangiosarcoma. J Vet Intern Med 10:379, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

65. 64a. Orton EC, Arai S, Griffiths LG, et al: Bioprosthesis valve replacement in dogs with congenital tricuspid valve dysplasia: technique and outcome. J Vet Cardiol 13:91, 2011. PUBMED Abstract

65. Orton EC, Bruecker KA, McCracken TO: An open patch-graft technique for correction of pulmonic stenosis in the dog. Vet Surg 19:148, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

66. Orton EC, Hackett TA, Mama K, et al: Technique and outcome of mitral valve replacement in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 226:1508–1511, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

67. Orton EC, Mama K, Hellyer P, et al: Open surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot in two dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 219:1089, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

68. Oswald GP, Orton EC: Patent ductus arteriosus and pulmonary hypertension in related Pembroke Welsh Corgi dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:761, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

69. Pacifico AD: Atrio-ventricular septal defects. In Stark J, de Leval M, editors: Surgery for congenital heart defects, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1994, Saunders, p 373.

70. Patterson DF, Pyle RL, Van Mierop L, et al: Hereditary defects in the conotruncal septum on Keeshond dogs: pathologic and genetic studies. Am J Cardiol 34:187, 1974. PUBMED Abstract

71. Patterson DF: Congenital heart disease in the dog. Ann NY Acad Sci 127:541, 1965. PUBMED Abstract

72. Ringwald RJ, Bonagura JD: Tetralogy of Fallot in the dog: clinical findings in 13 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 24:33, 1988.

73. Ristic JME, Mrin CJ, Baines EA, et al: Congenital pulmonic stenosis: a retrospective study of 24 cases seen between 1990–1999. J Vet Cardiol 3:13, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

74. Shimizu M, Tanaka R, Hoshi K, et al: Surgical correction of ventricular septal defect with aortic regurgitation in a dog. Aust Vet J 84:117–121, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

75. Shores A, Weirich WE: A modified pericardial patch graft technique for correction of pulmonic stenosis in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 21:809, 1985.

76. Sreeram N, Saleem M, Jackson M, et al: Results of balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty as a palliative procedure in tetralogy of Fallot. J Am Coll Cardiol 18:159, 1990.

77. Stafford Johnson M, Edwards MD, French A, Henley W: Pulmonic stenosis in dogs; balloon dilation improves clinical outcome. J Vet Intern Med 18:656–662, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

78. Stanley BJ, Luis-Fuentes V, Darke PGG: Comparison of the incidence of residual shunting between two surgical techniques used for ligation of patent ductus arteriosus in the dog. Vet Surg 32:231, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

79. Stark J: Secundum atrial septal defect and partial anomalous pulmonary venous return. In Stark J, de Leval M, editors: Surgery for congenital heart defects, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1994, WB Saunders, p 343.

80. Staudte KL, Gibson NR, Read RA, Edwards GA: Evaluation of closed pericardial patch grafting for management of severe pulmonic stenosis. Aust Vet J 82:33, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

81. Swan H, Zeavin I, Bount SG, et al: Surgery by direct vision in the open heart during hypothermia. J Am Med Assoc 153:1081, 1953. PUBMED Abstract

82. Takashima K, Soda A, Tanaka R, et al: Long-term clinical evaluation of mitral valve replacement with porcine bioprosthetic valves in dogs. J Vet Med Sci 70:279, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

83. Takashima K, Soda A, Tanaka R, et al: Short-term performance of mitral valve replacement with porcine bioprosthetic valves in dogs. J Vet Med Sci 69:793, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

84. Tanaka R, Shimizu M, Hoshi K, et al: Efficacy of open patch-grafting under cardiopulmonary bypass for pulmonic stenosis in small dogs. Aust Vet J 87:88, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

85. Tilley LP, Bond B, Patnaik AK, et al: Cardiovascular tumors in the cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 17:1009, 1981.

86. Tobias AH, Thomas WP, Kittleson MD, et al: Cor triatriatum dexter in two dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:28, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

87. Triplett DA: Current recommendations for warfarin therapy. Cardiol Clin Ann Drug Therapy 2:141, 1998.

88. Van Israel N, Dukes-McEwan J, French AT: Long-term follow up of dogs with patent ductus arteriosus. J Sm Anim Pract 44:480, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

89. Vicari E, Brown DC, Brockman DJ, et al: Heart-base tumors in dogs: a retrospective study of 25 cases. Vet Surg 29:478, 2000.

90. Vongpatanasin W, Hillis LD, Lange RA: Prosthetic heart valves. N Engl J Med 335:407, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

91. Wander KW, Monnet E, Orton EC: Surgical correction of cor triatriatum sinister in a kitten. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 34:383, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

92. Ware WA, Hopper DL. Cardiac tumors in dogs: 1982–1995. J Vet Intern Med 13:95–103, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

93. Weisse WC, Soares N, Beal MW, et al: Survival times in dogs with right atrial hemangiosarcoma treated by means of surgical resection with or without adjuvant chemotherapy: 23 cases (1986–2000). J Am Vet Med Assoc 226:575, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

94. Willard MD, Eyster GE: Double-chambered right ventricle in two dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 178:486, 1981. PUBMED Abstract

95. Wykes PM, Rouse GP, Orton EC: Removal of five canine cardiac tumors using a stapling instrument. Vet Surg 15:103, 1986.

Chapter 107: Pericardial Surgery

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31. Farrow CS: Exercise in radiology [globose cardiomegaly compatible with pericardial effusion; dog]. Can Vet J 25:302–303, 1984. PUBMED Abstract

32. Feigenbaum H: Hemodynamic information derived from echocardiography. In Feigenbaum H, editor: Echocardiography, ed 5, Philadelphia, 1994, Lea & Febiger, pp 181–215.

33. Fine DM, Olivier NB, Walshaw R, Schall WD: Surgical correction of late-onset Budd-Chiari-like syndrome in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 212:835–837, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

34. Fine DM, Tobias AH, Jacob KA: Use of pericardial fluid pH to distinguish between idiopathic and neoplastic effusions. J Vet Intern Med 17:525–529, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

35. Fossum TW, Miller MW, Rogers KS, et al: Chylothorax associated with right-sided heart failure in five cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 204:84–89, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

36. Fowler NO: Pulsus paradoxus. Heart Dis Stroke 3:68–69, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

37. Gaag IV, Luer JT: Eight cases of pericardial defects in the dog. Vet Pathol 14:14–18, 1977. PUBMED Abstract

38. Gonin-Jmaa D, Paulsen DB, Taboada J: Pericardial effusion in a dog with rhabdomyosarcoma in the right ventricular wall. J Sm Anim Pract 37:193–196, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

39. Gores BR, Berg J, Carpenter JL, Aronsohn MG: Surgical treatment of thymoma in cats: 12 cases (1987–1992). J Am Vet Med Assoc 204:1782–1785, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

40. Goto Y, LeWinter MM: Nonuniform regional deformation of the pericardium during the cardiac cycle in dogs. Circ Res 67:1107–1114, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

41. Gouliamos A, Andreou J, Steriotis J, et al: Detection of pericardial heart disease by computed tomography. Clin Radiol 35:397–400, 1984. PUBMED Abstract

42. Hancock EW: Cardiac tamponade. Heart Dis Stroke 3:155–158, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

43. Heinritz CK, Gilson SD, Soderstrom MJ, et al: Subtotal pericardectomy and epicardial excision for treatment of coccidioidomycosis-induced effusive-constrictive pericarditis in dogs: 17 cases (1999–2003). J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:435–440, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

44. Jackson J, Richter KP, Launer DP: Thoracoscopic partial pericardiectomy in 13 dogs. J Vet Intern Med 13:529–533, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

45. Kagan KG: Thoracic trauma. Vet Clin North Am Sm Anim Pract 10:641–653, 1980. PUBMED Abstract

46. Kerstetter KK, Krahwinkel DJ, Millis DL, et al: Pericardiectomy in dogs: 22 case (1978–1994). J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:736–740, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

47. Kirkland LL, Taylor RW: Pericardiocentesis. Crit Care Clin 8:699–712, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

48. Less RD, Bright JM, Orton EC: Intrapericardial cyst causing cardiac tamponade in a cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 36:115–119, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

49. Lombard CW: Pericardial disease. Vet Clin North Am Sm Anim Pract 13:337–353, 1983. PUBMED Abstract

50. Machida N, Tanaka R, Takemura N, et al: Development of pericardial mesothelioma in golden retrievers with a long-term history of idiopathic haemorrhagic pericardial effusion. J Comp Pathol 131:166–175, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

51. Marion J, Schwartz A, Ettinger S, et al: Pericardial effusion in a young dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 157:1055–1063, 1970. PUBMED Abstract

52. Mellanby RJ, Herrtage ME: Long-term survival of 23 dogs with pericardial effusions. Vet Rec 156:568–571, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

53. Miller MW, Sisson DD: Pericardial disorders. In Ettinger SJ, editor: Textbook of veterinary internal medicine, ed 5, Philadelphia, 2000, Saunders, pp 923–936.

54. Orton EC: Pericardium. In Orton EC, editor: Small animal thoracic surgery, ed 1, Baltimore, 1995, Williams & Wilkins, pp 177–185.

55. Owens JM: Pericardial effusion in the cat. Vet Clin North Am Sm Anim Pract 7:373–383, 1977. PUBMED Abstract

56. Petrus DJ, Henik RA: Pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade secondary to brodifacoum toxicosis in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 215:647–648, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

57. Price EK, Mullen PA: A case of haemopericardium in the dog. Vet Rec 78:480–485, 1966. PUBMED Abstract

58. Reddy PS, Curtiss EI: Cardiac tamponade. Cardiol Clin 8:627–637, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

59. Rodgers KG: Cardiovascular shock. Emerg Med Clin North Am 13:793–810, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

60. Rush JE, Keene BW, Fox PR: Pericardial disease in the cat: a retrospective evaluation of 66 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 26:39–46, 1990.

61. Santamore WP, Constantinescu MS, Bogen D, Johnston WE: Nonuniform distribution of normal pericardial fluid. Basic Res Card 85:541–549, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

62. Shabetai R: The role of the pericardium in the pathophysiology of heart failure. In Hosenpud JD, Greenberg BH, editors: Congestive heart failure: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and comprehensive approach to management, ed 1, New York, 1994, Springer-Verlag, pp 95–125.

63. Simpson DJ, Hunt GB, Church DB, Beck JA: Benign masses in the pericardium of two dogs. Aust Vet J 77:225–229, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

64. Sisson D, Thomas W: Pericardial disease and cardiac tumors. In Fox PR, Sisson D, Moïse NS, editors: Textbook of canine and feline cardiology, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1999, Saunders, pp 679–699.

65. Sisson D, Thomas WP, Reed J, et al: Intrapericardial cysts in the dog. J Vet Intern Med 7:364–369, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

66. Sisson D, Thomas WP, Ruehl WW, Zinkl JG: Diagnostic value of pericardial fluid analysis in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:51–55, 1984. PUBMED Abstract

67. Soulen RL: Magnetic resonance imaging of great vessel, myocardial, and pericardial disease. Circulation 84:311–321, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

68. Spodick DH: Acute cardiac tamponade. N Engl J Med 349:684–690, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

69. Spodick DH: Pathophysiology of cardiac tamponade [published erratum appears in Chest 114(2):662, 1998]. Chest 113:1372–1378, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

70. Thomas WP, Reed JR, Bauer TG, et al: Constrictive pericardial disease in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:546–553, 526 ref, 1984. PUBMED Abstract

71. Tobias AH, McNiel EA: Pericardial disorders and cardiac tumors. In Tilley LP, Smith FWK, Oyama MA, et al, editors: Manual of canine and feline cardiology, ed 4, St Louis, 2005, Saunders/Elsevier.

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73. Walsh PJ, Remedios AM, Ferguson JF, et al: Thoracoscopic versus open partial pericardectomy in dogs: comparison of postoperative pain and morbidity. Vet Surg 28:472–479, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

74. Wooley RM, Devine CB, French AT: Left ventricular flow propagation using color M-mode echocardiography in the diagnosis of effusive-constrictive pericardial disease. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 47:366–369, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

75. Wright KN, DeNovo RCJ, Patton CS, et al: Effusive-constrictive pericardial disease secondary to osseous metaplasia of the pericardium in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:2091–2095, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

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Chapter 108: Vascular Surgery

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32. Monnet E, Orton EC, Gaynor JS, et al: Open resection for subvalvular aortic stenoses in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:1255, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

33. Pelosi A, Eyster GE, Dejardin LM, et al: Use of a jugular vein graft in a modified Blalock-Taussig procedure in dogs. Am J Vet Res 67:174, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

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41. Sun F, Uson J, Crisostomo V, et al: Interventional cardiovascular techniques in small animal practice-embolotherapy and chemoembolization. J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:402, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

42. Tillson DM: Spleen. In Slatter D, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2002, Saunders, p 1046.

43. Tobias KM, Cambridge A, Gavin P: Cyanoacrylate occlusion and resection of an arteriovenous fistula in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 219:785, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

44. Toombs JP, Clarke KM: Basic operative techniques. In Slatter D, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2002, Saunders, p 199.

45. Veith FJ, Lipsitz EC, Gargiulo NJ, et al: Techniques for thromboembolectomy of native arteries and bypass grafts. In Rutherford RB, editor: Vascular surgery, ed 6, Philadelphia, 2005, Elsevier Saunders, p 672.

46. Weisse CW, Berent AC, Todd KL, et al: Potential applications of interventional radiology in veterinary medicine. J Am Vet Med Assoc 233:1564, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

47. Weisse CW, Nicholson ME, Rollings C, et al: Use of percutaneous arterial embolization for treatment of intractable epistaxis in three dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:1307, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

48. Weisse CW, Schwartz K, Stronger R, et al: Transjugular coil embolization of an intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 221:1287, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

49. White GH, May J: Autogenous vein for fistulas and interpositional grafts. In Wilson SE, editor: Vascular access principles and practice, ed 4, Philadelphia, 2002, Mosby, p 90.

50. Wilson SE: Autologous arteriovenous fistulas: direct anastomoses for hemodialysis access. In Wilson SE, editor: Vascular access principles and practice, ed 4, Philadelphia, 2002, Mosby, p 82.

SECTION XI: Urogenital System

Chapter 109: Ovaries and Uterus

[pic]

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30. Borresen B: Pyometra in the dog—a pathophysiological investigation. II. Anamnestic, clinical and reproductive aspects. Nord Vet Med 31:251, 1979. PUBMED Abstract

31. Borresen B: Pyometra in the dog—a pathophysiological investigation. IV. Functional derangement of extra-genital organs. Nord Vet Med 32:255, 1980. PUBMED Abstract

32. Borresen B, Skrede S: Pyometra in the dog—a pathophysiological investigation. V. The presence of intrahepatic cholestasis and an “acute phase reaction.” Nord Vet Med 32:378, 1980. PUBMED Abstract

33. Bouchard GF, Malugani N, Youngquist RS, et al: Determination of ovulation in the bitch with a qualitative progesterone enzyme immunoassay in serum, plasma and whole blood. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 47:517, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

34. Bovee KC, Jezyk PF, Segal SC: Postnatal development of renal tubular amino acid reabsorption in canine pups. Am J Vet Res 45:830–832, 1984. PUBMED Abstract

35. Bowen RA, Olson PN, Behrendt MD, et al: Efficacy and toxicity of estrogens commonly used to terminate canine pregnancy. J Am Vet Med Assoc 186:783, 1985. PUBMED Abstract

36. Boyd JS, Renton JP, Harvey MJ, et al. Problems associated with ultrasonography of the canine ovary around the time of ovulation. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 47:101, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

37. Brodey RS, Roszel JF: Neoplasms of the canine uterus, vagina, and vulva: a clinicopathologic survey of 90 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 151:1294, 1967. PUBMED Abstract

38. Brown AJ: Torsion of the gravid uterus in a bitch. Vet Rec 94:202, 1974. PUBMED Abstract

39. Bruckner JB, Hess W, Schneider E, et al: [Doxapram-induced changes in circulation and myocardial efficiency (author’s transl)]. Anaesthesist 26:156, 1977. PUBMED Abstract

40. Bruinsma DL: Feline uterine prolapse (a case report). Vet Med Small Anim Clin 76:60, 1981. PUBMED Abstract

41. Burrow R, Batchelor D, Cripps P: Complications observed during and after ovariohysterectomy of 142 bitches at a veterinary teaching hospital. Vet Rec 157:829, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

42. Burwell CS, Strayhorn WD, Flickinger D, et al: Circulation during pregnancy. Arch Intern Med 62:979, 1938.

43. Bysted BV, Dieleman SJ, Hyttel P, et al: Embryonic developmental stages in relation to the LH peak in dogs. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 57:181, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

44. Campbell BCG: Ovariohysterectomy. In VM 553 small animal surgery course notes. Washington State University, 2008.

45. Capiau E, De Schepper J, Van der Stock J: Renal failure and serum enzymes in 127 dogs with pyometra. Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 56:214–220, 1987.

46. Chaffaux S, Thibier M: Peripheral plasma concentrations of progesterone in the bitch with pyometra. Ann Rech Vet 9:587, 1978. PUBMED Abstract

47. Chen YM, Wright PJ, Lee CS, et al: Uropathogenic virulence factors in isolates of Escherichia coli from clinical cases of canine pyometra and feces of healthy bitches. Vet Microbiol 94:57, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

48. Christie DW, Bell ET, Parkes MF, et al: Plasma progesterone levels in canine uterine disease. Vet Rec 90:704, 1972. PUBMED Abstract

49. Chun R, Garrett L: Urogenital and mammary gland tumors. In Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC, editors: Textbook of veterinary internal medicine, ed 6, St Louis, 2005, Saunders/Elsevier, p 783.

50. Concannon PW: Canine pregnancy: predicting parturition and timing events of gestation. In Concannon PW, England G, Verstegen J, Linde-Forsberg C, editors: Recent advances in small animal reproduction, Ithaca, NY, 2000, International Veterinary Information Service. PUBMED Abstract

51. Concannon PW: Reproductive physiology and endocrine patterns of the bitch. In Kirk RW, editor: Current veterinary therapy VIII, Philadelphia, 1983, Saunders, p 886.

52. Concannon PW: Understanding and monitoring canine pregnancy. Proc 30th Worlds Congress Small Anim Vet Assoc, 2005. Available at: .

53. Concannon PW, Hansel W, McEntee K: Changes in LH, progesterone and sexual behavior associated with preovulatory luteinization in the bitch. Biol Reprod 17:604, 1977. PUBMED Abstract

54. Concannon PW, Hansel W, Visek WJ: The ovarian cycle of the bitch: plasma estrogen, LH and progesterone. Biol Reprod 13:112, 1975. PUBMED Abstract

55. Concannon P, Rendano V: Radiographic diagnosis of canine pregnancy: onset of fetal skeletal radiopacity in relation to times of breeding, preovulatory luteinizing hormone release, and parturition. Am J Vet Res 44:1506, 1983. PUBMED Abstract

56. Concannon P, Tsutsui T, Shille V: Embryo development, hormonal requirements and maternal responses during canine pregnancy. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 57:169, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

57. Concannon P, Whaley S, Lein D, et al: Canine gestation length: variation related to time of mating and fertile life of sperm. Am J Vet Res 44:1819, 1983. PUBMED Abstract

58. Corrada Y, Arias D, Rodriguez R, et al: Combination dopamine agonist and prostaglandin agonist treatment of cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra complex in the bitch. Theriogenology 66:1557, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

59. Cotchin E: Canine ovarian neoplasms. Res Vet Sci 2:133–141, 1961.

60. Coutinho EM, Maia HS: The contractile response of the human uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovary to prostaglandins in vivo. Fertil Steril 22:539, 1971. PUBMED Abstract

61. Couto CG: Anemia. In Nelson RW, editor: Small animal internal medicine, ed 4, St Louis, 2009, Mosby Elsevier, p 1209.

62. Cox JE: Progestagens in bitches: a review. J Small Anim Pract 11:759, 1970. PUBMED Abstract

63. Crane SW: Occurrence and management of obesity in companion Animals. J Small Anim Pract 32:275–282, 1991.

64. Culp WTN, Mayhew PD, Brown DC: The effect of laparoscopic versus open ovariectomy on postsurgical activity in small dogs. Proc 5th Vet Endosc Soc Annu Meet, 2008.

65. Dabrowski R, Wawron W, Kostro K: Changes in CRP, SAA and haptoglobin produced in response to ovariohysterectomy in healthy bitches and those with pyometra. Theriogenology 67:321, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

66. Darvelid AW, Linde-Forsberg C: Dystocia in the bitch: a retrospective study of 182 cases. J Small Anim Pract 35:402–407, 1994.

67. Davidson AP: Uterine and fetal monitoring in the bitch. Vet Clin North Am 31:305, 2001.

68. Davidson AP, Feldman EC: Ovarian and estrous cycle abnormalities. In Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC, editors: Textbook of veterinary internal medicine, ed 6, St Louis, 2005, Saunders/Elsevier, p 1649.

69. Davidson EB, Moll HD, Payton ME: Comparison of laparoscopic ovariohysterectomy and ovariohysterectomy in dogs. Vet Surg 33:62–69, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

70. De Bosschere H, Ducatelle R, Vermeirsch H, et al: Cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra complex in the bitch: should the two entities be disconnected? Theriogenology 55:1509, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

71. De Bosschere H, Ducatelle R, Vermeirsch H, et al: Estrogen-alpha and progesterone receptor expression in cystic endometrial hyperplasia and pyometra in the bitch. Anim Reprod Sci 70:251, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

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73. De Schepper J, van der Stock J, Capiau E, et al: Renal injury in dogs with pyometra. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 112(suppl 1):124S, 1987. PUBMED Abstract

74. De Schepper J, De Cock I, Capiau E: Urinary gamma-glutamyl transferase and the degree of renal dysfunction in 75 bitches with pyometra. Res Vet Sci 46:396, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

75. De Schepper J, van der Stock J, Capiau E: The characteristic pattern of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in the bitch with the cystic hyperplasia-pyometra complex: effect of medical or surgical treatment. Vet Res Commun 11:65, 1987. PUBMED Abstract

76. Dehner LP, Norris HJ, Garner FM, et al: Comparative pathology of ovarian neoplasms. III. Germ cell tumors of canine, bovine, feline, rodent and human species. J Comp Pathol 80:299–306, 1970. PUBMED Abstract

77. De Shepper J, Van der Stock J, Capiau E: The morphological and biochemical blood profile in different forms of endometritis post oestrum (pyometra) in the dog. A study of 96 cases. Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 55:153–162, 1986.

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79. Dhaliwal GK, England GC, Noakes DE: Oestrogen and progesterone receptors in the uterine wall of bitches with cystic endometrial hyperplasia/pyometra. Vet Rec 145:455, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

80. Dhaliwal GK, Wray C, Noakes DE: Uterine bacterial flora and uterine lesions in bitches with cystic endometrial hyperplasia (pyometra). Vet Rec 143:659, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

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82. Diezbru N, Garciareal I, Martinez EM, et al: Ultrasonographic appearance of ovarian tumors in 10 dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 39:226–233, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

83. Dow C: Experimental reproduction of the cystic hyperplasia-pyometra complex in the bitch. J Pathol Bacteriol 78:267–278, 1959. PUBMED Abstract

84. Dow C: Ovarian abnormalities in the bitch. J Comp Pathol 70:59–69, 1960. PUBMED Abstract

85. Dow C: The cystic hyperplasia-pyometra complex in the bitch. J Comp Pathol 69:237–250, 1959. PUBMED Abstract

86. Dow C: The cystic hyperplasia-pyometra complex in the bitch. Vet Rec 69:1409–1415, 1957.

87. Dow C: The cystic hyperplasia-pyometra complex in the bitch. Vet Rec 70:1102–1110, 1958.

88. Dunn TJ, Foster RC: Perforated uterus in a bitch. Mod Vet Pract 58:240, 1977. PUBMED Abstract

89. Durfee PT Jr: Surgical treatment of postparturient metritis in the bitch. J Am Vet Med Assoc 153:40, 1968. PUBMED Abstract

90. Dyce KM, et al: Textbook of veterinary anatomy, Philadelphia, 1987, Saunders, p 432.

91. Eckersall PD, Harvey MJ, Ferguson JM, et al: Acute phase proteins in canine pregnancy (Canis familiaris). J Reprod Fertil Suppl 47:159, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

92. Edney ATB, Smith PM: Study of obesity in dogs visiting veterinary practices in the United Kingdom. Vet Rec 118:391–396, 1986. PUBMED Abstract

93. Egenvall A, Hagman R, Bonnett BN, et al: Breed risk of pyometra in insured dogs in Sweden. J Vet Intern Med 15:530, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

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96. England GC, Yeager AE: Ultrasonographic appearance of the ovary and uterus of the bitch during oestrus, ovulation and early pregnancy. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 47:107, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

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98. Evan AP, Stoeckel JA, Loemker V, et al: Development of the intrarenal vascular system of the puppy kidney. Anat Rec 194:187–200, 1979. PUBMED Abstract

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100. Faggella AM, Aronsohn MG: Anesthetic techniques for neutering 6- to 14-week-old kittens. J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:56–62, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

101. Faggella AM, Aronsohn MG: Evaluation of anesthetic protocols for neutering 6- to 14-week-old pups. J Am Vet Med Assoc 205:308–314, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

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103. Farnsworth R: Personal communication, July 2009.

104. Farrow CW, et al: Late term fetal death in the dog: early radiographic diagnosis. J Am Vet Radiol 17:11, 1976.

105. Fayrer-Hosken RA, Durham DH, Allen S, et al: Follicular cystic ovaries and cystic endometrial hyperplasia in a bitch. J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:107, 1992.

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120. Fransson BA, Lagerstedt A-S, Bergstrom A, et al: C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor ± and interleukin 6 in dogs with pyometra and SIRS. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 17:373, 2007.

121. Fransson B, Lagerstedt AS, Hellmen E, et al: Bacteriological findings, blood chemistry profile and plasma endotoxin levels in bitches with pyometra or other uterine diseases. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 44:417, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

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123. Funquist PME, Nyman GC, Löfgren AJ, et al: Use of propofol isoflurane as an anesthetic regimen for cesarean section in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:313–317, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

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128. Gentry PA, Liptrap RM: Influence of progesterone and pregnancy on canine fibrinogen values. J Small Anim Pract 22:185, 1981. PUBMED Abstract

129. Getty R: Sisson and Grossman’s anatomy of domestic animals, Philadelphia, 1975, WB Saunders.

130. Gilroy BA, DeYoung DJ: Cesarean section. Anesthetic management and surgical technique. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 16:483, 1986. PUBMED Abstract

131. Gilson SD: Cesarean section. In Slatter DH, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders, p 1517.

132. Gobello C: Dopamine agonists, anti-progestins, anti-androgens, long-term-release GnRH agonists and anti-estrogens in canine reproduction: a review. Theriogenology 66:1560, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

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135. Goodwin JK, Hager D, Phillips L, et al: Bilateral ovarian adenocarcinoma in a dog: ultrasonographic diagnosis. Vet Radiol 31:265–267, 1990.

136. Goshen T, Shpigel NY: Evaluation of intrauterine antibiotic treatment of clinical metritis and retained fetal membranes in dairy cows. Theriogenology 66:2210, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

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139. Greenlee PG, Patnaik AK: Canine ovarian tumors of germ cell origin. Vet Pathol 22:117–122, 1985. PUBMED Abstract

140. Gregory SP, Holt PE, Parkinson TJ, et al: Vaginal position and length in the bitch: relationship to spaying and urinary incontinence. J Small Anim Pract 40:180–184, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

141. Gregory SP, Parkinson TJ, Holt PE: Urethral conformation and position in relation to urinary incontinence in the bitch. Vet Rec 131:167–170, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

142. Grindlay M, Renton JP, Ramsay DH: O-groups of Escherichia coli associated with canine pyometra. Res Vet Sci 14:75, 1973. PUBMED Abstract

143. Grundy SA: Clinically relevant physiology of the neonate. Vet Clin Small Anim 36(3):443–459, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

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145. Gruys E, van Dijk JE: Four canine ovarian teratomas and a nonovarian feline teratoma. Vet Pathol 13:455–459, 1976. PUBMED Abstract

146. Gunn-Moore DA, Thrusfield MV: Feline dystocia: prevalence, and association with cranial conformation and breed. Vet Rec 136:350, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

147. Hadley JC: Unconjugated oestrogen and progesterone concentrations in the blood of bitches with false pregnancy and pyometra. Vet Rec 96:545, 1975. PUBMED Abstract

148. Hagman R, Greko C: Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from bitches with pyometra and from urine samples from other dogs. Vet Rec 157:193, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

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150. Hagman R, Kuhn I: Escherichia coli strains isolated from the uterus and urinary bladder of bitches suffering from pyometra: comparison by restriction enzyme digestion and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Vet Microbiol 84:143, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

151. Hagman R, Reezigt BJ, Bergstrom Ledin H, et al: Blood lactate levels in 31 female dogs with pyometra. Acta Vet Scand 51:2, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

152. Hancock RB, Lanz OI, Waldron DR, et al: Comparison of postoperative pain after ovariohysterectomy by harmonic scalpel-assisted laparoscopy compared with median celiotomy and ligation in dogs. Vet Surg 34:273–282, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

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154. Hardy RM, Osborne CA: Canine pyometra: pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of uterine and extra-uterine lesions. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 10:245–268, 1974.

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158. Hayes HM, Young JL: Epidemiologic features of canine ovarian neoplasms. Gynecol Oncol 6:348–353, 1978. PUBMED Abstract

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164. Holt PE, Thrusfield MV: Association in bitches between breed, size, neutering and docking, and acquired urinary incontinence due to incompetence of the urethral sphincter mechanism. Vet Rec 133:177–180, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

165. Homer BL, Altman NH, Tenzer NB: Left horn uterine torsion in a nongravid nulliparous bitch. J Am Vet Med Assoc 176:633, 1980. PUBMED Abstract

166. Hook SJ, Hafez ES: A comparative anatomical study of the mammalian uterotubal junction. J Morphol 125:159, 1968. PUBMED Abstract

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168. Howe LM: Short-term results and complications of prepubertal gonadectomy in cats and dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:57, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

169. Howe LM, Slater MR, Boothe HW, et al: Long-term outcome of gonadectomy performed at an early age or traditional age in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 217:1661, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

170. Janssens LA, Janssens GH: Bilateral flank ovariectomy in the dog—surgical technique and sequelae in 72 animals. J Small Anim Pract 32:249–252, 1991.

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173. Jose PA, Slotkoff LM, Montgomery S, et al: Autoregulation of renal blood flow in the puppy. Am J Physiol 229:983–988, 1975. PUBMED Abstract

174. Jubb KVF, Kennedy PC: Pathology of domestic animals, New York, 1970, Academic Press.

175. Kenney KJ, Matthiesen DT, Brown NO, et al: Pyometra in cats: 183 cases (1979–1984). J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:1130, 1987. PUBMED Abstract

176. Kim BS, Son CH: Time of initial detection of fetal and extra-fetal structures by ultrasonographic examination in Miniature Schnauzer bitches. J Vet Sci 8:289, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

177. Kim Y, Travis AJ, Meyers-Wallen VN: Parturition prediction and timing of canine pregnancy. Theriogenology 68:1177, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

178. Kitzman LM: Endometritis and uterine rupture in a bitch. Mod Vet Pract 59:535, 1978. PUBMED Abstract

179. Kivisto AK, Vasenius H, Sandholm M: Laboratory diagnosis of canine pyometra. Acta Vet Scand 18:308, 1977. PUBMED Abstract

180. Klarenbeek M, Okkens AC, Kooistra HS, et al: Plasma oxytocin concentrations during late pregnancy and parturition in the dog. Theriogenology 68:1169, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

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182. Kleinman LI, Reuter JH: Maturation of glomerular blood flow distribution in the newborn dog. J Physiol 228:91–103, 1973. PUBMED Abstract

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185. Kooistra HS, Okkens AC: Secretion of prolactin and growth hormone in relation to ovarian activity in the dog. Reprod Domest Anim 36:115, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

186. Kovak JM: Indications for conversion from laparoscopy to laparotomy. Proc ACVS Vet Sympos, 2008, p 366.

187. Kustritz MV: Determining the optimal age for gonadectomy of dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 231:1665, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

188. Kustritz MV: Early spay-neuter: clinical considerations. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 17:124, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

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190. Kutzler MA, Yeager AE, Mohammed HO, et al: Accuracy of canine parturition date prediction using fetal measurements obtained by ultrasonography. Theriogenology 60:1309, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

191. Lawler DF, Evans RH, Reimers TJ, et al: Histopathologic features, environmental factors, and serum estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin values associated with ovarian phase and inflammatory uterine disease in cats. Am J Vet Res 52:1747, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

192. Lawler DF, Johnston SD, Hegstad RL, et al: Ovulation without cervical stimulation in domestic cats. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 47:57, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

193. Lein DH, Concannon PW: Infertility and fertility treatments and management in the queen and tomcat. In Kirk RW, editor: Current veterinary therapy VIII, Philadelphia, 1983, Saunders, p 936.

194. Lenard ZM, Hopper BJ, Lester NV, et al: Accuracy of prediction of canine litter size and gestational age with ultrasound. Aust Vet J 85:222, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

195. Lenarduzzi TA, Norton JC, Clark B, et al: What is your diagnosis? A large mass in the mid-portion of the abdomen with a tubular component extending into the caudal portion of the abdomen. J Am Vet Med Assoc 221:1687, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

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198. Lium B, Moe L: Hereditary multifocal renal cystadenocarcinomas and nodular dermatofibrosis in the German shepherd: macroscopic and histopathologic changes. Vet Pathol 22:447–455, 1985. PUBMED Abstract

199. Lofstedt RM, Vanleeuwen JA: Evaluation of a commercially available luteinizing hormone test for its ability to distinguish between ovariectomized and sexually intact bitches. J Am Vet Med Assoc 220:1331, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

200. Long D, Mezza R, Krakowka S: Signs of impending parturition in the laboratory bitch. Lab Anim Sci 28:178, 1978. PUBMED Abstract

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204. Mace SE, Levy MN: Neural control of heart rate: a comparison between puppies and adult animals. Pediatr Res 17:491–495, 1983. PUBMED Abstract

205. Machon RG, Raffe MR, Robinson EP: Warming with a forced air warming blanket minimizes anesthestic-induced hypothermia in cats. Vet Surg 28:301–310, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

206. Magtibay PM, Magrina JF: Ovarian remnant syndrome. Clin Obstet Gynecol 49:526, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

207. Marcella KL, Ramirez M, Hammerslag KL: Segmental aplasia of the uterine horn in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 186:179, 1985. PUBMED Abstract

208. Marino G, Nicotina PA, Catone G, et al: Alpha-inhibin expression in canine ovarian neoplasms: preliminary results. Vet Res Commun 27(suppl 1):237–240, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

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210. Mayhew PD, Brown DC: Comparison of three techniques for ovarian pedicle hemostasis during laparoscopic-assisted ovariohysterectomy. Vet Surg 36:541–547, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

211. Mayhew PD, Freeman LJ, Kwan T, et al: Prospective comparison of post-operative wound infection rates after minimally invasive versus open surgery. Proc 6th Vet Endosc Soc 2009, p 35.

212. McCann TM, Simpson KE, Shaw DJ, et al: Feline diabetes mellitus in the UK: the prevalence within an insured cat population and a questionnaire-based putative risk factor analysis. J Feline Med Surg 9:289–299, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

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214. McGrath H, Hardie RJ, Davis E: Lateral flank approach for ovariohysterectomy in small animals. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 26:922–930, 2004.

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216. Meyers-Wallen VN, Goldschmidt MH, Flickinger GL: Prostaglandin F2 alpha treatment of canine pyometra. J Am Vet Med Assoc 189(12):1557–1561, 1986. PUBMED Abstract

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218. Milne KL, Hayes HM: Epidemiological features of canine hypothyroidism. Cornell Vet 71:3–14, 1981. PUBMED Abstract

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220. Monheit AG, Stone ML, Abitbol MM: Fetal heart rate and transcutaneous monitoring during experimentally induced hypoxia in the fetal dog. Pediatr Res 23:548, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

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223. Moon PF, Erb HN, Ludders JW, et al: Perioperative risk factors for puppies delivered by cesarean section in the United States and Canada. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 36:359, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

224. Moon PF, Hollis NE: Perioperative factors associated with puppy vigor after delivery by cesarean section. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 38:90–96, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

225. Moon PF, Massat BJ, Pascoe PJ: Neonatal critical care. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 31(2):343–365, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

226. Morrow LL, Howard DR: Genital tract anomaly. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 67:1313, 1972. PUBMED Abstract

227. Mueller MG, Ludwig LL, Barton LJ: Use of closed-suction drains to treat generalized peritonitis in dogs and cats: 40 cases (1997–1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc 219(6):789–794, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

228. National Council on Pet Population Study and Policy: Shelter statistics survey 1994–97.

229. Nelson RW, Feldman EC: Pyometra. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 16:561, 1986. PUBMED Abstract

230. Nelson RW, Feldman EC, Stabenfeldt GH: Treatment of canine pyometra with endometritis with prostaglandin F2 alpha. J Am Vet Med Assoc 181(9):899–903, 1982. PUBMED Abstract

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234. Nielsen SW, Misdorp W, McEntee K: Tumours of the ovary. Bull WHO 53:203–215, 1976. PUBMED Abstract

235. Nomura K: Canine deciduoma induced by intralumenal insertion of uterine grafts. J Vet Med Sci 58:151, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

236. Nielsen SW, Misdorp W, McEntee K: Tumours of the ovary. Bull WHO 53:203–215, 1976. PUBMED Abstract

237. Norris AM, Laing EJ, Valli VEO, et al: Canine bladder and urethral tumors: a retrospective study of 115 cases (1980–1985). J Vet Intern Med 6:145–153, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

238. Norris HJ, Garner FM, Taylor HB: Pathology of feline ovarian neoplasms. J Pathol 97:138–143, 1969. PUBMED Abstract

239. Obel AL, Nicander L, Asheim A: Light and electron microscopical studies of the renal lesion in dogs with pyometra. Acta Vet Scand 5:146–178, 1964.

240. Okkens AC, Kooistra HS, Nickel RF: Comparison of long-term effects of ovariectomy versus ovariohysterectomy in bitches. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 51:227, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

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243. Olson PN, Thrall MA, Wykes PM, et al: Vaginal cytology. Part II. Its use in diagnosing canine reproductive disorders. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 6:385–390, 1984.

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245. O’Rourke MD, Geib L: Endometrial adenocarcinoma in a cat. Cornell Vet 60:598–604, 1970. PUBMED Abstract

246. Overley B, Shofer FS, Goldschmidt MH, et al: Association between ovariohysterectomy and feline mammary carcinoma. J Vet Intern Med 19:560, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

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248. Panciera DL: Hypothyroidism in dogs: 66 cases (1987–1992). J Am Vet Med Assoc 204:761–767, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

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250. Patnaik AK, Greenlee PG: Canine ovarian neoplasms: a clinicopathologic study of 71 cases, including histology of 12 granulosa cell tumors. Vet Pathol 24:509–514, 1987. PUBMED Abstract

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252. Peters EL, Farber TM, Heider A, et al: The development of drug-metabolizing enzymes in the young dog. Fed Proc Am Soc Biol 30:560, 1971.

253. Phemister RD, Holst PA, Spano JS, et al: Time of ovulation in the beagle bitch. Biol Reprod 8:74, 1973. PUBMED Abstract

254. Poffenbarger EM, Feeney DA: Use of gray-scale ultrasonography in the diagnosis of reproductive disease in the bitch: 18 cases (1981–1984). J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:90, 1986. PUBMED Abstract

255. Pollari FL, Bonnett BN, Bamsey SC, et al: Postoperative complications of elective surgeries in dogs and cats determined by examining electronic and paper medical records. J Am Vet Med Assoc 208:1882, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

256. Potter K, Hancock DH, Gallina AM: Clinical and pathologic features of endometrial hyperplasia, pyometra, and endometritis in cats: 79 cases (1980–1985). J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:1427, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

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260. Prymak C, McKee LJ, Goldschmidt MH, et al: Epidemiologic, clinical, pathologic, and prognostic characteristics of splenic hemangiosarcoma and splenic hematoma in dogs: 217 cases (1985). J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:706–712, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

261. Purvis D, Kirby R: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome: septic shock. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 24:1225, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

262. Renton JP, Douglas TA, Watts C: Pyometra in the bitch. J Small Anim Pract 12:249, 1971. PUBMED Abstract

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265. Rivers B, Johnston GR: Diagnostic imaging of the reproductive organs of the bitch. Methods and limitations. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 21:437, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

266. Robbins MA, Mullen HS: En bloc ovariohysterectomy as a treatment for dystocia in dogs and cats. Vet Surg 23:48, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

267. Roberts SJ: Obstetrics and genital diseases (theriogenology), Ithaca, NY, 1971, self-published.

268. Robertson ID: The association of exercise, diet and other factors with owner-perceived obesity in privately owned dogs from metropolitan Perth, WA. Prev Vet Med 58:75–83, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

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272. Salmeri KR, Bloomberg MS, Scruggs SL, et al: Gonadectomy in immature dogs: effects on skeletal, physical, and behavioral development. J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:1193, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

273. Sandholm M, Vasenius H, Kivisto AK: Pathogenesis of canine pyometra. J Am Vet Med Assoc 167:1006, 1975. PUBMED Abstract

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275. Sawyer HR, Olson PN, Gorell TA: Effects of progesterone on the oviductal epithelium in estrogen-primed prepubertal beagles: light and electron microscopic observations. Am J Anat 169:75, 1984. PUBMED Abstract

276. Schmidt RE, Langham RF: A survey of feline neoplasms. J Am Vet Med Assoc 151:1325–1328, 1967.

277. Schneider R, Dorn CR, Taylor DO: Factors influencing canine mammary cancer development and postsurgical survival. J Natl Cancer Inst 43:1249, 1969. PUBMED Abstract

278. Seguin MA, Vaden SL, Altier C, et al: Persistent urinary tract infections and reinfections in 100 dogs (1989–1999). J Vet Intern Med 17:622–631, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

279. Sevelius E, Tidholm A, Thoren TK: Pyometra in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 26:33–38, 1990.

280. Shemwell RE, Weed JC: Ovarian remnant syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 36:299, 1970. PUBMED Abstract

281. Shull RM, Johnston SD, Johnston GR, et al: Bilateral torsion of uterine horns in a nongravid bitch. J Am Vet Med Assoc 172:601–603, 1978. PUBMED Abstract

282. Sloth C: Practical management of obesity in dogs and cats. J Small Anim Pract 33:178–182, 1992.

283. Smith FO: Postpartum diseases. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 16:521, 1986. PUBMED Abstract

284. Son CH, Jeong KA, Kim JH, et al: Establishment of the prediction table of parturition day with ultrasonography in small pet dogs. J Vet Med Sci 63:715, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

285. Sorenmo KU, Shofer FS, Goldschmidt MH: Effect of spaying and timing of spaying on survival of dogs with mammary carcinoma. J Vet Intern Med 14:266, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

286. Spain CV, Scarlett JM, Cully SM: When to neuter dogs and cats: a survey of New York state veterinarians’ practices and beliefs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 38:482–488, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

287. Spain CV, Scarlett JM, Houpt KA: Long-term risks and benefits of early-age gonadectomy in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:380–387, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

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291. Stein BS: Tumors of the feline genital tract. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 17:1022–1025, 1981.

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293. Stocklin-Gautschi NM, Hassig M, Reichler IM, et al: The relationship of urinary incontinence to early spaying in bitches. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 57:233–236, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

294. Stone EA, Littman MP, Robertson JL, et al: Renal dysfunction in dogs with pyometra. J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:457, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

295. Stone EA: Ovary and uterus. In Slatter DH, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders, p 1487.

296. Stubbs WP, Bloomberg MS, Scruggs SL, et al: Effects of prepubertal gonadectomy on physical and behavioral development in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:1864–1871, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

297. Studdert VP: Pyometra. Victorian Vet Proc 30:101–103, 1971.

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299. Taverne MA, Okkens AC, van Oord R: Pregnancy diagnosis in the dog: a comparison between abdominal palpation and linear-array real-time echography. Vet Q 7:249, 1985. PUBMED Abstract

300. Tavolini N: Postnatal changes in hepatic microsomal enzyme activities in the puppy. Biol Neonate 47:305–316, 1985. PUBMED Abstract

301. Taylor R: Suturing and stapling in elective procedures. DVM Best Pract Oct:10–12, 2003.

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303. Theran P: Animal welfare forum: overpopulation of unwanted dogs and cats. Early-age neutering of dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:914–917, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

304. Thilagar S, Yew YC, Dhaliwal GK, et al: Uterine horn torsion in a pregnant cat. Vet Rec 157:558, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

305. Toal RL, Walker MA, Henry GA: A comparison of real-time ultrasound, palpation and radiography in pregnancy detection and litter size determination in the bitch. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 27:102–108, 1986.

306. Tobias KMS, Wheaton LG: Surgical management of pyometra in dogs and cats. Semin Vet Med Surg Small Anim 10(1):30–34, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

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316. Verma OP, Chibuzo GA: Hormonal influences in motility of canine uterine horns. Am J Vet Res 35:23, 1974. PUBMED Abstract

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321. Wadas (Fransson) B, Kuhn I, Lagerstedt AS, et al: Biochemical phenotypes of Escherichia coli in dogs: comparison of isolates isolated from bitches suffering from pyometra and urinary tract infection with isolates from faeces of healthy dogs. Vet Microbiol 52:293, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

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323. Wallace MS: Estrus after ovariohysterectomy. Diagnosis of the ovarian remnant syndrome in the bitch and queen. Proc Soc Theriogenol 316–319, 1989.

324. Wallace MS: The ovarian remnant syndrome in the bitch and queen. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 21:501, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

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326. Ware WA, Hopper DL: Cardiac tumors in dogs: 1982–1995. J Vet Intern Med 13:95–103, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

327. Watson PF, Glover TE: Vaginal anatomy of the domestic cat (Felis catus) in relation to copulation and artificial insemination. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 47:355, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

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329. Werner RE, Straughan AJ, Vezin D: Nylon cable band reactions in ovariohysterectomized bitches. J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:64–66, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

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332. Whittem TL, Johnson AL, Smith CW, et al: Effect of perioperative prophylactic antimicrobial treatment in dogs undergoing elective orthopedic surgery. J Am Vet Med Assoc 215(2):212–216, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

333. Wildt DE, Lawler DF: Laparoscopic sterilization of the bitch and queen by uterine horn occlusion. Am J Vet Res 46(4):864–869, 1985. PUBMED Abstract

334. Wilson GP, Hayes HM: Ovariohysterectomy in the dog and cat. In Bojrab MJ, editor: Current techniques in small animal surgery, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1983, Lea & Febiger, p 334.

335. Wilson RB, Cave JS, Copeland JS, et al: Ovarian teratoma in two dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 21:249–253, 1985.

336. Wykes PM, Olson PL: Normal and abnormal parturition. In Slatter D, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1983, WB Saunders, p 1316.

337. Yates D, McCoubrey GP: Abdominal distension in a cat. Vet Rec 141:27, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

338. Young JD, Hillis GP, McKibbin ML: Uterine torsion in a cat. Can Vet J 32:479, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

339. Zone MA, Wanke MM: Diagnosis of canine fetal health by ultrasonography. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 57:215, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

Chapter 110: Vagina, Vestibule, and Vulva

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REFERENCES

1. Alan M, Cetin Y, Sendag S, et al: True vaginal prolapse in a bitch. Anim Reprod Sci 100:411–414, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

2. Allen SW, Crowell WA: Ventral approach to the pelvic canal in the female dog. Vet Surg 20:118–121, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

3. Augsburger HR, Cruz-Orive LM: Morphological, histochemical and stereological analysis of the female canine M. urethralis. Histochemistry 102:373–382, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

4. Bilbrey SA, Withrow SJ, Klein MK, et al: Vulvovaginectomy and perineal urethrostomy for neoplasms of the vulva and vagina. Vet Surg 18:450–453, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

5. Bjurstrom L, Linde-Forsberg C: Long-term study of aerobic bacteria of the genital tract in breeding bitches. Am J Vet Res 53:665–669, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

6. Brodey RS, Roszel JF: Neoplasms of the canine uterus, vagina, and vulva: a clinicopathologic survey of 90 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 151:1294–1307, 1967. PUBMED Abstract

7. Cauvin A, Sullivan M, Harvey MJ, et al: Vaginal cysts causing tenesmus in a bitch. J Small Anim Pract 36:321–324, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

8. Crawford JT, Adams WM: Influence of vestibulovaginal stenosis, pelvic bladder, and recessed vulva on response to treatment for clinical signs of lower urinary tract disease in dogs: 38 cases (1990–1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc 221:995–999, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

9. Doig PA, Ruhnke HL, Bosu WT: The genital mycoplasma and ureaplasma flora of healthy and diseased dogs. Can J Comp Med 45:233–238, 1981. PUBMED Abstract

10. Dorn AS: Biopsy in cases of canine vulvar-fold dermatitis and perivulvar pigmentation. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 73:1147–1150, 1978. PUBMED Abstract

11. Freeman CB, Adin CA, Lewis DD, et al: Intrapelvic granuloma formation six years after total hip arthroplasty in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 223:1433, 1446–1449, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

12. Hammel SP, Bjorling DE: Results of vulvoplasty for treatment of recessed vulva in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 38:79–83, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

13. Hill TP, Lobetti RG, Schulman ML: Vulvovaginectomy and neo-urethrostomy for treatment of haemangiosarcoma of the vulva and vagina. J S Afr Vet Assoc 71:256–259, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

14. Holt PE, Sayle B: Congenital vestibulovaginal stenosis in the bitch. J Small Anim Pract 22:67–75, 1981. PUBMED Abstract

15. Howard PE, Bjorling DE: The intersexual animal: associated problems. Probl Vet Med 1:74–84, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

16. Jeffcoate IA, Lindsay FE: Ovulation detection and timing of insemination based on hormone concentrations, vaginal cytology and the endoscopic appearance of the vagina in domestic bitches. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 39:277–287, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

17. Kim HJ, Kim JK, Choi JH, et al: A Gartner duct cyst of the vagina causing dysuria and dyschezia in a Yorkshire terrier. J Vet Sci 8:427–429, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

18. Klein A, Scotti S, Hidalgo A, et al: Rectovaginal fistula following colectomy with an end-to-end anastomosis stapler for a colorectal adenocarcinoma. J Small Anim Pract 47:751–753, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

19. Kyles AE, Vaden S, Hardie EM, et al: Vestibulovaginal stenosis in dogs: 18 cases (1987–1995). J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:1889–1893, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

20. Lightner BA, McLoughlin MA, Chew DJ, et al: Episioplasty for the treatment of perivulvar dermatitis or recurrent urinary tract infections in dogs with excessive perivulvar skin folds: 31 cases (1983–2000). J Am Vet Med Assoc 219:1577–1581, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

21. Lulich JP: Endoscopic vaginoscopy in the dog. Theriogenology 66:588–591, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

22. Mahler S, Williams G: Preservation of the fistula for reconstruction of the anal canal and the anus in atresia ani and rectovestibular fistula in 2 dogs. Vet Surg 34:148–152, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

23. Mathews KG: Surgery of the canine vagina and vulva. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 31:271–290, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

24. McNamara PS, Harvey HJ, Dykes N: Chronic vaginocervical prolapse with visceral incarceration in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 33:533–536, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

25. Memon MA, Pavletic MM, Kumar MS: Chronic vaginal prolapse during pregnancy in a bitch. J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:295–297, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

26. Miller JM, Lambrechts NE, Martin RA, et al: Persistent vulvar hemorrhage secondary to vaginal hemangioma in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 44:86–89, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

27. Mostachio GQ, Vicente WR, Cardilli DJ, et al: Anovulvar cleft and vaginal prolapse-hyperplasia in a bitch. J Small Anim Pract 48:713–715, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

28. Noguchi K, Tsukumi K, Urano T: Qualitative and quantitative differences in normal vaginal flora of conventionally reared mice, rats, hamsters, rabbits, and dogs. Comp Med 53:404–412, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

29. Patnaik AK: Canine extraskeletal osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma: a clinicopathologic study of 14 cases. Vet Pathol 27:46–55, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

30. Purswell B: Use of vaginal cytology and vaginal cultures for breeding management and diagnosis of reproductive tract disease. In Bonagura JD, Twedt DC, editors: Kirk’s current veterinary therapy, vol XIV, Philadelphia, 2009, Saunders/Elsevier, pp 980–982.

31. Rahal SC, Vicente CS, Mortari AC, et al: Rectovaginal fistula with anal atresia in 5 dogs. Can Vet J 48:827–830, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

32. Rawlings CA, Capps WF Jr: Rectovaginal fistula and imperforate anus in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 159:320–326, 1971. PUBMED Abstract

33. Root Kustritz MV: Collection of tissue and culture samples from the canine reproductive tract. Theriogenology 66:567–574, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

34. Root MV, Johnston SD, Johnston GR: Vaginal septa in dogs: 15 cases (1983–1992). J Am Vet Med Assoc 206:56–58, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

35. Salomon JF, Deneuche A, Viguier E: Vaginectomy and urethroplasty as a treatment for non-pedunculated vaginal tumours in four bitches. J Small Anim Pract 45:157–161, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

36. Soderberg SF: Vaginal disorders. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 16:543–559, 1986. PUBMED Abstract

37. Stolzenburg JU, Dorschner W, Postenjak M, et al: Sphincteric musculature of female canine urethra in comparison to woman including 3D reconstruction. Cells Tissues Organs 170:151–161, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

38. Suzuki K, Nakatani K, Shibuya H, et al: Vaginal rhabdomyosarcoma in a dog. Vet Pathol 43:186–188, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

39. Thacher C, Bradley RL: Vulvar and vaginal tumors in the dog: a retrospective study. J Am Vet Med Assoc 183:690–692, 1983. PUBMED Abstract

40. Tsumagari S, Takagi K, Takeishi M, et al: A case of a bitch with imperforate hymen and hydrocolpos. J Vet Med Sci 63:475–477, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

41. Viehoff FW, Sjollema BE: Hydrocolpos in dogs: surgical treatment in two cases. J Small Anim Pract 44:404–407, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

42. Wang KY, Samii VF, Chew DJ, et al: Vestibular, vaginal and urethral relationships in spayed and intact normal dogs. Theriogenology 66:726–735, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

43. Wang KY, Samii VF, Chew DJ, et al: Vestibular, vaginal, and urethral relations in spayed dogs with and without lower urinary tract signs. J Vet Intern Med 20:1065–1073, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

44. Whitacre MD, Tate LP, Estill CT, et al: Transendoscopic Nd:YAG laser ablation of vaginal septa in a bitch. Vet Surg 20:257–259, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

Chapter 111: Testes and Scrotum

[pic]

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4. Bellah JR, Spencer CP, Salmeri, KR: Hemiprostatic urethral avulsion during cryptorchid orchiectomy in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 25:553–556, 1989.

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12. Cooley DM, Beranek BC, Schlittler DL, et al: Endogenous gonadal hormone exposure and bone sarcoma risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 11:1434–1440, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

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14. Cox VS, Wallace LJ, Jessen CR: An anatomic and genetic study of canine cryptorchidism. Teratology 18:233–240, 1968.

15. Dahlbom M, Makinen A, Suominen J: Testicular fine needle aspiration cytology as a diagnostic tool in dog fertility. J Small Anim Pract 38:506–512, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

16. Dhaliwal RS, Kitchell BE, Knight BL, et al: Treatment of aggressive testicular tumors in four dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 35:311–318, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

17. Dow C: Testicular tumours in the dog. J Comp Pathol 72:247–265, 1962. PUBMED Abstract

18. Doxsee AL, Yager JA, Best SJ, et al: Extratesticular interstitial and Sertoli cell tumors in previously neutered dogs and cats: a report of 17 cases. Can Vet J 47:763–766, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

19. Dunn ML, Foster WJ, Goddard KM: Cryptorchidism in dogs: a clinical survey. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 4:180–182, 1968.

20. Edwards DF: Bone marrow hypoplasia in a feminized dog with a Sertoli cell tumor. J Am Vet Med Assoc 178:494–496, 1981. PUBMED Abstract

21. England GW, Allen WE, Porter DJ: Evaluation of the testosterone response to hCG and the identification of a presumed anorchid dog. J Small Anim Pract 30:441–443, 1989.

22. Eskew NE, Kuhn EF: Case report: abdominal pain due to torsion of a retained testicle. Vet Med 56:212–213, 1961.

23. Esplin DG, Wilson SR: Gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas metastatic to the testes and associated structures in three dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 34:287–290, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

24. Evans HE, Christensen GC: The urogenital system. In Evans HE, editor: Miller’s anatomy of the dog, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1993, Saunders, p 504.

25. Fadok VA, Lothrop CD, Coulson P: Hyperprogesteronemia associated with Sertoli cell tumor and alopecia in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:1058–1059, 1986. PUBMED Abstract

26. Freitag T, Jerram RM, Walker AM, et al: Surgical management of common canine prostatic conditions. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 29:656–673, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

27. Gonzalez A, Allen AF, Post K, et al: Immunological approaches to contraception in dogs. J Reprod Fert Suppl 39:189–198, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

28. George LW, Duncan JR, Carmichael LE: Semen examination in dogs with canine brucellosis. Am J Vet Res 40:1589–1595, 1979. PUBMED Abstract

29. Gobello C, Corrada Y: Acquired infertility in male dog with normal libido. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet Jan:18–28, 2004.

30. Grootenhuis AJ, Sluijs FS, Steenbergen KJ, et al: Inhibin, gonadotrophins and sex steroids in dogs with Sertoli cell tumours. J Endocrinology 127:235–242, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

31. Hart BL, Barrett RE: Effects of castration on fighting, roaming, and urine spraying in adult male cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 163:290–292, 1973. PUBMED Abstract

32. Harvey CE: Scrotal ablation and castration in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 9:170–171, 1973.

33. Hayes HM, Pendergrass TW: Canine testicular tumors: epidemiologic feature of 410 dogs. Int J Cancer 18:482–487, 1976. PUBMED Abstract

34. Hayes HM, Wilson GP, Pendergrass TW, et al: Canine cryptorchidism and subsequent testicular neoplasia: case-control study with epidemiologic update. Teratology 32:51–56, 1985. PUBMED Abstract

35. Hecht S, King R, Tidwell AS, et al: Ultrasound diagnosis: intra-abdominal torsion of a non-neoplastic testicle in a cryptorchid dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 45:58–61, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

36. Herron MA: A potential consequence of prepubertal feline castration. Feline Pract 1:17–19, 1971.

37. Hopkins M, Evans LE: Artificial insemination. In Pineda MH, Dooley MP, editors: McDonald’s veterinary endocrinology and reproduction, ed 5, Ames, IA, 2003, Iowa State Press, p 341.

38. Howe LM: Short-term results and complications of prepubertal gonadectomy in cats and dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:57–62, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

39. Howe LM: Surgical methods of contraception and sterilization. Theriogenology 66:500–509, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

40. Howe LM, Slater MR, Boothe HW, et al: Long-term outcome of gonadectomy performed at an early age or traditional age in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 217:1661–1665, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

41. Howe LM, Slater MR, Boothe HW, et al: Long–term outcome of gonadectomy performed at an early age or traditional age in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:217–221, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

42. Humane Society of the United States: Crisis of pet overpopulation. Available at: . html.

43. Immegart HM, Threlfall WR: Evaluation of intratesticular injection of glycerol for nonsurgical sterilization of dogs. Am J Vet Res 61:544–549, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

44. Johnston DE, Archibald J: Male genital system. In Archibald J, Catcott EJ, Pennock PW, Norris AM, editors: Canine and feline surgery, Santa Barbara, CA, 1984, American Veterinary Publications, p 293.

45. Johnston GR, Feeney DA, Johnston SD, et al: Ultrasonographic features of testicular neoplasia in dogs: 16 cases (1980–1988). J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:1779–1784, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

46. Larson RE: Evaluation of fertility problems in the male dog. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 7:735–745, 1977.

47. Larson RE: Testicular biopsy in the dog. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 7:747–755, 1977.

48. Levy JK, Crawford PC, Appel LD, et al: Comparison of intratesticular injection of zinc gluconate versus surgical castration to sterilize male dogs. Am J Vet Res 69:140–143, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

49. Lew M, Jalynski M, Kasprowicz A, et al: Laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy in dogs: report of 15 cases. Pol J Vet Sci 8:251–254, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

50. Lipowitz AJ, Schwartz A, Wilson GP, et al: Testicular neoplasms and concomitant clinical changes in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 163:1364–1368, 1973. PUBMED Abstract

51. Kadota K, Uchida K, Nagatomo T, et al: Granulomatous epididymitis related to Rhodotorula glutinis infection in a dog. Vet Pathol 32:716–718, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

52. Kayler S: Spaying/neutering comes of age. J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:591–593, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

53. Kawakami E, Tsutsui T, Yamada Y, et al: Cryptorchidism in the dog: occurrence of cryptorchidism and semen quality in the cryptorchid dog. Jpn J Vet Sci 46:303–308, 1984. PUBMED Abstract

54. Kawakami E, Tsutsui T, Yamada Y, et al: Testicular function of scrotal testes after the cryptorchidectomy in dogs with unilateral cryptorchidism. Jpn J Vet Sci 50:1239–1244, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

55. Kawakami E, Yamada Y, Tsutsui T, et al: Changes in plasma androgen levels and testicular histology with descent of the testis in the dog. J Vet Med Sci 55:931–935, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

56. Macintire DK: The acute abdomen-differential diagnosis and management. Semin Vet Med Surg 3:302–310, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

57. Majeed ZZ: Segmental aplasia of the Wolffian duct: a case report in a Poodle. J Small Anim Pract 15:263–268, 1974. PUBMED Abstract

58. Mattoon JS: Prostate and testes. In Nyland TG, Mattoon JS, editors: Small animal diagnostic ultrasound, ed 2, Philadelphia, 2002, Saunders, p 259.

59. McNeil PE, Weaver AD: Massive scrotal swelling in two unusual cases of canine Sertoli-cell tumour. Vet Rec 106:144–146, 1980. PUBMED Abstract

60. Metzger FL, Hattel AL, White DG: Hematuria, hyperestrogenemia, and hyperprogesteronemia due to a Sertoli-cell tumor in a bilaterally cryptorchid dog. Canine Pract 18:32–35, 1993.

61. Miller NA, Van Lue SJ, Rawlings CA: Use of laparoscopic-assisted cryptorchidectomy in dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:875–878, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

62. Millis DL, Hauptman JG, Johnson CA: Cryptorchidism and monorchism in cats: 25 cases (1980–1989). J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:1128–1930, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

63. Morgan RV: Blood dyscrasias associated with testicular tumors in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 18:970–975, 1982.

64. Moulton JE: Tumors of the genital system. In Moulton JE, editor: Tumors in domestic animals, Berkeley, 1978, University of California Press, p 309.

65. Naylor RW, Thompson SR: Intra-abdominal testicular torsion—a report of two cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 15:763–766, 1979.

66. Neilson SW, Kennedy PC: Tumors of the genital system. In Moulton JE, editor: Tumors in domestic animals, ed 3, Berkeley, 1990, University of California Press, p 479.

67. Ober CP, Spaulding K, Breitschwerdt EB, et al: Orchitis in two dogs with Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 45:458–465, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

68. Olar TT, Amann RP, Pickett BW: Relationships among testicular size, daily production and output of spermatozoa, and extragonadal spermatozoal reserves of the dog. Bio Reprod 29:1114–1120, 1983. PUBMED Abstract

69. Patnaik AK, Hurvitz AI, Johnson GF: Canine intestinal adenocarcinoma. Vet Pathol 15:600–607, 1978. PUBMED Abstract

70. Pearson H, Kelly DF: Testicular torsion in the dog: a review of 13 cases. Vet Rec 97:200–204, 1975. PUBMED Abstract

71. Pendergrass TW, Hayes HM: Cryptorchidism and related defects in dogs: epidemiologic comparison with man. Teratology 12:51–55, 1975. PUBMED Abstract

72. Pettit GD: There’s more than one way to castrate a cat. Mod Vet Pract 62:713–716, 1981. PUBMED Abstract

73. Pineda MH: Reproductive patterns of cats. In Pineda MH, Dooley MP, editors: McDonald’s veterinary endocrinology and reproduction, ed 5, Ames, IA, 2003, Iowa State Press, p 505.

74. Pineda MH: Reproductive patterns of dogs. In Pineda MH, Dooley MP, editors: McDonald’s veterinary endocrinology and reproduction, ed 5, Ames, IA, 2003, Iowa State Press, p 445.

75. Pineda MH, Dooley MP: Surgical and chemical vasectomy in the cat. Am J Vet Res 45:291–300, 1984. PUBMED Abstract

76. Pineda MH, Reimers TJ, Faulkner LC: Disappearance of spermatozoa from the ejaculates of vasectomized dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 168:502–503, 1976. PUBMED Abstract

77. Priester WA, Glass AG, Waggoner NS: Congenital defects in domesticated animals: general considerations. Am J Vet Res 31:1871–1879, 1970. PUBMED Abstract

78. Reece WO: Male reproduction. In Troy DB, editor: Functional anatomy and physiology of domestic animals, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2005, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, p 379.

79. Reif JS, Brodey RS: The relationship between cryptorchidism and canine testicular neoplasia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 155: 2005–2010, 1969. PUBMED Abstract

80. Reif JS, Maguire TG, Kenney RM, et al: A cohort study of canine testicular neoplasia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 175:719–723, 1979. PUBMED Abstract

81. Rhoades JD, Foley CW: Cryptorchidism and intersexuality. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 7:789–794, 1977. PUBMED Abstract

82. Richardson EF, Mullen H: Cryptorchidism in cats. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 15:1342–1345, 1993.

83. Robinson R: Genetic defects in cats. Compan Anim Pract August:10–14, 1987.

84. Romagnoli SE: Canine cryptorchidism. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 21:533–544, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

85. Root MV, Johnston SD, Olson PN: The effect of prepuberal and postpubertal gonadectomy on radial physeal closure in male and female domestic cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 38:42–47, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

86. Root Kustritz MV: Determining the optimal age for gonadectomy of dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 231:1665–1675, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

87. Root Kustritz MV: Early spay-neuter: clinical considerations. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 17:124–128, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

88. Ruble RP, Hird DW: Congenital abnormalities in immature dogs from a pet store: 253 cases (1987–1988). J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:633–636, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

89. Schiff JD, Li PS, Schlegel PN, et al: Rapid disappearance of spermatozoa after vassal occlusion in the dog. J Andrology 24:361–363, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

90. Schulz KS, Waldron DR, Smith MM, et al: Inadvertent prostatectomy as a complication of cryptorchidectomy in four dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 32:211–214, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

91. Schneider R, Dorn CR, Taylor DN: Factors influencing canine mammary cancer development and postsurgical survival. J Natl Cancer Inst 43:1249–1261, 1969. PUBMED Abstract

92. Scott DW, Reimers TJ: Tail gland and perianal gland hyperplasia associated with testicular neoplasia and hypertestosteronemia in a dog. Canine Pract 13:15–17, 1986.

93. Sherding RG, Wilson GP, Kociba GJ: Bone marrow hypoplasia in eight dogs with Sertoli cell tumor. J Am Vet Med Assoc 178:496–501, 1981. PUBMED Abstract

94. Spain CV, Scarlett JM, Houpt KA: Long-term risks and benefits of early-age gonadectomy in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:372–379, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

95. Stubbs WP, Bloomberg MS, Scrugg SL, et al: Effects of prepubertal gonadectomy on physical and behavioral development in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:1864–1871, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

96. Stubbs WP, Bloomberg MS, Scruggs SL, et al: Prepubertal gonadectomy in the domestic feline: effects on skeletal, physical, and behavioral development. Vet Surg 22:401, 1993.

97. Suess RP, Barr SC, Sacre BJ, et al: Bone marrow hypoplasia in a feminized dog with an interstitial cell tumor. J Vet Med Assoc 200:1346–1348, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

98. Swalec KM, Smeak DD: Priapism after castration in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:963–964, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

99. Taha MB, Noakes DE, Allen WE: Hemicastration and castration in the Beagle dog; the effects on libido, peripheral plasma testosterone concentrations, seminal characteristics and testicular function. J Small Anim Pract 23:279–285, 1982.

100. Tartaglia L, Waugh A: Survival, development and defense. In Tartaglia L, Waugh A, editors: Veterinary physiology and applied anatomy: a textbook for veterinary nurses and technicians, ed 2, Edinburgh, 2005, Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann, p 149.

101. Theran P: Early-age neutering of dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:914–917, 1993.

102. Tremblay Y, Belanger A, Lacoste D, et al: Selective inhibition of spermatogenesis in the presence of normal libido following combined treatment with an LHRH agonist and testosterone in the dog. Contraception 30:583–599, 1984. PUBMED Abstract

103. Wensing CG: Morphology of normal and abnormal testicular descent and the regulation of this process. In Leung PK, Armstrong DT, Ruf KB, et al, editors: Endocrinology and physiology of reproduction, New York, 1987, Plenum Press, p 261.

104. Wilson GP, Hayes HM: Castration for treatment of perianal gland neoplasms in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 174:1301–1303, 1979. PUBMED Abstract

105. Withrow SJ, Reeves NP: Tumors of the male reproductive tract. In Withrow SJ, MacEwen EG, editors: Small animal clinical oncology, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1996, Saunders, p 373.

106. Yates D, Hayes G, Heffernan M, et al: Incidence of cryptorchidism in dogs and cats. Vet Rec 152:502–504, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

Chapter 112: Penis and Prepuce

[pic]

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3. Balke J: Persistent penile frenulum in a Cocker Spaniel. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 76:988, 1981. PUBMED Abstract

4. Bennett D, Baughan J, Murphy F: Wedge osteotomy of the os penis to correct penile deviation. J Sm Anim Pract 27:379, 1986.

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7. Bright SR, Mellanby RJ: Congenital phimosis in a cat. J Feline Med Surg 6:367, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

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9. Carati CJ, Creed KE, Keogh EJ: Vascular changes during penile erection in the dog. J Physiol 400:75, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

10. Colleen S, Holmquist B, Olin T: An angiographic study of erection in the dog. Urol Res 9:297, 1981. PUBMED Abstract

11. Cornegliani L, Vercelli A, Abramo F: Idiopathic mucosal penile squamous papillomas in dogs. Vet Dermatol 20:439, 2009.

12. Croshaw JE Jr, Brodey RS: Failure of preputial closure in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 136:450, 1960. PUBMED Abstract

13. Evans HE, Christensen GC: The urogenital system. In Evans HE, editor: Miller’s anatomy of the dog, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1993, Saunders, p 494.

14. Hall MA, Swenberg LN: Genital emergencies. In Kirk RW, editor: Current veterinary therapy VI: small animal practice, Philadelphia, 1977, Saunders, p 1216.

15. Hayes AG, Paveletic MM, Schwartz A, et al: A preputial splitting technique for surgery of the canine penis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 30:291, 1994.

16. Hobson HP: Surgical pathophysiology of the penis. In Bojrab MJ, editor: Disease mechanisms in small animal surgery, Philadelphia, 1993, Lea & Febiger, p 552.

17. Hobson HP: Surgical procedures of the penis. In Bojrab MJ, editor: Current techniques in small animal surgery, ed 4, Baltimore, 1998, Williams & Wilkins, p 527.

18. Hutchison JA: Persistence of the penile frenulum in dogs. Can Vet J 14:71, 1973. PUBMED Abstract

19. Johnston DE, Archibald J: Male genital system. In Archibald J, editor: Canine and feline surgery, Santa Barbara, CA, 1984, American Veterinary Publications, p 293.

20. Johnston SD: Disorders of the external genitalia of the male. In Ettinger SJ, editor: Textbook of veterinary internal medicine, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1989, Saunders, p 1881.

21. Krotscheck U, Boothe HW: Surgically treating traumatic phimosis in a kitten. Vet Med 99:515, 2004.

22. Ladds PW: The male genital system. In Jubb KVF, Kennedy PC, Palmer N, editors: Pathology of domestic animals, ed 4, New York, 1993, Academic Press, p 471.

23. Leighton R: A simple surgical correction for chronic penile protrusion. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 12:667, 1976.

24. Ndiritu CG: Lesions of the canine penis and prepuce. Mod Vet Pract 60:712, 1979. PUBMED Abstract

25. Nickel R, Schummer A, Seiferle E, et al: The viscera of domestic mammals, ed 2, New York, 1973, Springer-Verlag, p 304.

26. O’Keefe DA: Tumors of the genital system and mammary glands. In Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC, editors: Textbook of veterinary internal medicine, ed 4, Philadelphia, 1995, Saunders, p 1699.

27. Papazoglou LG: Idiopathic chronic penile protrusion in the dog: a report of six cases. J Sm Anim Pract 42:510, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

28. Papazoglou LG, Kazakos GM: Surgical conditions of the canine penis and prepuce. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 24:204, 2002.

29. Pavletic MM, O’Bell SA: Subtotal penile amputation and preputial urethrostomy in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 230:375, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

30. Pineda MH: Male reproduction. In McDonald LE, Pineda MH, editors: Veterinary endocrinology and reproduction, ed 4, Philadelphia, 1989, Lea & Febiger, p 261.

31. Pope ER, Swaim SF: Surgical reconstruction of a hypoplastic prepuce. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 22:73, 1986.

32. Proescholdt TA, DeYoung DW, Evans LE: Preputial reconstruction for phimosis and infantile penis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 13:725, 1977.

33. Smith MM, Gourley IM: Preputial reconstruction in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:1493, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

34. Somerville ME, Anderson SM: Phallopexy for treatment of paraphimosis in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 37:397, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

35. Spurgeon TL, Kitchell RL, Lohse DL: Physiologic properties of contraction of the canine cremaster and cranial preputial muscles. Am J Vet Res 39:1884, 1978. PUBMED Abstract

36. Stead AC: Fracture of the os penis in the dog—two case reports. J Sm Anim Pract 13:19, 1972. PUBMED Abstract

Chapter 113: Prostate

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16. Caney SM, Holt PE, Day MJ, et al: Prostatic carcinoma in two cats. J Small Anim Pract 39(3):140, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

17. Chandler JA, Sinowatz F, Timms BG, et al: The subcellular distribution of zinc in dog prostate studied by x-ray microanalysis. Cell Tissue Res 185(1):89, 1977. PUBMED Abstract

18. Chapdelaine P, Dubé JY, Frenette G, et al: Identification of arginine esterase as the major androgen-dependent protein secreted by dog prostate and preliminary molecular characterization in seminal plasma. J Androl 5(3):206, 1084.

19. Coffey DS, Walsh PC: Clinical and experimental studies of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urol Clin North Am 17(3):461, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

20. Cornell KK, Bostwick DG, Cooley DM, et al: Clinical and pathologic aspects of spontaneous canine prostate carcinoma: a retrospective analysis of 76 cases. Prostate 45(2):173, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

21. Cowan LA, Barsanti JA, Brown J, et al: Effects of bacterial infection and castration on prostatic tissue zinc concentration in dogs. Am J Vet Res 52(8):1262, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

22. Cowan LA, Barsanti JA, Crowell W, et al: Effects of castration on chronic bacterial prostatitis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 199(3):346, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

23. Ding VD, Moller DE, Feeney WP, et al: Sex hormone-binding globulin mediates prostate androgen receptor action via a novel signaling pathway. Endocrinology 139(1):213, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

24. Dorso L, Chanut F, Howroyd P, et al: Variability in weight and histological appearance of the prostate of beagle dogs used in toxicology studies. Toxicol Pathol 36(7):917, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

25. Dubé JY, Frenette G, Chapdelaine P, et al: Biochemical characteristics of the proteins secreted by dog prostate, a review. Exp Biol 43(3):149, 1985. PUBMED Abstract

26. Dubé JY, Lazure C, Tremblay RR: Dog prostate arginine esterase is related to human prostate specific antigen. Clin Invest Med 9(1):51, 1986. PUBMED Abstract

27. England GC, Allen WE, Middleton DJ: An investigation into the origin of the first fraction of the canine ejaculate. Res Vet Sci 49(1):66, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

28. Evans HE, Christensen GC: The urogenital system. In Evans HE, editor: Miller’s anatomy of the dog, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1993, Saunders, p 514.

29. Ewing LL, Thompson DL Jr, Cochran RC, et al: Testicular androgen and estrogen secretion and benign prostatic hyperplasia in the beagle. Endocrinology 114(4):1308, 1984. PUBMED Abstract

30. Fair WR, Cordonnier JJ: The pH of prostatic fluid: a reappraisal and therapeutic implications. J Urol 120(6):695, 1978. PUBMED Abstract

31. Fan TM, de Lorimer LP: Tumours of the male reproductive system. In Withrow SJ, Vail DM, editors: Withrow and McEwan’s small animal clinical oncology, ed 4, Philadelphia, 2007, Saunders Elsevier, p 637.

32. Fan TM, de Lorimier LP, O’Dell-Anderson K, et al: Single-agent pamidronate for palliative therapy of canine appendicular osteosarcoma bone pain. J Vet Intern Med 21(3):431, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

33. Feeney DA, Johnston GR, Klausner JS, et al: Canine prostatic disease—comparison of radiographic appearance with morphologic and microbiologic findings: 30 cases (1981–1985). J Am Vet Med Assoc 190(8):1018, 1987. PUBMED Abstract

34. Feeney DA, Johnston GR, Klausner JS, et al: Canine prostatic disease–comparison of ultrasonographic appearance with morphologic and microbiologic findings: 30 cases (1981–1985). J Am Vet Med Assoc 190(8):1027, 1987. PUBMED Abstract

35. Frenette G, Dubé JY, Tremblay RR: Origin of alkaline phosphatase of canine seminal plasma. Arch Androl 16(3):235, 1986. PUBMED Abstract

36. Frenette G, Dubé JY, Lacoste D, et al: Radioimmunoassay in blood plasma of arginine esterase: the major secretory product of dog prostate. Prostate 10(2):145, 1987. PUBMED Abstract

37. Gallardo-Arrieta F, Mogas T, Magán L, et al: Ultrastructural changes in prostate cells during hormone-induced canine prostatic hyperplasia. Ultrastruct Pathol 30(6):435, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

38. Gallardo F, Mogas T, Baró T, et al: Expression of androgen, oestrogen alpha and beta, and progesterone receptors in the canine prostate: differences between normal, inflamed, hyperplastic and neoplastic glands. J Comp Pathol 136(1):1, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

39. Gauthier ER, Chapdelaine P, Tremblay RR, et al: Transcriptional regulation of dog prostate arginine esterase gene by androgens. Mol Cell Endocrinol 94(2):155, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

40. Glennon JC, Flanders JA: Decreased incidence of postoperative urinary incontinence with a modified Penrose drain technique for treatment of prostatic abscesses in dogs. Cornell Vet 83(3):189, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

41. Gordon N: Surgical anatomy of the bladder, prostate gland and urethra in the male dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 136:215, 1960. PUBMED Abstract

42. Gordon N: The position of the canine prostate gland. Am J Vet Res 22:142, 1961.

43. Gourley IMG, Osborne CA: Marsupialization—a treatment for prostatic abscess in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2:100, 1966.

44. Grieco V, Riccardi E, Rondena M, et al: The distribution of oestrogen receptors in normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic canine prostate, as demonstrated immunohistochemically. J Comp Pathol 135(1):11, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

45. Hardie EM, Stone EA, Spaulding KA, et al: Subtotal canine prostatectomy with the neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser. Vet Surg 19(5):348, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

46. Hayden DW, Bartges JW, Bell FW, et al: Prostatic hemangiosarcoma in a dog: clinical and pathologic findings. J Vet Diagn Invest 4(2):209, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

47. Hayden DW, Klausner JS, Waters DJ: Prostatic leiomyosarcoma in a dog. J Vet Diagn Invest 11(3):283, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

48. Hecht S: Male reproductive tract. In Penninck D, d’Anjou MA, editors: Atlas of small animal ultrasonography, Oxford, UK, 2008, Blackwell Publishing, p 417.

49. Hodson N: On the intrinsic blood supply to the prostate and pelvic urethra in the dog. Res Vet Sci 9(3):274, 1968. PUBMED Abstract

50. Hoffer RE, Dykes NL, Greiner TP: Marsupialization as a treatment for prostatic disease. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 13:98, 1977.

51. Isaacs JT, Coffey DS: Changes in dihydrotestosterone metabolism associated with the development of canine benign prostatic hyperplasia. Endocrinology 108(2):445, 1981. PUBMED Abstract

52. Juniewicz PE, Barbolt TA, Egy MA, et al: Effects of androgen and antiandrogen treatment on canine prostatic arginine esterase. Prostate 17(2):101, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

53. Kawakami E, Tsutsui T, Ogasa A: Histological observations of the reproductive organs of the male dog from birth to sexual maturity. J Vet Med Sci 53(2):241, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

54. Kincaide LF, Sanghvi NT, Cummings O, et al: Noninvasive ultrasonic subtotal ablation of the prostate in dogs. Am J Vet Res 57(8):1225, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

55. Klausner JS, Johnston SD, Bell FW: Canine prostatic disorders. In Bonagura J, editor: Kirk’s current veterinary therapy XII, Philadelphia, Saunders, 1995, p 1103.

56. Krawiec DR, Heflin DJ: Study of prostatic disease in dogs: 177 cases (1981–1986). Am Vet Med Assoc 200(8):1119, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

57. Lai CL, van den Ham R, van Leenders G, et al: Histopathological and immunohistochemical characterization of canine prostate cancer. Prostate 68(5):477, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

58. Lai CL, van den Ham R, van Leenders G, et al: Comparative characterization of the canine normal prostate in intact and castrated animals. Prostate 68(5):498, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

59. Lee-Parritz DE, Lamb CR: Prostatic adenocarcinoma with osseous metastases in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 192(11):1569, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

60. L’Eplattenier HF, Klem B, Teske E, et al: Preliminary results of intraoperative photodynamic therapy with 5-aminolevulinic acid in dogs with prostate carcinoma. Vet J 178(2):202, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

61. L’Eplattenier HF, Lai CL, van den Ham R, et al: Regulation of COX-2 expression in canine prostate carcinoma: increased COX-2 expression is not related to inflammation. J Vet Intern Med 21(4):776, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

62. L’Eplattenier HF, van Nimwegen SA, van Sluijs FJ, et al: Partial prostatectomy using Nd:YAG laser for management of canine prostate carcinoma. Vet Surg 35(4):406, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

63. LeRoy BE, Sellers RS, Rosol TJ: Canine prostate stimulates osteoblast function using the endothelin receptors. Prostate 59(2):148, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

64. Liptak JM, Brutscher SP, Monnet E, et al: Transurethral resection in the management of urethral and prostatic neoplasia in 6 dogs. Vet Surg 33(5):505, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

65. Lucroy MD, Bowles MH, Higbee RG, et al: Photodynamic therapy for prostatic carcinoma in a dog. J Vet Intern Med 17(2):235, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

66. Mainwairing CJ: Primary lymphoma of the prostate in a dog. J Small Anim Pract 31:12, 1990.

67. Moore KL, Persaud TVN: Before we are born: essentials of embryology and birth defects, ed 7, Philadelphia, 2008, Saunders Elsevier.

68. Moore RB, Xiao Z, Owen RJ, et al: Photodynamic therapy of the canine prostate: intra-arterial drug delivery. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 31(1):164, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

69. Mullen HS, Matthiesen NDT, Scavelli TD: Results of surgery and postoperative complications in 92 dogs treated for prostatic abscessation by a multiple Penrose drain technique. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 26:369, 1990.

70. Nyland TG, Wallack ST, Wisner ER: Needle-tract implantation following US-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, urethra, and prostate. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 43(1):50, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

71. Obradovich J, Walshaw R, Goullaud E: The influence of castration on the development of prostatic carcinoma in the dog. 43 cases (1978–1985). J Vet Intern Med 1(4):183, 1987. PUBMED Abstract

72. O’Shea JD: Studies on the canine prostate gland. I: factors influencing its weight and size. J Comp Pathol 72:321, 1962. PUBMED Abstract

73. Pennefather JN, Lau WA, Mitchelson F, et al: The autonomic and sensory innervation of the smooth muscle of the prostate gland: a review of pharmacological and histological studies. J Auton Pharmacol 20(4):193, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

74. Powe JR, Canfield PJ, Martin PA: Evaluation of the cytologic diagnosis of canine prostatic disorders. Vet Clin Pathol 33(3):150, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

75. Price D: Comparative aspects of development and structure of the prostate. In Biology of the prostate and related tissues, National Cancer Institute Monograph 12:1, 1963. PUBMED Abstract

76. Rawlings CA, Crowell WA, Barsanti JA, et al: Intracapsular subtotal prostatectomy in normal dogs: use of an ultrasonic surgical aspirator. Vet Surg 23(3):182, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

77. Rawlings CA, Mahaffey MB, Barsanti JA, et al: Use of partial prostatectomy for treatment of prostatic abscesses and cysts in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 211(7):868, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

78. Read RA, Stanley B: Urethral bleeding as a presenting sign of benign prostatic hyperplasia in the dog: a retrospective study (1979–1993). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 31(3):261, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

79. Renfrew H, Barrett EL, Bradley KJ, et al: Radiographic and ultrasonographic features of canine paraprostatic cysts. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 49(5):444, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

80. Rohleder JJ, Jones JC: Emphysematous prostatitis and carcinoma in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 38(5):478, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

81. Ross WE, Pardo AD: Evaluation of an omental pedicle extension technique in the dog. Vet Surg 22(1):37, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

82. Ruel Y, Barthez PY, Mailles A, et al: Ultrasonographic evaluation of the prostate in healthy intact dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 39(3):212, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

83. Shapiro E, Lepor H: Alpha 1 adrenergic receptors in canine lower genitourinary tissues: insight into development and function. J Urol 138(4):979, 1987. PUBMED Abstract

84. Shull RM, Hayden DW, Johnston GR: Urogenital blastomycosis in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 171(8):730, 1977. PUBMED Abstract

85. Sirinarumitr K, Johnston SD, Kustritz MV, et al: Effects of finasteride on size of the prostate gland and semen quality in dogs with benign prostatic hypertrophy. J Am Vet Med Assoc 218(8):1275, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

86. Smith ER: The canine prostate and its secretion. Adv Sex Horm Res 1:168, 1975. PUBMED Abstract

87. Smith ER, Miller TB, Pebler RF: Transepithelial voltage changes during prostatic secretion in the dog. Am J Physiol 245(4):470, 1983. PUBMED Abstract

88. Sorenmo KU, Goldschmidt M, Shofer F, et al: Immunohistochemical characterization of canine prostatic carcinoma and correlation with castration status and castration time. Vet Comp Oncol 1(1):48, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

89. Sorenmo KU, Goldschmidt MH, Shofer FS, et al: Evaluation of cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 expression and the effect of cyclooxygenase inhibitors in canine prostatic carcinoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2(1):13, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

90. Stefanov M: Extraglandular and intraglandular vascularization of canine prostate. Microsc Res Tech 63(4):188, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

91. Stowater JL, Lamb CR: Ultrasonic features of paraprostatic cysts in nine dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 30:232, 2006.

92. Teske E, Naan EC, van Dijk EM, et al: Canine prostate carcinoma: epidemiological evidence of an increased risk in castrated dogs. Mol Cell Endocrinol 197(1–2):251, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

93. Tucker AR, Smith JR: Prostatic squamous metaplasia in a cat with interstitial cell neoplasia in a retained testis. Vet Pathol 45(6):905, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

94. Turrel JM: Intraoperative radiotherapy of carcinoma of the prostate gland in ten dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1:190(1):48, 1987. PUBMED Abstract

95. Tursi M, Costa T, Valenza F, et al: Adenocarcinoma of the disseminated prostate in a cat. J Feline Med Surg 10(6):600, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

96. Watanabe H, Shima M, Kojima M, et al: Dynamic study of nervous control on prostatic contraction and fluid excretion in the dog. J Urol 140(6):1567, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

97. Weaver AD: Discrete prostatic (paraprostatic) cysts in the dog. Vet Rec 102(20):435, 1978. PUBMED Abstract

98. Weisse C, Berent A, Todd K, et al: Evaluation of palliative stenting for management of malignant urethral obstructions in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 229(2):226, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

99. Wheaton LG, de Klerk DP, Strandberg JD, et al: Relationship of seminal volume to size and disease of the prostate in the beagle. Am J Vet Res 40(9):1325, 1979. PUBMED Abstract

100. White RA, Williams JM: Intracapsular prostatic omentalization: a new technique for management of prostatic abscesses in dogs. Vet Surg 24(5):390, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

101. Winter ML, Bosland MC, Wade DR, et al: Induction of benign prostatic hyperplasia in intact dogs by near-physiological levels of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and 17 beta-estradiol. Prostate 26(6):325, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

102. Van Lue SJ, Cowles RS 3rd, Rawlings CA: Video-assisted percutaneous cystoscopy of the bladder and prostatic urethra in the dog: new approach for visual laser ablation of the prostate. J Endourol 9(6):503, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

103. Xiao Z, Dickey D, Owen RJ, et al: Interstitial photodynamic therapy of the canine prostate using intra-arterial administration of photosensitizer and computerized pulsed light delivery. J Urol 178(1):308, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

104. Zambelli D, Cunto M, Raccagni R, et al: Successful surgical treatment of a prostatic biphasic tumour (sarcomatoid carcinoma) in a cat. J Feline Med Surg 12(2):161, 2010. PUBMED Abstract

105. Zolton GM, Greiner TP: Prostatic abscesses—a surgical approach. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 14:698, 1978.

Chapter 114: Kidneys

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9. Berger SL, Reed JR: Traumatically induced hypoadrenocorticism in a cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 29:337–339, 1993.

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11. Bolliger C, Walshaw R, Kruger J, et al: Evaluation of the effects of nephrotomy on renal function in clinically normal cats. Am J Vet Res 66:1400–1407, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

12. Bouma J, Aronson L, Keith D, et al: Use of computed tomography renal angiography for screening feline renal transplant donors. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 44:636–641, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

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29. Feeney DA, Osbourne CA, Jessen CR: Effect of multiple excretory urograms on glomerular filtration of normal dogs: a preliminary report. Am J Vet Res 41:960–963, 1980. PUBMED Abstract

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33. Gahring D, Crowe D, Powers T, et al: Comparative renal function studies of nephrotomy closure with and without sutures in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 171:537–541, 1977. PUBMED Abstract

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35. Gookin J, Stone E, Spaulding K, et al: Unilateral nephrectomy in dogs with renal disease: 30 cases (1985–1994). J Am Vet Med Assoc 208:2020–2026, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

36. Greenwood K, Rawlings C: Removal of canine renal calculi by pyelolithotomy. Vet Surg 10:12–21, 1981.

37. Greer L, Daniel G, Shearn-Bochsler V, et al: Evaluation of the use of technetium Tc 99m diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid and technetium Tc 99m dimercaptosuccinic acid for scintigraphic imaging of the kidneys in green iguanas (Iguana iguana). Am J Vet Res 66:87–92, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

38. Groman R, Bahr A, Berridge B, et al: Effects of serial ultrasound-guided renal biopsies on kidneys in healthy adolescent dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 45:62–69, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

39. Guyton A, Hall J: Regulation of extracellular fluid osmolarity and sodium concentration. In Textbook of medical physiology, ed 11, Philadelphia, 2006, Saunders.

40. Harkin K, Biller D, Balentine H: Glomerulocystic kidney disease in a kitten. J Am Vet Med Assoc 223:1780–1782, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

41. Hecht S, Lane IF, Daniel GB, et al: Diuretic renal scintigraphy in normal cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 49:589–594, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

42. Henry CJ, Turnquist SE, Smith A, et al: Primary renal tumors in cats: 19 cases (1992–1998). J Feline Med Surg 1:165–170, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

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49. Klein MK, Campbell GC, Harris CK, et al: Canine primary renal neoplasms: a retrospective review of 54 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 24:443–452, 1988.

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51. Labanaris AP, Zugor V, Smiszek R: Empyema of the ureteral stump. An unusual complication following nephrectomy. Sci World J 10:380–383, 2010. PUBMED Abstract

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53. Lau JL, Fowler JE, Stobnicki M, et al: Polyglycolic acid mesh in experimental renal trauma. J Urol 136:715–718, 1986. PUBMED Abstract

54. LeBlanc A, Wall J, Morandi F, et al: Normal thoracic and abdominal distribution of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose(18FDG) in adult cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 50:436–441, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

55. Lee SS, Cheng CL, Yu DS, et al: Vicryl mesh for repair of severely injured kidneys: an experimental study. J Trauma 34:406–410, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

56. Lewis DC, Adamson DRT, Jacobs KA, et al: Pyelonephritis, nephrolithiasis and perinephric abscessation in a dog. Aust Vet J 65:195–196, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

57. Lobetti RG, Irvine-Smith GS: Nephro-cutaneous fistula in a dog. J South Afr Vet Assoc 77:40–41, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

58. Locke JE, Barber LG: Comparative aspects and clinical outcomes of canine renal hemangiosarcoma. J Vet Intern Med 20:962–967, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

59. Lyons L, Biller D, Erdman C, et al: Feline polycystic kidney disease mutation identified in PKD1. J Am Vet Med Assoc 15:2548–2555, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

60. Marolf A, Kraft S, Lowry J, et al: Radiographic diagnosis—right kidney herniation in a cat. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 43:237–240, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

61. Mayrhofer E, Sommeregger E, Fuchs-Baumgartinger A: Hypertrophic osteopathy with leukoderma in a Siamese cat. Wiener Tierarztliche Monatsscrift 95:121–126, 2008.

62. McLoughlin MA: Surgical emergencies of the urinary tract. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 30:581, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

63. Mehl ML, Kyles AE, Reimer SB, et al: Evaluation of the effects of ischemic injury and ureteral obstruction on delayed graft function in cats after renal autotransplantation. Vet Surg 35:341–346, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

64. Millward IR: Avulsion of the left renal artery following blunt abdominal trauma in a dog. J Small Anim Pract 50:38–43, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

65. Mott J, McAnulty J, Darien D, et al: Nephron sparing by partial median nephrectomy for treatment of renal hemangioma in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 208:1274–1276, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

66. Nath A, Juyal R, Venkatesan R, et al: Renal agenesis in New Zealand white rabbit. Scand J Lab Anim Sci 33:197–201, 2006.

67. Neuwirth L, Crowell W, Mahaffey M, et al: Comparison of excretory urography and ultrasonography for detection of experimentally induced pyelonephritis in dogs. Am J Vet Res 54:660–669, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

68. Newell S, Ko JC, Ginn PE, et al: Effects of three sedative protocols on glomerular filtration rate in clinically normal dogs. Am J Vet Res 58:446–450, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

69. Ochoa VB, DiBartola SP, Chew DJ, et al: Perinephric pseudocysts in the cat: a retrospective study and review of the literature. J Vet Intern Med 13:47–55, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

70. O’Dell-Anderson K, Twardock R, Grimm J, et al: Determination of glomerular filtration rate in dogs using contrast-enhanced computed tomography. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 47:127–135, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

71. Polyak MMR, Grosche A, Towl S, et al: The influence of a novel organ perfusion solution on early graft function in canine renal autotransplantation. Vet Surg 37:383–389, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

72. Polzin DJ, Osborne CA, Ross S: Chronic renal failure. In Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC, editors: Textbook of veterinary internal medicine: diseases of the dog and cat, vol 2, ed 5, Philadelphia, 2000, Saunders, pp 634–1661.

73. Rawlings C: Principles of urinary tract surgery. In Slatter D, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders, pp 1594–1606.

74. Rawlings C, Bjorling D, Christie B: Kidneys. In Slatter D, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders, pp 1606–1619.

75. Rawlings C, Diamond H, Howerth E, et al: Diagnostic quality of percutaneous kidney biopsy specimens obtained with laparoscopy versus ultrasound guidance in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 223:317–321, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

76. Reichle J, DiBartola S, Levine P: Renal ultrasonographic and computed tomographic appearance, volume, and function of cats with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 43:368–373, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

77. Rishniw M, Weidman J, Hornoff WJ: Hydrothorax secondary to a perinephric pseudocyst in a cat. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 39:193–196, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

78. Rivers B, Walter P, Letourneau L, et al: Duplex Doppler estimation of resistive index in arcuate arteries of sedated, normal female dogs: implications for use in the diagnosis of renal failure. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 33:69–76, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

79. Rivers B, Walter P, Letourneau L, et al: Estimation of arcuate artery resistive index as a diagnostic tool for aminoglycoside-induced acute renal failure in dogs. Am J Vet Res 57:1536–1544, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

80. Rivers B, Walter P, Polzin D: Ultrasonographic-guided, percutaneous antegrade pyelography: technique and clinical application in the dog and cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 33:61–68, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

81. Ross S, Osborne C, Lekcharoensuk C, et al: A case-control study of the effects of nephrolithiasis in cats with chronic disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 230(12):1854–1185, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

82. Schepper JE: Renal diseases in the dog: one thousand clinical cases. Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 46:18–25, 1977.

83. Stone E: Canine nephrotomy. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 9:883–888, 1987.

84. Stone E, Barsanti JA: Urologic surgery of the dog and cat, Malvern, PA, 1992, Lea & Febiger.

85. Stone E, Gookin JL: Indications for nephrectomy and nephrotomy. In Bonagura JD, editor: Kirk’s current veterinary therapy XIII, ed 13, Philadelphia, 2000, Saunders, pp 866–868.

86. Stone EA, Robertson JL, Metcalf MR: The effect of nephrotomy on renal function and morphology in dogs. Vet Surg 31:391–397, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

87. Störk CK, Hamaide AJ, Schwedes D, et al: Hemiurothorax following diaphragmatic hernia and kidney prolapse in a cat. J Feline Med Surg 5:91–96, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

88. Taney K, Moore K, Carro T, et al: Bilateral ectopic ureters in a male dog with unilateral renal agenesis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 223:817–820, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

89. Tate P, Anneaux B, Nickelson D, et al: Evaluation of Tissumend II Sterile as a multipurpose absorbable tissue adhesive. Intern J Appl Res Vet Med 3:74–84, 2006.

90. Tobias K: Renal and ureteral surgery. In Bartges J, Polzin D, editors: Nephrology and urology of small animals, Ames, IA, 2010, Wiley Blackwell.

91. Urie BK, Tillson D, Smith C, et al: Evaluation of clinical status, renal function, and hematopoietic variables after unilateral nephrectomy in canine kidney donors. J Am Vet Med Assoc 230:1653–1656, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

92. Vaden S: Glomerular diseases. In Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC, editors: Textbook of veterinary internal medicine, ed 6, St Louis, 2005, Saunders, pp 1786–1799.

93. Vaden SL: Renal biopsy: methods and interpretation. Vet Clin Small Anim 34:887, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

94. Vaden SL, Levine JF, Lees GE, et al: Renal biopsy: a retrospective study of methods and complications in 283 dogs and 65 cats. J Vet Intern Med 19:794–801, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

95. Volta A, Manfredi S, Gnudi G, et al: Polycystic kidney disease in a Chartreux cat. J Feline Med Surg 12:138–140, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

96. Walter P, Feeney DA, Johnston GR, et al: Ultrasonographic evaluation of renal parenchymal diseases in dogs: 32 cases (1981–1986). J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:999–1007, 1987. PUBMED Abstract

97. White SD, Rosychuk RAW, Schultheiss P, et al. Nodular dermatofibrosis and cystic renal disease in three mixed-breed dogs and a Boxer dog. Vet Derm 9:119–126, 1998.

98. Yates G, Sanchez-Vazquez M, Dunlop M: Bilateral renal agenesis in two cavalier King Charles spaniels. Vet Rec 160:672, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

99. Zatelli A, D’Ippolito P, Bonfanti U, et al: Ultrasound-assisted drainage and alcoholization of hepatic and renal cysts: 22 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 43:112–116, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

100. Zimmerman-Pope N, Waldron DR, Barber DL: Effect of fenoldopam on renal function after nephrotomy in normal dogs. Vet Surg 32(6):566–573, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

Chapter 115: Ureters

[pic]

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94. Levine RS, Pollack HM, Banner MP: Transient ureteral obstruction after ureteral stenting. AJR Am J Roentgenol 138:323, 1982. PUBMED Abstract

95. Ling GV, Franti CE, Johnson DL, et al: Urolithiasis in dogs III: prevalence of urinary tract infections and interrelations of infection, age, sex and mineral composition. Am J Vet Res 59:643, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

96. Ling GV, Franti CE, Ruby AL, et al: Urolithiasis in dogs I: mineral prevalence and interrelations of mineral composition, age and sex. Am J Vet Res 59:624, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

97. Liska WE, Patnaik AK: Leiomyoma of the ureter of a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 13:83, 1977.

98. Lulich JP, Osborne CA: Upper tract uroliths: questions, answers, questions. In August JR, editor: Consultations in feline internal medicine, vol 5, St. Louis, 2006, Elsevier, p 309.

99. MacCoy DM, Ogilvie G, Burke T, et al: Postovariohysterectomy ureterovaginal fistula in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 24:469, 1988.

100. Mahoney SA, Persky L: Approximation and dilatation: the mode of healing of an unintubated ureterostomy. Surg Forum 12:493, 1961. PUBMED Abstract

101. Martin RA, Harvey HJ, Flanders JA: Bilateral ectopic ureters in a male dog: a case report. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 21:80, 1985.

102. Mason LK, Stone EA, Biery DN, et al: Surgery of ectopic ureters: pre- and postoperative radiographic morphology. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 26:73, 1990.

103. Mathews KG, Gregory CR: Renal transplants in cats: 66 cases (1987–1996). J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:1432, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

104. Mayhew PD, Lee KCL, Gregory SP, et al: Comparison of two surgical techniques for management of intramural ureteral ectopia in dogs: 36 cases (1994–2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc 229:389, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

105. McAleer IM, Kaplan GW: Pediatric genitourinary trauma. Urol Clin North Am 22:177, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

106. McEvoy FJ: Iatrogenic renal obstruction in a dog. Vet Rec 135:457, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

107. McLaughlin R, Miller CW: Urinary incontinence after surgical repair of ureteral ectopia in dogs. Vet Surg 20:100, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

108. McLoughlin MA, Chew DJ: Diagnosis and surgical management of ectopic ureters. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 15:17, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

109. McLoughlin MA, Hauptman JG, Spaulding K: Canine ureteroceles: a case report and literature review. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 25:699, 1989.

110. Mehl ML, Kyles AE: Ureteroureterostomy after proximal ureteric injury during an ovariohysterectomy in a dog. Vet Rec 153:469, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

111. Mehl ML, Kyles AE, Pollard R, et al: Comparison of 3 techniques for ureterocystostomy in cats. Vet Surg 34:114, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

112. Moon YT, Kerbl K, Pearle MS, et al: Evaluation of optimal stent size after endourologic incision or ureteral strictures. J Endourol 9:15, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

113. Moores AP, Bell AM, Costello M: Urinoma (para-ureteral pseudocyst) as a consequence of trauma in a cat. J Small Anim Pract 43:213, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

114. Nicolli S, Zatelli A, D’Ippolito P, et al: Ureteral double pigtail stenting in dogs and cats: preliminary clinical results [abstract]. Vet Surg 38(4):E1, 2009.

115. Nwadike BS, Wilson LP, Stone EA: Use of bilateral temporary nephrostomy catheters for emergency treatment of bilateral ureter transaction in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 217:1862, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

116. Ochoa VB, DiBartola P, Chew DJ, et al: Perinephric pseudocysts in the cat: a retrospective study and review of the literature. J Vet Intern Med 13:47, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

117. O’Handley P, Carrig CB, Walshaw R: Renal and ureteral duplication in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 174:484, 1979. PUBMED Abstract

118. Okkens AC, Gaag IVD, Biewenga WJ, et al: Urologische complicaties na ovariohysterectomie bij de hond. Tijdschr Diergeneesk 106:1189, 1981.

119. Ortega SJ, Netto FS, Hamilton P, et al: CT scanning for diagnosing blunt ureteral and ureteropelvic junction injuries. BMC Urology 8:3, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

120. Osborne CA, Dieterich HF, Hanlon GF, et al: Urinary incontinence due to ectopic ureter in a male dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 166:911, 1975. PUBMED Abstract

121. Pearson H: The complications of ovariohysterectomy in the bitch. J Small Anim Pract 14:257, 1973. PUBMED Abstract

122. Pearson H, Gibbs C: Urinary incontinence in the dog due to accidental vagino-ureteral fistulation during hysterectomy. J Small Anim Pract 21:287, 1980. PUBMED Abstract

123. Pearson H, Gibbs C: Urinary tract abnormalities in the dog. J Small Anim Pract 12:67, 1971. PUBMED Abstract

124. Presti JC, Carroll PR, McAninch JW, et al: Ureteral and renal pelvic injuries from external trauma: diagnosis and management. J Trauma 29:370, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

125. Ragni RA, Fews D: Ureteral obstruction and hydronephrosis in a cat associated with retroperitoneal infarction. J Feline Med Surg 10:259, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

126. Reichle JK, Peterson RA, Mahaffey MB, et al: Ureteral fibroepithelial polyps in four dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 44:433, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

127. Ross LA, Lamb CR: Reduction of hydronephrosis and hydroureter associated with ectopic ureters in two dogs after ureterovesicular anastomosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:1497, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

128. Ross SJ, Osborne CA, Lulich JP, et al: Canine and feline nephrolithiasis. Epidemiology, detection and management. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 29:231, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

129. Rozear L, Tidwell AS: Evaluation of the ureter and ureterovesicular junction using helical computed tomographic excretory urography in healthy dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 44:155, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

130. Rutgers C, Chew DJ, Burt JK: Bilateral ectopic ureters in a female cat without urinary incontinence. J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:1394, 1984. PUBMED Abstract

131. Samii VF, McLoughlin MA, Mattoon JS, et al: Digital fluoroscopic excretory urography, digital fluoroscopic urethrography, helical computed tomography, and cystoscopy in 24 dogs with suspected ureteral ectopia. J Vet Intern Med 18:271, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

132. Satani Y: Histologic study of the ureter. J Urol 3:247, 1919.

133. Scott RC, Greene RW, Patnaik AD: Unilateral ureterocele associated with hydronephrosis in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 10:126, 1974.

134. Segura JW, Preminger GM, Assimos DG, et al: Ureteral stones clinical guidelines panel summary report on the management of ureteral calculi. J Urol 158:1915, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

135. Selcer BA: Urinary tract trauma associated with pelvic trauma. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 18:785, 1982.

136. Smith AL, Radlinsky MA, Rawlings C: The use of cystoscopic-guided laser ablation for the treatment of intramural ureteral ectopia: a retrospective evaluation [abstract]. Vet Surg 38:E46, 2009.

137. Smith CW, Burke TJ, Froehlich P, et al: Bilateral ureteral ectopia in a male cat with urinary incontinence. J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:172, 1983. PUBMED Abstract

138. Smith CW, Park RD: Bilateral ectopic ureteroceles in a dog. Canine Pract 10:28, 1974.

139. Smith CW, Stowater JL, Kneller SK: Bilateral ectopic ureter in a male dog with urinary incontinence. J Am Vet Med Assoc 177:1022, 1980. PUBMED Abstract

140. Snyder DM, Steffey MA, Mehler SJ, et al: Diagnosis and surgical management of ureteral calculi in dogs: 16 cases (1990–2003). N Z Vet J 53:19, 2004.

141. Steffey MA, Brockman DJ: Congenital ectopic ureters in a male dog and cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:1607, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

142. Steffey M, Rassnick KM, Porter B, et al: Ureteral mast cell tumor in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 40:82, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

143. Stiffler KS, McCrackin Stevenson MA, Howerth EW, et al: Intravesical ureterocele with concurrent renal dysfunction in a dog: a case report and proposed classification system. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 38:33, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

144. Stone EA, Barsanti JA: Surgical therapy for urinary tract trauma. In Stone EA, editor: Urologic surgery of the dog and cat, Philadelphia, 1992, Lea & Febiger, p 108.

145. Stone EA, Mason LK: Surgery of ectopic ureters: types, method of correction, and postoperative results. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 26:81, 1990.

146. Stowater JL, Springer AL: Ureterocele in a dog. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 74:1753, 1979. PUBMED Abstract

147. Sutherland-Smith J, Jerram RM, Walker AM, et al: Ectopic ureters and ureteroceles in dogs: presentation, cause, and diagnosis. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 26:303, 2004.

148. Takiguchi M, Yasuda J, Ochiai K, et al: Ultrasonographic appearance of orthotopic ureterocele in a dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 38:398, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

149. Taney KG, Moore KW, Carro T, et al: Bilateral ectopic ureters in a male dog with unilateral renal agenesis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 223:817, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

150. Tattersall JA, Welsh E: Ectopic ureterocele in a male dog: a case report and review of surgical management. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 42:395, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

151. Thun R, Goodale RH, McCracken MD, et al: Iatrogenic hydronephrosis in a bitch. J Am Vet Med Assoc 167:388, 1975. PUBMED Abstract

152. Tidwell AS, Ullman SL, Schelling SH: Urinoma (para-ureteral pseudocyst) in a dog. Vet Radiol 31:203, 1990.

153. Vaughan DE, Sweet RE, Gillenwater JY: Unilateral ureteral occlusion: pattern of nephron repair and compensatory response. J Urol 109:979, 1973. PUBMED Abstract

154. Velardo JT: Histology of the ureter. In Bergman H, editor: The ureter, ed 2, New York, 1981, Springer-Verlag, p 13.

155. Weisse C, Aronson LR, Drobatz K: Traumatic rupture of the ureter: 10 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 38:188, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

156. Wen JG, Frokiaer J, Jorgensen TM, et al: Obstructive nephropathy: an update of the experimental research. Urol Res 27:29, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

157. Westropp JL, Ruby AL, Bailiff NL, et al: Dried solidified blood calculi in the urinary tract of cats. J Vet Intern Med 20:828, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

158. Wilson DR: Renal function during and following obstruction. Ann Rev Med 28:329, 1977. PUBMED Abstract

159. Wolf JS, Humphrey PA, Rayala HJ, et al: Comparative ureteral microanatomy. J Endourol 10:527, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

160. Wolf JS Jr, Soble JJ, Nakada SY, et al: Comparison of fibrin glue, laser weld, and mechanical suturing device for the laparoscopic closure of ureterotomy in a porcine model. J Urol 157:1487, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

161. Worth AJ, Tomlin SC: Post-traumatic paraureteral urinoma in a cat. J Small Anim Pract 45:413, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

Chapter 116: Bladder

[pic]

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63. Selcer BA: Urinary tract trauma associated with pelvic trauma. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 19:785, 1982.

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68. Adams LG, Syme HM: Canine lower urinary tract. In Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC, editors: Textbook of veterinary internal medicine, ed 6, Philadelphia, 2004, Saunders, p 1850.

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83. Lekcharoensuk C, Osborne CA, Lulich JP, et al: Association between dietary factors and calcium oxalate and magnesium ammonium phosphate urolithiasis in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 219:1228, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

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86. Martinez I, Mattoon JS, Eaton KA, et al: Polypoid cystitis in 17 dogs (1978–2001). J Vet Intern Med 17:499, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

87. Norris AM, Laing EJ, Valli VE, et al: Canine bladder and urethral tumours: a retrospective study of 155 cases (1980–1985). J Vet Intern Med 6:145, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

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89. Knapp DW, Glickman NW, DeNicola DB, et al: Naturally-occurring canine transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a relevant model of human invasive bladder cancer. Urol Oncol 5:47, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

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91. Benigni L, Lamb CR, Corzo-Menendez N, et al: Lymphoma affecting the urinary bladder in three dogs and a cat. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 47:592, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

92. Van Vechten M, Goldschmidt MH, Wortman JA: Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the urinary bladder in dogs. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 12:783, 1990.

93. Wilson HM, Chun R, Larson VS, et al: Clinical signs, treatments, and outcome in cats with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: 20 cases (1990–2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc 231:101, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

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95. Billet JP, Moore AH, Holt PE: Evaluation of a bladder tumour antigen test for the diagnosis of lower urinary tract malignancies in dogs. Am J Vet Res 63:370, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

96. Nyland TG, Wallack ST, Wisner ER: Needle-tract implantation following us-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, urethra, and prostate. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 43:50, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

97. Valli VE, Norris A, Jacobs RM, et al: Pathology of canine bladder and urethral cancer and correlation with tumour progression and survival. J Comp Path 113:113, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

98. Patrick DJ, Fitzgerald SD, Sesterhenn IA, et al: Classification of canine urinary bladder urothelial tumours based on the World Health Organisation/International Society of Urological Pathology consensus classification. J Comp Path 135:190, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

99. Knapp DW, Richardson RC, Chan TC, et al: Piroxicam therapy in 34 dogs with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. J Vet Intern Med 8:273, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

100. Rocha TA, Mauldin GN, Patnaik AK, et al: Prognostic factors in dogs with urinary bladder carcinoma. J Vet Intern Med 14:486, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

101. Henry CJ, McCaw DL, Turnquist SE, et al: Clinical evaluation of mitoxantrone and piroxicam in a canine model of human invasive urinary bladder carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 9:906, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

102. Brown WA: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with activity against either cyclooxygenase 1 or cyclooxygenase 2 inhibit colorectal cancer in a DMH rodent model by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting cell proliferation. Gut 48:660, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

103. Smith JD, Stone EA, Gilson SD: Placement of a permanent cystostomy catheter to relieve urine outflow obstruction in dogs with transitional cell carcinoma. J Am Vet Med Assoc 206:496, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

104. Withrow SJ, Gilette EL, Hoopes PJ, et al: Intraoperative irradiation of 16 spontaneously occurring canine neoplasms. Vet Surg 18:7, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

Chapter 117: Urethra

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30. Cooley AJ, Waldron DR, Smith MM, et al: The effects of indwelling transurethral catheterization and tube cystostomy on urethral anastomoses in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 35:341, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

31. Corgozinho KB, de Souza HJ, Pereira AN, et al: Catheter-induced urethral trauma in cats with urethral obstruction. J Feline Med Surg 9:481, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

32. Creed KE, Van Der Werf BA, Kaye KW: Innervation of the striated muscle of the membranous urethra of the male dog. J Urol 159:1712, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

33. Cullen WC, Fletcher TF, Bradley WE: Histology of the canine urethra. I. Morphometry of the female urethra. Anat Rec 199:177, 1981. PUBMED Abstract

34. Cullen WC, Fletcher TF, Bradley WE: Histology of the canine urethra II. Morphometry of the male pelvic urethra. Anat Rec 199:187, 1981. PUBMED Abstract

35. Cullen WC, Fletcher TF, Bradley WF: Morphometry of the female feline urethra. J Urol 129:190, 1983. PUBMED Abstract

36. Cullen WC, Fletcher TF, Bradley WF: Morphometry of the male feline pelvic urethra. J Urol 129:186, 1983. PUBMED Abstract

37. 36a. Cunha MG, Freitas GC, Carregaro AB, et al: Renal and cardiorespiratory effects of treatment with lactated Ringer’s solution or physiologic saline (0.9% NaCl) solution in cats with experimentally induced urethral obstruction. Am J Vet Res 71:840, 2010. PUBMED Abstract

37. Ellison GW, Lewis DD, Boren FC: Subpubic urethrostomy to salvage a failed perineal urethrostomy in a cat. Compend Contin Educ Small Anim Pract 11:946, 1989.

38. Elwick KE, Melendez LD, Higbee RG, et al: Neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser ablation of an obstructive urethral polyp in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 39:506, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

39. Evans HE: Miller’s anatomy of the dog, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1993, Saunders.

40. Finco DR: Induced feline urethral obstruction: response of hyperkalemia to relief of obstruction and administration of parenteral electrolyte solution. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 12:198, 1976.

41. Foster SF, Hunt GB, Malik R: Congenital urethral anomaly in a kitten. J Feline Med Surg 1:61, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

42. Galanty M, Jurka P, Zielinska P: Surgical treatment of hypospadias. Techniques and results in six dogs. Pol J Vet Sci 11:235, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

43. Gerber B, Eichenberger S, Reusch CE: Guarded long-term prognosis in male cats with urethral obstruction. J Feline Med Surg 10:16, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

44. Goulden B, Bergman MM, Wyburn RS: Canine urethro-rectal fistulae. J Small Anim Pract 14:143, 1973. PUBMED Abstract

45. Greenberg CB, Davidson EB, Bellmer DD, et al: Evaluation of the tensile strengths of four monofilament absorbable suture materials after immersion in canine urine with or without bacteria. Am J Vet Res 65:847, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

46. Gregory CR: Electromyographic and urethral pressure evaluations: assessment of urethral function before and after perineal urethrostomy in cats. Am J Vet Res 45:2062, 1984. PUBMED Abstract

47. Gregory CR, Vasseur PB: Long-term examination of cats with perineal urethrostomy. Vet Surg 12:210, 1983.

48. Griffin DW, Gregory CR: Prevalence of bacterial urinary tract infection after perineal urethrostomy in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:681, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

49. Griffin DW, Gregory CR, Kitchell RL: Preservation of striated-muscle urethral sphincter function with use of a surgical technique for perineal urethrostomy in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 194, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

50. Hanson JA, Tidwell AS: Ultrasonographic appearance of urethral transitional cell carcinoma in ten dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 37:4, 1996.

51. Hastings JC, Van Winkle W, Barker E, et al: The effect of suture materials on healing wounds of the bladder. Surg Gynecol Obstet 140:933, 1975. PUBMED Abstract

52. Hawthorne JC, deHaan JJ, Goring RL, et al: Recurrent urethral obstruction secondary to idiopathic renal hematuria in a puppy. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 34:511, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

53. Hay CW, Rosin E: Repair of an intrapelvic urethral tear in a bitch caused by iatrogenic trauma. Vet Rec 140:48, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

54. Hayes HM Jr, Wilson GP: Hospital incidence of hypospadias in dogs in North America. Vet Rec 118:605, 1986. PUBMED Abstract

55. Hobson HP: Penis and prepuce. In Bojrab JM, editor: Current techniques in small animal surgery, Philadelphia, 1998, Williams & Wilkins, pp 527–537.

56. Hobson HP: Surgical pathophysiology of the penis. In Bojrab JM, editor: Disease mechanisms in small animal surgery, Philadelphia, 1993, Lea & Febiger, pp 552–559.

57. Hobson HP, Ader PL: Exstrophy of the bladder in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 15:103, 1979.

58. Hostutler RA, Chew DJ, Eaton KA, et al: Cystoscopic appearance of proliferative urethritis in 2 dogs before and after treatment. J Vet Intern Med 18:113, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

59. Jens B, Bjorling DE: Suture selection for lower urinary tract surgery in small animals. Compend Contin Educ Small Anim Pract 23:524, 2001.

60. Johnston DE: Feline urethrostomy—a critique and new method. J Small Anim Pract 15:421, 1974. PUBMED Abstract

61. Jurka P, Galanty M, Zielinska P, et al: Hypospadias in six dogs. Vet Rec 164:331, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

62. Kelly SE, Clark WT: Surgical repair of fracture the os penis in a dog. J Small Anim Pract 36:507, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

63. Kirsch JA, Hauptman JG, Walshaw R: A urethropexy technique for surgical treatment of urethral prolapse in the male dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 38:381, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

64. Klahr S: Pathophysiology of obstructive nephropathy. Kidney Int 23:414, 1983. PUBMED Abstract

65. Kleine LJ, Thorton GW: Radiographic diagnosis of urinary tract trauma. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 7:318, 1971.

66. Knapp DW, Glickman NW, DeNicola DB, et al: Naturally occurring canine transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. A relevant model of human invasive bladder cancer. Urol Oncol 5:47, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

67. Kolata RJ, Johnston DE: Motor vehicle accidents in urban dogs: a study of 600 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 167:938, 1975. PUBMED Abstract

68. Lane IF, Fischer JR, Miller E, et al: Functional urethral obstruction in 3 dogs: clinical and urethral pressure profile findings. J Vet Intern Med 14:43, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

69. Layton CE, Ferguson HR, Cook JE, et al: Intrapelvic urethral anastomosis. A comparison of three techniques. Vet Surg 16:175, 1987. PUBMED Abstract

70. Lees GE, Osborne CA, Stevens JB, et al: Adverse effects caused by polypropylene and polyvinyl feline urinary catheters. Am J Vet Res 41:1836, 1980. PUBMED Abstract

71. Lees GE, Osborne CA, Stevens JB, et al: Adverse effects of open indwelling urethral catheterization in clinically normal male cats. Am J Vet Res 42:825, 1981. PUBMED Abstract

72. Lekcharoensuk C, Osborne CA, Lulich JP: Evaluation of trends in frequency of urethrostomy for treatment of urethral obstruction in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 221:502, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

73. Liptak JM, Brutscher SP, Monnet E, et al: Transurethral resection in the management of urethral and prostatic neoplasia in 6 dogs. Vet Surg 33:505, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

74. Mahler S, Guillo JY: Antepubic urethrostomy in three cats and a dog: surgical technique and long-term results. Rev de Med Vet 150:357, 1999.

75. Manziano CV, Manziano JR: A bladder prosthesis to relieve urethral blockage in the male cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 151:218, 1967. PUBMED Abstract

76. Markiewicz MR, Lukose MA, Margarone JE 3rd, et al: The oral mucosa graft: a systematic review. J Urol 178:387, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

77. McLaren IG: Prepubic urethrostomy involving transplantation of the prepuce in the cat. Vet Rec 122:363, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

78. Mendham JH: A description and evaluation of antepubic urethrostomy in the male cat. J Small Anim Pract 11:709, 1970. PUBMED Abstract

79. Messer JS, Chew DJ, McLoughlin MA: Cystoscopy: techniques and clinical applications. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 20:52, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

80. Michell JP: Injuries to the urethra. Br J Urol 40:649, 1968. PUBMED Abstract

81. Miller CF: Urethrorectal fistula with concurrent urolithiasis in a dog. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 75:73, 1980. PUBMED Abstract

82. Moroff SD, Brown BA, Matthiesen DT, et al: Infiltrative urethral disease in female dogs: 41 cases (1980–1987). J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:247, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

83. Nacey JN, Delahunt B, Tulloch AG: The assessment of catheter-induced urethritis using an experimental dog model. J Urol 134:623, 1985. PUBMED Abstract

84. Newman RG, Mehler SJ, Kitchell BE, et al: Use of a balloon-expandable metallic stent to relieve malignant urethral obstruction in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 234:236, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

85. Newton JD, Smeak DD: Simple continuous closure of canine scrotal urethrostomy: results in 20 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 32:531, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

86. Osborne CA, Caywood DD, Johnston GR, et al: Perineal urethrostomy versus dietary management in prevention of recurrent lower urinary tract disease. J Small Anim Pract 32:296, 1991.

87. Osborne CA, Sanderson SL: Medical management of urethral prolapse in male dogs, In Bonagura JD, Kirk RW, editors: Current veterinary therapy XII, Philadelphia, 1995, Saunders, pp 1027–1029.

88. Osuna DJ, Stone EA, Metcalf MR: A urethrorectal fistula with concurrent urolithiasis in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 25:35, 1989.

89. Pavletic MM: Reconstruction of the urethra by use of an inverse tubed bipedicled flap in a dog with hypospadias. J Am Vet Med Assoc 231:71, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

90. Peacock EE: Healing and repair of viscera: anterior urethra. In Wound repair, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1984, Saunders, pp 480–484.

91. Peckman RD: Urinary trauma in dogs and cats: a review. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 18:33, 1982.

92. Peckman RD: The urethra. In Thrall DE, editor: Textbook of veterinary diagnostic radiology, ed 5, Philadelphia, 2007, Saunders, pp 725–728.

93. Phillips H, Holt DE: Surgical revision of the urethral stoma following perineal urethrostomy in 11 cats: (1998–2004). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 42:218, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

94. Ponglowhapan S, Church DB, Khalid M: Differences in the proportion of collagen and muscle in the canine lower urinary tract with regard to gonadal status and gender. Theriogenology 70:1516, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

95. Ragni RA: Urethral prolapse in three male Yorkshire terriers. J Small Anim Pract 48:180, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

96. Ralphs SC, Kramek BA: Novel perineal approach for repair of a urethrorectal fistula in a bulldog. Can Vet J 44:822, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

97. Rawlings CA, Wingfield WE: Urethral reconstruction in dogs and cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 12:850, 1976.

98. Rickards DA: The feline urethral shunt. Feline Pract 6:48, 1976.

99. Rickards DA, Hinko PJ: Feline urethrostomy: the Cleveland technique. Feline Pract 6:48, 1974.

100. Robinette JD: Silicone rubber prostheses for replacement of the urethra in male cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 163:285, 1973. PUBMED Abstract

101. Root MV, Johnston SD, Johnston GR, et al: The effect of prepubertal and postpubertal gonadectomy on penile extrusion and urethral diameter in the domestic cat. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 37:363, 1996.

102. Sackman JE, Sims MH, Krahwinkel DJ: Urodynamic evaluation of lower urinary tract function in cats after perineal urethrostomy with minimal and extensive dissection. Vet Surg 20:55, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

103. Saulnier-Troff FG, Busoni V, Hamaide A: A technique for resection of invasive tumors involving the trigone area of the bladder in dogs: preliminary results in two dogs. Vet Surg 37:427, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

104. Savicky RS, Jackson AH: Use of a rectus abdominis muscle flap to repair urinary bladder and urethral defects in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 234:1038, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

105. Schiller TD, Stone EA, Gupta BS: In vitro loss of tensile strength and elasticity of five absorbable suture materials in sterile and infected canine urine. Vet Surg 22:208, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

106. Selcer BA: Urinary tract trauma associated with pelvic trauma. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 18:785, 1982.

107. Smeak DD: Urethrotomy and urethrostomy in the dog. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 15:25, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

108. Smith CW, Weigel RM, Smith AR: Perineal urethrostomy in the cat. Feline Pract 19:20, 1991.

109. Smith J: Canine prostatic disease: a review of anatomy, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment. Theriogenology 70:375, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

110. Smith JD, Vaden SL, Stone EA, et al: Management and complications following trigonal-colonic anastomosis in a dog: five-year evaluation. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 32:29, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

111. Stolzenburg JU, Neuhaus J, Liatsikos EN, et al: Histomorphology of canine urethral sphincter systems, including three-dimensional reconstruction and magnetic resonance imaging. Urology 67:624, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

112. Stone EA, Withrow SJ, Page RL, et al: Ureterocolonic anastomosis in ten dogs with transitional cell carcinoma. Vet Surg 17:147, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

113. Thayer GW, Carrig CB, Evans AT: Fatal venous air embolism associated with pneumocystography in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 176:643, 1980. PUBMED Abstract

114. Tobias KS, Barbee D: Abnormal micturition and recurrent cystitis associated with multiple congenital anomalies of the urinary tract in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:191, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

115. Upton ML, Tangner CH, Payton ME: Evaluation of carbon dioxide laser ablation combined with mitoxantrone and piroxicam treatment in dogs with transitional cell carcinoma. J Am Vet Med Assoc 228:549, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

116. Van der Werf BA, Creed KE: Mechanical properties and innervation of the smooth muscle layers of the urethra of greyhounds. BJU Int 90:588, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

117. Van der Werf BA, Hidaka T, Creed KE: Continence and some properties of the urethral striated muscle of male greyhounds. BJU Int 85:341, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

118. Waldron DR, Hedlund CS, Tangner CH, et al: The canine urethra: a comparison of first and second intention healing. Vet Surg 14:213, 1985.

119. Wang B, Bhadra N, Grill WM: Functional anatomy of the male feline urethra: morphological and physiological correlations. J Urol 161:654, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

120. Wang KY, Samii VF, Chew DJ, et al: Vestibular, vaginal and urethral relationships in spayed and intact normal dogs. Theriogenology 66:726, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

121. Weaver RG, Schulte JW: Experimental and clinical studies of urethral regeneration. Surg Gynecol Obstet 115:729, 1962. PUBMED Abstract

122. Weber WJ, Boothe HW, Brassard JA, et al: Comparison of the healing of prescrotal urethrotomy incisions in the dog: sutured versus nonsutured. Am J Vet Res 46:1309, 1985. PUBMED Abstract

123. Weisse C, Berent A, Todd K, et al: Evaluation of palliative stenting for management of malignant urethral obstructions in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 229:226, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

124. Welches CD, Scavelli TD, Aronsohn MG, et al: Perineal hernia in the cat: a retrospective study of 40 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 28:431, 1992.

125. White RN, Davies JV, Gregory SP: Vaginourethroplasty for treatment of urethral obstruction in the bitch. Vet Surg 25:503, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

126. Wilson GP 3rd, Harrison JW: Perineal urethrostomy in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 159:1789, 1971. PUBMED Abstract

127. Withrow SJ, Gillette EL, Hoopes PJ, et al: Intraoperative irradiation of 16 spontaneously occurring canine neoplasms. Vet Surg 18:7, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

128. Yeh LS, Chin SC: Modified perineal urethrostomy using preputial mucosa in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 216:1092, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

129. Yilmaz Y, Aydin M, Bakir B, et al: Utilising an ileal segment in the posterior urethral replacement procedures using anal sphincter to provide continence in dogs. Tohoku J Exp Med 185:263, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

130. Yoshioka MM, Carb A: Antepubic urethrostomy in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 18:290, 1982.

Chapter 118: Sphincter Mechanism Incontinence

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27. Elbadawi A, Schenk EA: A new theory of the innervation of bladder musculature. Part 4. Innervation of the vesicourethral junction and external urethral sphincter. J Urol 111:613, 1974.PUBMED Abstract

28. Ghoneim MA, Fretin JA, Gagnon DJ, et al: The influence of vesical distension on the urethral resistance to flow: a possible role for prostaglandins? J Urol 116:739, 1976.PUBMED Abstract

29. Gosling JJ, Thompson SA: A neurohistochemical and histological study of peripheral autonomic neurons of the human bladder neck and prostate. Urol Int 32:269, 1977.PUBMED Abstract

30. Gregory SP: Obesity in continent and incontinent bitches assessed by body condition scoring and a derived body mass index, 1992, PhD thesis, University of Bristol, p 167.

31. Gregory SP, Holt PE: Comparison of stressed simultaneous urethral pressure profiles between anesthetized continent and incontinent bitches with urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence. Am J Vet Res 54:216, 1993.PUBMED Abstract

32. Gregory SP, Holt PE: The immediate effect of colposuspension on resting and stressed urethral pressure profiles in anaesthetized incontinent bitches. Vet Surg 23:330, 1994.PUBMED Abstract

33. Gregory SP, Holt PE, Parkinson TJ, et al: Vaginal position and length in the bitch: relationship to spaying and urinary incontinence. J Small Anim Pract 40:180, 1999.PUBMED Abstract

34. Gregory SP, Parkinson TJ, Holt PE: Urethral conformation and position in relation to urinary incontinence in the bitch. Vet Rec 131:167, 1992.PUBMED Abstract

35. Gruenenfelder J, McGuire EJ, Faerber GJ: Acute urinary retention associated with the use of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. J Urol 168:1106, 2002.PUBMED Abstract

36. Hamaide AJ, Verstefen JP, Snaps FR, et al: Influence of the estrous cycle on urodynamic and morphometric measurements of the lower portion of the urogenital tract in dogs. Am J Vet Res 66:1075, 2005.PUBMED Abstract

37. Hamberger B, Norberg KA: Adrenergic synaptic terminals and nerve cells in bladder ganglia of the cat. Int J Neuropharmacol 4:41, 1965.PUBMED Abstract

38. Hodgkinson CP, Stanton SL: Retropubic urethropexy or colposuspension. In Stanton SL, Tanagho EA, editors: Surgery of female incontinence, Berlin, 1980, Springer-Verlag, p 55.

39. Holt PE: Importance of urethral length, bladder neck position and vestibulovaginal stenosis in sphincter mechanism incompetence in the incontinent bitch. Res Vet Sci 39:364, 1985.PUBMED Abstract

40. Holt PE: Investigation and therapy of incontinent animals. Eur J Compan Anim Pract 10:111, 2000.

41. Holt PE: Long-term evaluation of colposuspension in the treatment of urinary incontinence due to incompetence of the urethral sphincter mechanism in the bitch. Vet Rec 127:537, 1990.PUBMED Abstract

42. Holt PE: “Simultaneous” urethral pressure profilometry: comparisons between continent and incontinent bitches. J Small Anim Pract 29:761, 1988.

43. Holt PE: Surgical management of congenital urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in eight female cats and a bitch. Vet Surg 22:98, 1993.PUBMED Abstract

44. Holt PE: Urinary incontinence in dogs and cats. Vet Rec 127:347, 1990.PUBMED Abstract

45. Holt PE: Urinary incontinence in the bitch due to sphincter mechanism incompetence: prevalence in referred dogs and retrospective analysis of sixty cases. J Small Anim Pract 26:181, 1985.

46. Holt PE: Urinary incontinence in the bitch due to sphincter mechanism incompetence: surgical treatment. J Small Anim Pract 26:237, 1985.

47. Holt PE: Urinary incontinence in the dog. In Pract 5:162, 1983.

48. Holt PE, Coe RJ, Hotston Moore A: Prostatopexy as a treatment for urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in male dogs. J Small Anim Pract 46:567, 2005.PUBMED Abstract

49. Holt PE, Gibbs C: Congenital urinary incontinence in cats: a review of 19 cases. Vet Rec 130:437, 1992.PUBMED Abstract

50. Holt PE, Gibbs C, Wathes CM: Simultaneous urethral pressure profilometry using a microtip transducer catheter in the bitch: effects of bitch position and transducer orientation. Neurourol Urodyn 9:281, 1990.

51. Holt PE, Gregory SP: Resting urethral pressure profilometry in bitches: artefact or reality? Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 15:1207, 1993.

52. Holt PE, Jones A: In vitro study of the significance of bladder neck position in incontinent bitches. Vet Rec 146:437, 2000.PUBMED Abstract

53. Holt PE, Sayle B: Congenital vestibulo-vaginal stenosis in the bitch. J Small Anim Pract 22:67, 1981.PUBMED Abstract

54. Holt PE, Thrusfield MV: Association in bitches between breed, size, neutering and docking, and acquired urinary incontinence due to incompetence of the urethral sphincter mechanism. Vet Rec 133:177, 1993.PUBMED Abstract

55. Iosif CS, Batra S, Ek A, et al: Estrogen receptors in the human female lower urinary tract. Am J Obstet Gynecol 141:817, 1981.PUBMED Abstract

56. Khalaf IM, Ghoneim MA, Elhilali MM: The effect of exogenous prostaglandins F2 alpha and E2 and indomethacin on micturition. Br J Urol 53:21, 1981.PUBMED Abstract

57. Khalaf IM, Lehoux JG, Elshawarby LA, et al: Release of prostaglandins into the pelvic venous blood of dogs in response to vesical distension and pelvic nerve stimulation. Invest Urol 17:244, 1979.PUBMED Abstract

58. Khalaf IM, Rioux F, Quirion R, et al: Intravesical prostaglandin: release and effect of bladder installation on some micturition parameters. Br J Urol 52:351, 1980.PUBMED Abstract

59. Kondo A, Kobayashi M, Takita T, et al: Effect of prostaglandin on urethral resistance and micturition. Urol Res 11:19, 1983.PUBMED Abstract

60. Kyles AE, Vaden S, Hardie EM, et al: Vestibulovaginal stenosis in dogs: 18 cases (1987–1995). J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:1889, 1996.PUBMED Abstract

61. Malizia AA, Reiman HM, Myers RP, et al: Migration and granulomatous reaction after periurethral injection of Polytef (Teflon). J Am Med Assoc 251:3277, 1984.PUBMED Abstract

62. Mandigers PJJ, Nell T: Treatment of bitches with acquired urinary incontinence with oestriol. Vet Rec 149:764, 2001.PUBMED Abstract

63. Marchevsky AM, Edwards GA, Lavelle RB, et al: Colposuspension in 60 bitches with incompetence of the urethral sphincter mechanism. Aust Vet Practit 29:2, 1999.

64. Massat BJ, Gregory CR, Ling GV, et al: Cystourethropexy to correct refractory urinary incontinence due to urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence. Preliminary results in ten bitches. Vet Surg 22:260, 1993.PUBMED Abstract

65. Mittleman RE, Marraccini JV: Pulmonary Teflon granulomas following periurethral Teflon injection for urinary incontinence. Arch Path Lab Med 107:611, 1883.PUBMED Abstract

66. Muir P, Goldsmid SE, Bellenger CR: Management of urinary incontinence in five bitches with incompetence of the urethral sphincter mechanism by colposuspension and a modified sling urethroplasty. Vet Rec 134:38, 1994.PUBMED Abstract

67. Mutoh S, Ueda S, Yano S, et al: Effects of some prostaglandins on urinary bladder and urethra isolated from the dog. Urol Int 38:219, 1983.PUBMED Abstract

68. Nickel RF: Oestriol: pharmacology and effects on lower urinary tract function. ESVIM Newsletter 9:13, 1999.

69. Nickel RF, Wiegand U, Van Den Brom WE: Evaluation of a transpelvic sling procedure with and without colposuspension for treatment of female dogs with refractory urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence. Vet Surg 27:94, 1998.PUBMED Abstract

70. Nishizawa O, Satoh S, Haradi T, et al: Role of the sympathetic nerve in bladder and urethral sphincter function during the micturition cycle in the dog evaluated by pressure flow EMG study. J Urol 134:1259, 1985.PUBMED Abstract

71. Nordling J, Meyhoff HH, Hald T: Sympathetic influence on striated urethral sphincter in urinary incontinence. In Zinner NR, Sterling AM, editors: Female incontinence, New York, 1981, Alan R Liss Inc, p 101.PUBMED Abstract

72. Olson PN, Mulnix JA, Nett TM: Concentrations of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone in the serum of sexually intact and neutered dogs. Am J Vet Res 53:762, 1992.PUBMED Abstract

73. Politano VA: Migration of polytetrafluoroethylene—Polytef. J Am Med Assoc 254:1902, 1985.

74. Ponglowhapan S, Church DB, Khalid M: Differences in the expression of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone receptors in the lower urinary tract between intact and gonadectomised male and female dogs. Dom Anim Endocrinol 34:339, 2008.PUBMED Abstract

75. Ponglowhapan S, Church DB, Khalid M: Differences in the proportion of collagen and muscle in the canine lower urinary tract with regard to gonadal status and gender. Theriogenology 70:1516, 2008.PUBMED Abstract

76. Ponglowhapan S, Church DB, Khalid M: Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in the canine lower urinary tract with regard to the effects of gonadal status and gender. Theriogenology 71:1276, 2009.PUBMED Abstract

77. Ponglowhapan S, Church DB, Scaramuzzi RJ, et al: Luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone receptors and their transcribed genes (mRNA) are present in the lower urinary tract of intact male and female dogs. Theriogenology 67:353, 2007.PUBMED Abstract

78. Power SC, Eggleton KE, Aaron AJ, et al: Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in the male dog: importance of bladder neck position, proximal urethral length and castration. J Small Anim Pract 39:69, 1998.PUBMED Abstract

79. Rawlings CA, Barsanti JA, Mahaffey MB, et al: Evaluation of colposuspension for treatment of incontinence in spayed female dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 219:770, 2001.PUBMED Abstract

80. Rawlings CA, Mahaffey MB, Chernosky AC, et al: Immediate urodynamic and anatomic response to colposuspension in female beagles. Am J Vet Res 61:1353, 2000.PUBMED Abstract

81. Reichler IM, Barth A, Piché CA, et al: Urodynamic parameters and plasma LH/FSH in spayed Beagle bitches before and 8 weeks after GnRH depot analogue treatment. Theriogenology 66:2127, 2006.PUBMED Abstract

82. Reichler IM, Hubler M, Jöchle W, et al: The effect of GnRH analogs on urinary incontinence after ablation of the ovaries in dogs. Theriogenology 60:1207, 2003.PUBMED Abstract

83. Reichler IM, Jöchle W, Piché CA, et al: Effect of a long acting GnRH analogue or placebo on plasma LH/FSH, urethral pressure profiles and clinical signs of urinary incontinence due to sphincter mechanism incompetence in bitches. Theriogenology 66:1227, 2006.PUBMED Abstract

84. Reichler IM, Pfeiffer E, Piché CA, et al: Changes in plasma gonadotrophin concentrations and urethral closure pressure in the bitch during the 12 months following ovariectomy. Theriogenology 62:1391, 2004.PUBMED Abstract

85. Reichler IM, Welle M, Sattler U, et al: Comparative quantitative assessment of GnRH- and LH-receptor mRNA expression in the urinary tract of sexually intact and spayed dogs. Theriogenology 67:1134, 2007.PUBMED Abstract

86. Richter KP, Ling GV: Clinical response and urethral pressure profile changes after phenylpropanolamine in dogs with primary sphincter incompetence. J Am Vet Med Assoc 187:605, 1985.PUBMED Abstract

86a. Rose SA, Adin CA, Ellison GW, et al: Long-term efficacy of a percutaneously adjustable hydraulic urethral sphincter for treatment of urinary incontinence in four dogs. Vet Surg 38:747, 2009.PUBMED Abstract

87. Salomon JF, Cotard JP, Viguier E: Management of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in a male dog with laparoscopic-guided deferentopexy. J Small Anim Pract 43:501, 2002.PUBMED Abstract

88. Salomon JF, Gouriou M, Dutot E, et al: Experimental study of urodynamic changes after ovariectomy in 10 dogs. Vet Rec 159:807, 2006.PUBMED Abstract

89. Scott L, Leddy M, Bernay F, Davot JL: Evaluation of phenylpropanolamine in the treatment of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in the bitch. J Small Anim Pract 43:493, 2002.PUBMED Abstract

90. Smith P: Age changes in the female urethra. Br J Urol 44:667, 1972.PUBMED Abstract

91. Spain CV, Scarlett JM, Houpt KA: Long-term risks and benefits of early-age gonadectomy in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:380, 2004.PUBMED Abstract

92. Stolzenburg JU, Dorschner W, Postenjak M, et al: Sphincteric musculature of female canine urethra in comparison to woman including 3D reconstruction. Cells Tissue Organs 170:151, 2002.PUBMED Abstract

93. Thrusfield MV, Muirhead RH, Holt PE: Acquired urinary incontinence in bitches: its incidence and relationship to neutering practices. J Small Anim Pract 39:559, 1998.PUBMED Abstract

94. Verhamme KMC, Dieleman JP, Van Wijk MAM, et al: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and increased risk of acute urinary retention. Arch Int Med 165:1547, 2005.PUBMED Abstract

95. Wang KY, Samii VF, Chew DJ, et al: Vestibular, vaginal and urethral relationships in spayed and intact normal dogs. Theriogenology 66:726, 2006.PUBMED Abstract

96. Weber UT, Arnold S, Hubler M, et al: Surgical treatment of male dogs with urinary incontinence due to urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence. Vet Surg 26:51, 1997.PUBMED Abstract

97. Wein AJ, Benson GS, Jacobowitz D: Lack of evidence for adrenergic innervation of the external urethral sphincter. J Urol 121:324, 1979.PUBMED Abstract

98. White RAS, Pomeroy CJ: Phenylpropanolamine: an α-adrenergic agent for the management of urinary incontinence in the bitch associated with urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence. Vet Rec 125:478, 1989.PUBMED Abstract

99. White RN: Urethropexy for the management of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in the bitch. J Small Anim Pract 42:481, 2001.PUBMED Abstract

Chapter 119: Renal Transplant

[pic]

REFERENCES

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33. Gregory CR, Gourley IM, Taylor NJ, et al: Preliminary results of clinical renal allograft transplantation in the dog and cat. J Vet Intern Med 1:53, 1987. PUBMED Abstract

34. Gregory CR, Kyles AE, Bernsteen L, et al: Results of clinical renal transplantation in 15 dogs using triple drug immunosuppressive therapy. Vet Surg 35:105, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

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38. Halling KB, Graham JP, Newell SP, et al: Sonographic and scintigraphic evaluation of acute renal allograft rejection in cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 44:707, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

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42. Jurriaans E, Dubbins PA. Renal transplantation: the normal morphologic and Doppler ultrasound examination. J Clin Ultrasound 20:495–506, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

43. Kadar E, Sykes JE, Kass PH, et al: Evaluation of the prevalence of infections in cats after renal transplantation: 169 cases (1987–2003). J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:948, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

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45. Katayama M, McAnulty JF: Renal transplantation in cats: patient selection and preoperative management. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 24:868, 2002.

46. Katayama M, McAnulty JF: Renal transplantation in cats: techniques, complications, and immunosuppression. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 24:874, 2002.

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55. Kyles AE, Gregory CR, Wooldridge JD, et al: Management of hypertension controls postoperative neurological disorders after renal transplantation in cats. Vet Surg 28:436, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

56. Kyles AE, Gregory CR, Craigmill AL: Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus after multidose oral administration and efficacy in the prevention of allograft rejection in cats with renal transplants. Am J Vet Res 64:926, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

57. Kyles AE, Gregory CR, Griffey SM, et al: An evaluation of combined immunosuppression with MNA 715 and microemulsified cyclosporine on renal allograft rejection in mismatched mongrel dogs. Vet Surg 31:358, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

58. Kyles AE, Gregory CR, Griffey SM, et al: Evaluation of the clinical and histological features of renal allograft rejection in cats. Vet Surg 31:49, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

59. Kyles AE, Gregory CR, Griffey SM, et al: Modified Noble plication for the prevention of intestinal intussusception after renal transplantation in dogs. J of Invest Surg 16:161, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

60. Kyles AE, Gregory CR, Craigmill AL: Comparison of the in vitro antiproliferative effects of five immunosuppressive drugs on lymphocytes in whole blood from cats. Am J Vet Res 61:906, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

61. Lirtzman RA, Gregory CR: Long-term renal and hematological effects of uninephrectomy in healthy feline kidney donors. J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:1044, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

62. Lirtzman RA, Gregory CR, Levitski RE, et al: Combined immunosuppression with leflunomide and cyclosporine prevents MLR-mismatched renal allograft rejection in a mongrel canine model. Transplantation Proc 28:945, 1996.

63. Mathews KA, Holmberg DL, Miller CW: Kidney transplantation in dogs with naturally occurring end stage renal disease. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 36:294, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

64. Mathews KG: Renal transplantation in the management of chronic renal failure. In August J, editor: Consultation in feline internal medicine, ed 4, Philadelphia, 2001, Saunders, p 319.

65. Mathews KG: Placement of a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube for the medical management of feline renal transplant candidates. Personal communication, 2000.

66. Mathews KG, Gregory CR: Renal transplants in cats: 66 cases (1987–1996). J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:1432, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

67. McAnulty JF: Hypothermic storage of feline kidneys for transplantation: Successful ex vivo storage up to 7 hours. Vet Surg 27:312, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

68. McAnulty JF, Lensmeyer GL: Comparison of high performance liquid chromatography and immunoassay methods for measurement of cyclosporine A blood concentrations after feline kidney transplantation. Vet Surg 27:589,1998. PUBMED Abstract

69. McAnulty JF, Lensmeyer GL: The effects of ketoconazole on the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine A in cats. Vet Surg 28:448,1999. PUBMED Abstract

70. Mehl ML, Kyles AE, Craigmill AL, et al: Disposition of cyclosporine after intravenous and multi-dose oral administration in cats. J Vet Pharmacol 26:349, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

71. Mehl ML, Kyles AE, Pollard R, et al: Comparison of 3 techniques for ureteroneocystostomy in cats. Vet Surg 34:114, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

72. Milovancev M, Schmeidt CW, Bentley E, et al: Use of capecitabine to prevent acute renal allograft rejection in dog erythrocyte antigen-mismatched mongrel dogs. Vet Surg 36:10, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

73. Mital D, Foster PF, Jensik SC, et al: Renal transplantation without sutures using the vascular clipping system for renal artery and vein anastomosis: a new technique. Transplantation 62:1171, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

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75. Newell SM, Ellison GW, Graham JP, et al: Scintigraphic, sonographic, and histologic evaluation of renal autotransplantation in cats. Am J Vet Res 60:775, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

76. Nordquist BC, Aronson LR: Pyogranulomatous cystitis associated with Toxoplasma gondii infection in a cat after renal transplantation. J Am Vet Med Assoc 232:1010, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

77. Opelz G, Wujciak T, Ritz E, et al: Association of chronic kidney graft failure with recipient blood pressure. Kidney Int 53:217, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

78. Phillips H, Aronson LR: The successful use of end-to-side vascular anastomotic techniques in canine renal transplantation. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011, in press.

79. Pollard R, Nyland TG, Bernsteen L, et al: Ultrasonographic evaluation of renal autografts in normal cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 40:380, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

80. Polyak MM, Phil M, Grosche A: Comparison of Vasosol and University of Wisconsin solutions on early kidney function after 24 hours of cold ischemia in a canine autotransplantation model. J Surg Res 150:255, 2007.

81. Raiss-Jalali GA, Fazelzadeh A, Mehdizadah AR: Effects of hypertension on transplant kidney function: 3 years of follow-up. Transplantation Proc 39:941–942, 2007.

82. Renoult E, Georges E, Biava MF, et al: Toxoplasmosis in kidney transplant recipients: report of six cases and review. Clin Infect Dis 24:625, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

83. Russell ME, Hancock WW, Akalin E, et al: Chronic cardiac rejection in the LEW to F344 rat model. Blockade of CD28-B7 costimulation by CTLA4-Ig modulates T cell and macrophage activation and attenuates arteriosclerosis. J Clin Invest 97:833–838, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

84. Schmeidt C, Penzo C, Schwab M, et al: Use of capecitabine after renal allograft transplantation in dog erythrocyte antigen matched dogs. Vet Surg 35:113, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

85. Schmiedt CW, Delaney FA, McNaulty JF: Ultrasonographic determination of resistive index and graft size for evaluating clinical feline renal allografts. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 49:73, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

86. Schmeidt CW, Grimes JA, Holzman G: Incidence and risk factors for development of malignant neoplasia after feline renal transplantation and cyclosporine-based immunosuppression. Vet Compar Oncol 7:45, 2009.

87. Schmeidt CW, Holzman G, Schwarz T, et al: Survival, complications and analysis of risk factors after renal transplantation in cats. Vet Surg 37:683, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

88. Turka LA, Linsley PS, Lin H, et al: T cell activation by CD28 ligand B7 is required for cardiac allograft rejection in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89:11102–11105, 1992.

89. Urie BK, Tillson DM, Smith CM, et al: Evaluation of clinical status, renal function, and hematopoietic variables after unilateral nephrectomy in canine kidney donors. J Am Vet Med Assoc 230:1653, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

90. Valverde CR, Gregory CR, Ilkew JE: Anesthetic management in feline renal transplantation. Vet Anes Analgesia 29:117, 2002.

91. Weinstein NM, Blais MC, Harris K, et al: A newly recognized blood group in domestic shorthair cats: the Mik red cell antigen. J Vet Intern Med 21:287, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

92. Wooldridge J, Gregory CR, Mathews KG, et al: The prevalence of malignant neoplasia in feline renal transplant recipients. Vet Surg 31:94, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

SECTION XII: Endocrine System

Chapter 120: Adrenal Glands

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REFERENCES

1. Anderson CR, Birchard SJ, Powers BE, et al: Surgical treatment of adrenocortical tumors: 21 cases (1990–1996). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 37:93–97, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

2. Ash RA, Harvey AM, Tasker S: Primary hyperaldosteronism in the cat: a series of 13 cases. J Feline Med Surg 7:173–182, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

3. Barthez PY, Marks SL, Woo J, et al: Pheochromocytoma in dogs: 61 cases (1984–1995). J Vet Intern Med 11:272–278, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

4. Becker TJ, Perry RL, Watson GL: Regression of hypertrophic osteopathy in a cat after surgical excision of an adrenocortical carcinoma. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 35:499–505, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

5. Besso JG, Penninck DG, Gliatto JM: Retrospective ultrasonographic evaluation of adrenal lesions in 26 dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 38:448–455, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

6. Boord M, Griffin C: Progesterone secreting adrenal mass in a cat with clinical signs of hyperadrenocorticism. J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:666–669, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

7. Bouayad H, Feeney DA, Caywood DD, et al: Pheochromocytoma in dogs: 13 cases (1980–1985). J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:1610–1615, 1987. PUBMED Abstract

8. Brenner DW, Brenner CJ, Scott J, et al: Suprarenal Greenfield filter placement to prevent pulmonary embolus in patients with vena caval tumor thrombi. J Urol 147:19–23, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

9. Cunningham JG: Textbook of veterinary physiology, ed 4, Philadelphia, 2007, Saunders.

10. Duesberg CA, Nelson RW, Feldman EC, et al: Adrenalectomy for treatment of hyperadrenocorticism in cats: 10 cases (1988–1992). J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:1066–1070, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

11. Emms SG, Wortman JA, Johnston DE, et al: Evaluation of canine hyperadrenocorticism, using computed tomography. J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:432–439, 1986. PUBMED Abstract

12. Feldman EC, Nelson RW: Comparative aspects of Cushing’s syndrome in dogs and cats. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 23:671–691, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

13. Feldman EC, Nelson RW, Feldman MS: Use of low- and high-dose dexamethasone tests for distinguishing pituitary-dependent from adrenal tumor hyperadrenocorticism in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:772–775, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

14. Gilson SD, Withrow SJ, Orton EC: Surgical treatment of pheochromocytoma: technique, complications, and results in six dogs. Vet Surg 23:195–200, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

15. Gilson SD, Withrow SJ, Wheeler SL, et al: Pheochromocytoma in 50 dogs. J Vet Intern Med 8:228–232, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

16. Goggs R, Benigni L, Fuentes VL, et al: Pulmonary thromboembolism. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 19:30, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

17. Gould SM, Baines EA, Mannion PA, et al: Use of endogenous ACTH concentration and adrenal ultrasonography to distinguish the cause of canine hyperadrenocorticism. J Small Anim Pract 42:113–121, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

18. Guyton AC: The autonomic nervous system and the adrenal medulla. In Guyton AC, Hall JE, editors: Textbook of medical physiology, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2006, Elsevier, pp 748–760.

19. Herrera MA, Mehl ML, Kass PH, et al: Predictive factors and the effect of phenoxybenzamine on outcome in dogs undergoing adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma. J Vet Intern Med 22:1333–1339, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

20. Hullinger RL: The endocrine system. In Miller ME, Evans HE, editors: Miller’s anatomy of the dog, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1993, Saunders, pp 574–579.

21. Jimenez Pelaez M, Bouvy BM, Dupre GP: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for treatment of unilateral adrenocortical carcinomas: technique, complications, and results in seven dogs. Vet Surg 37:444–453, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

22. Kook PH, Boretti FS, Hersberger M, et al: Urinary catecholamine and metanephrine to creatinine ratios in healthy dogs at home and in a hospital environment and in 2 dogs with pheochromocytoma. J Vet Intern Med 21:388–393, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

23. Kyles AE, Feldman EC, De Cock HE, et al: Surgical management of adrenal gland tumors with and without associated tumor thrombi in dogs: 40 cases (1994–2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc 223:654–662, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

24. Louvet A, Lazard P, Denis B: Phaeochromocytoma treated by en bloc resection including the suprarenal caudal vena cava in a dog. J Small Anim Pract 46:591–596, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

25. Lynn RC, Feldman EC, Nelson RW: Efficacy of microcrystalline desoxycorticosterone pivalate for treatment of hypoadrenocorticism in dogs. DOCP clinical study group. J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:392–396, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

26. Moore LE, Biller DS, Olsen DE: Hyperadrenocorticism treated with metyrapone followed by bilateral adrenalectomy in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 217:673, 691–694, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

27. Myers NC 3rd: Adrenal incidentalomas: Diagnostic workup of the incidentally discovered adrenal mass. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 27:381–399, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

28. Peacock JT, Fossum TW, Bahr AM, et al: Evaluation of gradual occlusion of the caudal vena cava in clinically normal dogs. Am J Vet Res 64:1347–1353, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

29. Peterson ME, Birchard SJ, Mehlhaff CJ: Anesthetic and surgical management of endocrine disorders. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 14:911–925, 1984. PUBMED Abstract

30. Peyton JW, Stewart JR, Greenfield LJ, et al: Hemodynamics and renal function following experimental suprarenal vena caval occlusion. Surg Gynecol Obstet 155:37–42, 1982. PUBMED Abstract

31. Reusch CE: Hyperadrenocorticism. In Ettinger SJ, editor: Textbook of veterinary internal medicine, ed 6, Philadelphia, 2004, Saunders.

32. Reusch CE, Feldman EC: Canine hyperadrenocorticism because of adrenocortical neoplasia. Pretreatment evaluation of 41 dogs. J Vet Intern Med 5:3–10, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

33. Rose SA, Kyles AE, Labelle P, et al: Adrenalectomy and caval thrombectomy in a cat with primary hyperaldosteronism. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 43:209–214, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

34. Scavelli TD: Adrenalectomy. In Bojrab MJ, editor: Current techniques in small animal surgery, ed 4, Baltimore, 1998, Williams & Wilkins, pp 539–542.

35. Scavelli TD, Peterson ME, Matthiesen DT: Results of surgical treatment for hyperadrenocorticism caused by adrenocortical neoplasia in the dog: 25 cases (1980–1984). J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:1360–1364, 1986. PUBMED Abstract

36. Schwartz P, Kovak JR, Koprowski A, et al: Evaluation of prognostic factors in the surgical treatment of adrenal gland tumors in dogs: 41 cases (1999–2005). J Am Vet Med Assoc 232:77–84, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

37. Swiderski JK, Seim HB 3rd, MacPhail CM, et al: Long-term outcome of domestic ferrets treated surgically for hyperadrenocorticism: 130 cases (1995–2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc 232:1338–1343, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

38. van Sluijs FJ, Sjollema BE: Adrenalectomy in 36 dogs and 2 cats with hyperadrenocorticism. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 117(suppl 1):29S, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

39. van Sluijs FJ, Sjollema BE, Voorhout G, et al: Results of adrenalectomy in 36 dogs with hyperadrenocorticism caused by adreno–cortical tumour. Vet Q 17:113–116, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

40. Vaughan MA, Feldman EC, Hoar BR, et al: Evaluation of twice-daily, low-dose trilostane treatment administered orally in dogs with naturally occurring hyperadrenocorticism. J Am Vet Med Assoc 232:1321–1328, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

41. Weiss CA, Scott MV: Clinical aspects and surgical treatment of hyperadrenocorticism in the domestic ferret: 94 cases (1994–1996). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 33:487–493, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

42. Weiss CA, Williams BH, Scott JB, et al: Surgical treatment and long-term outcome of ferrets with bilateral adrenal tumors or adrenal hyperplasia: 56 cases (1994–1997). J Am Vet Med Assoc 215:820–823, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

Chapter 121: Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands

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1. Bailey DB, Page RL: Tumors of the endocrine system. In Withrow SJ, Vail DM, editors: Withrow and MacEwen’s small animal clinical oncology, ed 4, Philadelphia, 2007, Saunders, pp 583–609.

2. Bezzola P: Thyroid carcinoma and hyperthyroidism in a dog. Can Vet J 43:125–126, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

3. Bieglmayer C, Prager G, Niederle B: Kinetic analyses of parathyroid hormone clearance as measured by three rapid immunoassays during parathyroidectomy. Clin Chem 48:1731–1738, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

4. Blaze C: Veterinary anesthesia drug quick reference, Philadelphia, 2004, Saunders, p 230.

5. Carver JR, Kapatkin A, Patnaik AK: A comparison of medullary thyroid carcinoma and thyroid adenocarcinoma in dogs: a retrospective study of 38 cases. Vet Surg 24:315–319, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

6. Ehrhart N: Thyroid. In Slatter D, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders, pp 1700–1710.

7. Feldman EC, Hoar B, Pollard R, et al: Pretreatment clinical and laboratory findings in dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism: 210 cases (1987–2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:756–761, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

8. Feldman EC, Nelson RW: Canine hypercalcemia and primary hyperparathyroidism. In Bonagura JD, Twedt DC, editors: Kirk’s current veterinary therapy XIV, St Louis, 2009, Saunders, pp 247–251.

9. Feldman EC, Nelson RW: Canine thyroid tumors and hyperthyroidism. In Feldman EC, Nelson RW, editors: Canine and feline endocrinology and reproduction, ed 3, St Louis, 2004, Saunders, pp 219–249.

10. Feldman EC, Nelson RW: Feline hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis). In Feldman EC, Nelson RW, editors: Canine and feline endocrinology and reproduction, ed 3, St Louis, 2004, Saunders, pp 152–218.

11. Feldman EC, Nelson RW: Hypercalcemia and primary hyperparathyroidism. In Feldman EC, Nelson RW, editors: Canine and feline endocrinology and reproduction, ed 3, St Louis, 2004, Saunders, pp 660–715.

12. Feldman EC, Nelson RW: Hypothyroidism. In Feldman EC, Nelson RW, editors: Canine and feline endocrinology and reproduction, ed 3, St Louis, 2004, Saunders, pp 86–151.

13. Flanders JA: Parathyroid gland. In Slatter D, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders, pp 723, 1711–17101.

14. Flanders JA: Surgical options for the treatment of hyperthyroidism in the cat. J Feline Med Surg 1:127–134, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

15. Flanders JA, Neth S, Erb HN, et al: Functional analysis of ectopic parathyroid activity in cats. Am J Vet Res 52:1336–1340, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

16. Fossum TW: The endocrine system. In Fossum TW, editor: Small animal surgery, ed 2, St Louis, 2002, Mosby, pp 487–530.

17. Gear RNA, Neiger R, Skelly BJS, et al: Primary hyperparathyroidism in 29 dogs: diagnosis, treatment, outcome and associated renal failure. J Small Anim Pract 46:10–16, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

18. Goldsmith RE, Wulsin J, Wiester MJ: Effect of thyroparathyroidectomy on the clinical course and the serum calcium and phosphorus concentration in dogs. Endocrinology 76:9, 1965. PUBMED Abstract

19. Goldstein RE, Atwater DZ, Cazolli DM, et al: Inheritance, mode of inheritance, and candidate genes for primary hyperparathyroidism in keeshonden. J Vet Intern Med 21:199–203, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

20. Guptill L, Scott-Moncrieff CR, Janovitz EB, et al: Response to high-dose radioactive iodine administration in cats with thyroid carcinoma that had previously undergone surgery. J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:1055–1058, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

21. Guyton AC, Hall JE: Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, calcium and phosphate metabolism, vitamin D, bone, and teeth. In Guyton AC, Hall JE, editors: Textbook of medical physiology, ed 9, Philadelphia, 1996, Saunders, pp 985–1002.

22. Ham K, Greenfield CL, Barger A, et al: Validation of a rapid parathyroid hormone assay and intraoperative measurement of parathyroid hormone in dogs with benign naturally occurring primary hyperparathyroidism. Vet Surg 38:122–132, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

23. Harvey AM, Hibbert A, Barrett EL, et al: Scintigraphic findings in 120 hyperthyroid cats. J Feline Med Surg 11:96–106, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

24. Harvier P, Morel L: Topographie du tissue parathyroidien chez le chat. CR Soc Biol 66:837–839, 1903.

25. Hibbert A, Gruffydd-Jones T, Barrett EL, et al: Feline thyroid carcinoma: diagnosis and response to high dose radioactive iodine treatment. J Feline Med Surg 11:116–124, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

26. Hullinger RL: The endocrine system. In Evans HE, editor: Miller’s anatomy of the dog, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1993, Saunders, pp 559–585.

27. Landerson PW, Levin AA, Ridgway EC, et al: Complications of surgery in hypothyroid patients. Am J Med 77:261, 1984. PUBMED Abstract

28. Liptak JM: Canine thyroid carcinoma. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 22:75–81, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

29. Matwichuck C, Taylor SM, Daniel GB, et al: Double-phase parathyroid scintigraphy in dogs using 99mTc-sestamibi. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 41:461–469, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

30. Naan EC, Kirpensteijn J, Kooistra HS, et al: Results of thyroidectomy in 101 cats with hyperthyroidism. Vet Surg 35:287–293, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

31. Nicholas JS, Swingle WW: An experimental and morphological study of the parathyroid glands of the cat. Am J Anat 34:469–509, 1925.

32. Norsworthy GD, Adams VJ, McElhaney MR, et al: Palpable thyroid and parathyroid nodules in asymptomatic cats. J Feline Med Surg 4:145–151, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

33. Pack L, Roberts RE, Dawson SD, et al: Definitive radiation therapy for infiltrative thyroid carcinoma in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 42:471–474, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

34. Padgett S: Feline thyroid surgery. Vet Clin Small Anim 32:851–859, 2002.

35. Padgett S, Tobias KM, Leathers CW, et al: Efficacy of parathyroid gland autotransplantation in maintaining serum calcium concentration after bilateral thyroparathyroidectomy in cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 34:219–224, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

36. Page RL: Tumors of the endocrine system. In Withrow SJ, MacEwen EG, editors: Small animal clinical oncology, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2001, Saunders, pp 418–444.

37. Patnaik AK, MacEwen EG, Erlandson RA, et al: Mediastinal parathyroid adenocarcinoma in a dog. Vet Pathol 15:55–63, 1978. PUBMED Abstract

38. Rasor L, Pollard R, Feldman EC: Retrospective evaluation of three treatment methods for primary hyperparathyroidism in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 43:70–77, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

39. Reusch CE, Tomsa K, Zimmer C, et al: Ultrasonography of the parathyroid glands as an aid in differentiation of acute and chronic renal failure in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 217:1849–1852, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

40. Ruopp J: Primary hypoparathyroidism in a cat complicated by suspect iatrogenic calcinosis cutis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 37:370–373, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

41. Safer JD, Crawford TM, Holick MF. A role for thyroid hormone in wound healing through keratin gene expression. Endocrinology 145:2357–2361, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

42. Scavelli TD, Peterson ME: The thyroid. In Slatter D, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1993, Saunders, pp 1514–1523.

43. Schaefer C, Goldstein RE: Canine primary hyperparathyroidism. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 31:382–390, 2009.

44. Schaer M, Ginn PE, Fox LE, et al: Severe calcinosis cutis associated with treatment of hypoparathyroidism in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 37:364–369, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

45. Seehofer D, Rayes N, Ulrich F, et al: Intraoperative measurement of intact parathyroid hormone in renal hyperparathyroidism by an inexpensive routine assay. Langenbeck’s Arch Surg 386:440–443, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

46. Simpson AC, McCown JL: Systemic hypertension in a dog with a functional thyroid gland adenocarcinoma. J Am Vet Med Assoc 235:1474–1479, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

47. Swalec KM, Birchard SJ: Recurrence of hyperthyroidism after thyroidectomy in cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 26:433–437, 1990.

48. Taeymans O, Peremans K, Saunders JH: Thyroid imaging in the dog: current status and future direction. J Vet Intern Med 21:673–684, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

49. Tha Nassif AC, Hintz Greca F, Graf H, et al: Wound healing in colonic anastomosis in hypothyroidism. Eur Surg Res 42:209–215, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

50. Theon AP, Marks SL, Feldman ES, Griffey S: Prognostic factors and patterns of treatment failure in dogs with unresectable differentiated thyroid carcinomas treated with megavoltage irradiation. J Am Vet Med Assoc 216:1775–1779, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

51. Tobias KM: Feline thyroidectomy. In Tobias KM, editor: Manual of small animal soft tissue surgery, Ames, IA, 2010, Wiley-Blackwell, pp 433–440.

52. Turrel JM, McEntee MC, Burke BP, et al: Sodium iodine I131 treatment of dogs with nonresectable thyroid tumors: 39 cases (1990–2003). J Am Vet Med Assoc 229:542–548, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

53. van Hoek I, Lefebvre HP, Peremans K, et al: Short- and long-term follow-up of glomerular and tubular renal markers of kidney function in hyperthyroid cats after treatment with radioiodine. Domest Anim Endocrinol 36:45–56, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

54. van Hoek I, Meyer E, Duchateau L, et al: Retinol-binding protein in serum and urine of hyperthyroid cats before and after treatment with radioiodine. J Vet Intern Med 23:1031–1037, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

55. Worth AJ, Zuber RM, Hocking M: Radioiodide (131I) therapy for the treatment of canine thyroid carcinoma. Aust Vet J 83:208–214, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

56. Zimmermann E, Ribas-Fiho JM, Malafaia O, et al: Tracheal suture in rats with hypothyroidism: wound healing study. Acta Cir Bras 24:282–289, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

SECTION XIII: Ear

Chapter 122: Pinna and External Ear Canal

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1. Angus JC: Otic cytology in health and disease. Vet Clin Small Anim 34:411–424, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

2. Aoki-Komori S, Simada K, Tani K, et al: Microbial flora in the ears of healthy experimental beagles. Exp Anim 56(1):67–69, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

3. Atwater SW, Powers BE, Straw RC, Withrow SJ: Squamous cell carcinoma of the pinna and nasal planum. Fifty-four cats (1980–1991). Proc Annu Conf Vet Cancer Soc 11:35–36, 1991.

4. Bacon NJ, Gilbert RL, Bostock DE, White RAS: Total ear canal ablation in the cat: indications, morbidity and long-term survival. J Small Anim Pract 44(10):430–434, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

5. Bischoff MG, Kneller SK: Diagnostic imaging of the canine and feline ear. Vet Clin Small Anim 34:437–458, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

6. Blättler U, Harlin O, Mattison RG, Rampelberg F: Fibrin sealant as a treatment for canine aural haematoma: a case history. Vet J 173:697–700, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

7. Bond R, Saijonmaa-Koulumies LE, Lloyd DH: Population sizes and frequency of Malassezia pachydermatitis at skin and mucosal sites on healthy dogs. J Small Anim Pract 36(4):147–150, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

8. Boothe HW, Hobson HP, McDonald DE: Treatment of traumatic separation of the auricular and annular cartilages without ablation: results in five dogs. Vet Surg 25(5):376–379, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

9. Buback JL, Boothe HW, Carroll GL, et al: Comparison of three methods of pain relief after ear canal ablation in dogs. Vet Surg 25:380–385, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

10. Caine AR, Herrtage ME, Ladlow JF: Imaging diagnosis: ear canal distension following external auditory canal atresia. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 49(3):267–269, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

11. Calhoun ML, Stinson AW: Integument. In Dellman H-D, Brown EM, editors: Textbook of veterinary histology, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1987, Lea & Febiger, pp 382–415.

12. Cechner PE: Suture technique for repair of aural hematoma. In Bojrab MJ, Ellison GW, Slocum B, editors: Current techniques in small animal surgery, ed 4, Baltimore, 1998, Williams & Wilkins, pp 95–98.

13. Clarke RE: Cryosurgical treatment of feline cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Aust Vet Pract 21:148–153, 1991.

14. Clarke SP: Surgical management of acute ear canal separation in a cat. J Feline Med Surg 6(4):283–286, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

15. Cole LK: Otoscopic evaluation of the ear canal. Vet Clin Small Anim 34:397–410, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

16. Cole LK, Kwochka KW, Kowalski JJ, Hillier A: Microbial flora and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of isolated pathogens from the horizontal ear canal and middle ear in dogs with otitis media. J Am Vet Med Assoc 212:534–538, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

17. Cole LK, Papich MG, Kwochka KW, et al: Plasma and ear tissue concentrations of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in dogs with chronic end-stage otitis externa after intravenous administration of enrofloxacin. Vet Dermatol 20:51–59, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

18. Connery NA, McAllister H, Hay C: Para-aural abscessation following traumatic ear canal separation in a dog. J Small Anim Pract 42(5):253–256, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

19. Cook LB: Neurologic evaluation of the ear. Vet Clin Small Anim 34:425–435, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

20. Coomer AR, Bacon NJ: Primary anastomosis of segmental external auditory canal atresia in a cat. J Feline Med Surg 11:864–868, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

21. Cox CL, Hunt GB, Cadier MM: Repair of oronasal fistulae using auricular cartilage grafts in five cats. Vet Surg 36:164–169, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

22. Crespo MJ, Abarca ML, Cabanes FJ: Occurrence of Malassezia spp. in the external ear canals of dogs and cats with and without otitis externa. Med Mycol 40:115–121, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

23. Czernry C, Turtschek K, Duman M, Imhof H: Imaging of the middle ear. CT and MRI. Radiology 37:945–953; 1997. PUBMED Abstract

24. Day DG, Couto CG, Weisbrode, et al: Basal cell carcinoma in two cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 30:265–269, 1994.

25. de Queiroz FG, Matera JM, Dagli MLZ: Clinical study of cryosurgery efficacy in the treatment of skin and subcutaneous tumors in dogs and cats. Vet Surg 37:438–443, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

26. Devitt CM, Seim HB, Willer R, et al: Passive drainage versus primary closure after total ear canal ablation-lateral bulla osteotomy in dogs: 59 dogs (1985–1995). Vet Surg 26:210–216, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

27. Dorn CR, Taylor DO, Schneider R: Sunlight exposure and risk of developing cutaneous and oral squamous cell carcinoma in white cats. J Natl Cancer Inst 46:1073–1078, 1971. PUBMED Abstract

28. Dye TL, Teague HD, Ostwald DA, Ferreira SD: Evaluation of a technique using the carbon dioxide laser for the treatment of aural hematomas. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 38:385–390, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

29. Eom K, Lee H, Yoon J: Canalographic evaluation of the external ear canal in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 41(3):231–234, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

30. Evans HE: The ear. In Miller ME, Evans HE, editors: Miller’s anatomy of the dog, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1993, Saunders, pp 988–1008.

31. Fan TM, de Lorimier LP: Inflammatory polyps and aural neoplasia. Vet Clin Small Anim 34:489–509, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

32. Fossum TW: Aural hematomas and traumatic lesions of the pinna. In Fossum TW, editor: Small animal surgery, St. Louis, 1997, Mosby, pp 171–176.

33. Fossum TW: Surgery of the ear. In Fossum TW, editor: Small animal surgery, St. Louis, 2002, Mosby, pp 229–253.

34. Garosi LS, Dennis R, Penderis J, Lamb CR, et al: Results of magnetic resonance imaging in dogs with vestibular disorders: 85 cases (1996–1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc 218(3):385–391, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

35. Getty R, Foust HL, Presley ET, Miller ME: Macroscopic anatomy of the ear of the dog. Am J Vet Res 17:364–375, 1956. PUBMED Abstract

36. Goldschmidt MH, Shofer FS: Basal cell tumors. In Skin tumors of the dog and cat, Oxford, 1998, Butterworth-Heinemann, pp 16–28.

37. Goldschmidt MH, Shofer FS: Ceruminous gland tumors. In Goldschmidt MH, Shofer FS, editors: Skin tumors of the dog and cat, New York, 1992, Pergamon Press, pp 96–102.

38. Gotthelf LN: Diagnosis and treatment of otitis media in dogs and cats. Vet Clin Small Anim 34:469–487, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

39. Greene CE: Otitis externa. In Infectious diseases of the dog and cat, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1998, Saunders, pp 549–554.

40. Griffin CE, DeBoer DJ: The ACVD task force on canine atopic dermatitis (XIV): clinical manifestations of canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 81:255–269, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

41. Hahn KA, Panjehpour M, Legendre AM: Photodynamic therapy response in cats with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma as a function of fluence. Vet Dermatol 9:3–7, 1998.

42. Hardie EM, Linder KE, Pease AP: Aural cholesteatoma in twenty dogs. Vet Surg 37:763–770, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

43. Harvey CE: The ear and nose. In Harvey CE, Newton CD, Schwartz A, editors: Small animal surgery, Philadelphia, 1990, JB Lippincott, pp 171–188.

44. Hettlich BF, Boothe HW, Simpson RB, et al: Effect of tympanic cavity evacuation and flushing on microbial isolates during total ear canal ablation with lateral bulla osteotomy in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 227(5):748–755, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

45. Higginbotham ML, Henry CJ, Watson Z, et al: Biological behavior of canine aural mast cell tumors. In Proceedings of the 20th Annual Meeting of the Veterinary Cancer Society, Pacific Grove, CA, 2000, p 52.

46. Holt D, Brockman DJ, Sylvestre AM, et al: Lateral exploration of fistulas developing after total ear canal ablations: 10 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 32:527–530, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

47. Horne RD, Henderson RA: Pinna. In Slatter D, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders, pp 1737–1745.

48. Hoskinson JJ: Imaging techniques in the diagnosis of middle ear disease. Semin Vet Med Surg Small Anim 8(1):10–16, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

49. House A: Atresia of the distal external acoustic meatus in a Bouvier des Flandres. J Small Anim Pract 42:88–89, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

50. Joyce J: Canine aural haematoma. Waltham Focus 10:4, 2000.

51. Joyce JA: Treatment of canine aural haematoma using an indwelling drain and corticosteroids. J Small Anim Pract 35:341–344, 1994.

52. Jubb KVF, Kennedy PC, Palmer N: The eye and ear. In Pathology of domestic animals, vo1 1, ed 3, London, 2007, Academic Press, pp 393–398.

53. Kirpensteijn J: Aural neoplasms. Semin Vet Med Surg Small Anim 8(1):17–23, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

54. Krahwinkel DJ: External ear canal. In Slatter D, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders, pp 1560–1567.

55. Krahwinkel DJ: External ear canal. In Slatter D, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders, pp 1746–1756.

56. Krahwinkel DJ, Pardo AD, Sims MH, Bubb WJ: Effect of total ablation of the external acoustic meatus and bulla osteotomy on auditory function in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 202(6):949–952, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

57. Kuwahara J: Canine and feline aural haematomas: results of treatment with corticosteroids. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 22:641–647, 1986.

58. Kyles AE: Traumatic separation of the auricular and annular cartilages in two cats. Vet Rec 31:419–424, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

59. Lana SE, Ogilvie GK, Withrow SJ, et al: Feline cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal planum and the pinnae: 61 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 33(4):329–332, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

60. Lanz OI, Wood BC: Surgery of the ear and pinna. Vet Clin Small Anim 34:567–599, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

61. Lee J, Eom K, Seong Y, et al: Ultrasonographic evaluation of the external ear canal and tympanic membrane in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 47(1):94–98, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

62. Little CJL, Lane JG, Gibbs C, et al: Inflammatory middle ear disease of the dog: the clinical and pathological features of cholesteatoma, a complication of otitis media. Vet Rec 128:319–322, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

63. London CA, Dubilzeig RR, Vail DM, et al: Evaluation of dogs and cats with tumors of the ear canal: 145 cases (1978–1992). J Am Vet Med Assoc 280(9):1413–1418, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

64. Marino DJ, MacDonald JM, Matthiesen DT, et al: Results of surgery and long-term follow-up in dogs with ceruminous gland adenocarcinoma. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 29:560–563, 1993.

65. Marino DJ, MacDonald JM, Matthiesen DT, et al: Results of surgery in cats with ceruminous gland adenocarcinoma. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 30:54–58, 1994.

66. Mason LK, Harvey CE, Orsher RJ: Total ear canal ablation combined with lateral bulla osteotomy for end-stage otitis in dogs. Results in thirty dogs. Vet Surg 17(5):263–268, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

67. Mathews KG, Hardie EM, Murphy KM: Subtotal ear canal ablation in 18 dogs and one cat with minimal distal ear canal pathology. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 42:371–380, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

68. Matousek JL: Diseases of the ear pinna. Vet Clin Small Anim 34:511–540, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

69. Matthiesen DT, Scavelli T: Total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy in 38 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 26:257–267, 1990.

70. McCarthy PE, Hosgood G, Penchman RD: Traumatic ear canal separations and para-aural abscessation in three dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 31:419–424, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

71. McNabb AH, Flanders JA: Cosmetic results of a ventrally based advancement flap for closure of total ear canal ablations in 6 cats: 2002–2003. Vet Surg 33:435–439, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

72. Miller MA, Nelson SL, Turk JR, et al: Cutaneous neoplasia in 340 cats. Vet Pathol 28(5):389–395, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

73. Miller MA, Ramos JA, Kreeger JM: Cutaneous vascular neoplasia in 15 cats: clinical, morphologic and immunohistochemical studies. Vet Pathol 29(4):329–336, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

74. Moisan PG, Watson GL: Ceruminous gland tumors in dogs and cats: a review of 124 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 32:449–453, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

75. Molander-McCrary H, Henry CJ, Potter K, et al: Cutaneous mast cell tumors in cats: 32 cases (1991–1994). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 34(4):281–284, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

76. Nuttall TJ, Burrow R, Fraser I, Kipar A: Thrombo-ischaemic pinnal necrosis associated with fenbendazole treatment in a dog. J Small Anim Pract 46(5):243–246, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

77. Oliveira LC, Leite CAL, Brilhante RSN, Carvalho CBM: Comparative study of the microbial profile from bilateral canine otitis externa. Can Vet J 49:785–788, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

78. Peaston AE, Leach MW, Higgins RJ: Photodynamic therapy for nasal and aural squamous cell carcinoma in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 202(8):1261–1265, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

79. Pratschke KM: Inflammatory polyps of the middle ear in 5 dogs. Vet Surg 32(3):292–296, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

80. Rogers KS: Tumors in the ear canal. Vet Clin Small Anim 18:859–868, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

81. Rohleder JJ, Jones CJ, Duncan RB, et al: Comparative performance of radiography and computed tomography in the diagnosis of middle ear disease in 31 dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 47:45–52, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

82. Romatowski J: Nonsurgical treatment of aural hematomas. J Am Vet Med Assoc 204(9):1318, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

83. Rosser EJ: Causes of otitis externa. Vet Clin Small Anim 34:459–468, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

84. Rosser EJ: Diagnosis of food allergy in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 203(2):259–262, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

85. Schmidt K, Piaia T, Bertolini G, De Lorenzi D: External auditory canal atresia of probable congenital origin in a dog. J Small Anim Pract 48(4):233–236, 2007.

86. Scott DW, Miller WH, Griffin CE: Diseases of the eyelids, claws, anal sacs, and ear. In Muller and Kirk’s small animal dermatology, Philadelphia, 2001, Saunders, pp 1204–1219.

87. Sharp NJH: Chronic otitis externa and media treated by total ear canal ablation and ventral bulla osteotomy in thirteen dogs. Vet Surg 19:162–166, 1990.

88. Siemmering GH: Resection of the vertical ear canal for treatment of chronic otitis externa. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 16:753, 1980.

89. Simpson D: Atresia of the external acoustic meatus in a dog. Aust Vet J 75(1):18–20, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

90. Smeak DD: Traumatic separation of the annular cartilage from the external auditory meatus in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 211(4):448–450, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

91. Smeak DD, Crocker CB, Birchard SJ: Treatment of recurrent otitis media that developed after total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy in dogs: nine cases (1986–1994). J Am Vet Med Assoc 209(5):937–942, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

92. 91a. Smeak DD, DeHoff WD: Total ear canal ablation: clinical results in the dog and cat. Vet Surg 15:161, 1986.

92. Smeak DD, Inpanbutr N: Lateral approach to subtotal bulla osteotomy in dogs: pertinent anatomy and procedural details. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 27(5): 377–385; 2005.

93. Smeak DS: Total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy. In Bojrab MJ, Ellison GW, Slocum B, editors: Current techniques in small animal surgery, ed 4, Baltimore, 1998, Williams & Wilkins, pp 102–109. PUBMED Abstract

94. Stell AJ, Dobson JM, Langmack K: Photodynamic therapy of feline superficial squamous cell carcinoma using topical 5-aminolaevulinic acid. J Small Anim Pract 42(4):164–169, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

95. Swaim SF, Bradley DM: Evaluation of closed-suction drainage for treating auricular hematomas. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 32(1):36–43, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

96. Sylvestre A: Potential factors affecting the outcome of dogs with a resection of the lateral wall of the vertical canal. Can Vet J 39(3):157–160, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

97. Théon AP, Barthez PY, Madewell BR, Griffey SM: Radiation therapy of ceruminous gland carcinomas in dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 205(4):566–569, 1994.

98. Tirgari M: Long-term evaluation of the pull-through technique for vertical canal ablation for the treatment of otitis externa in dogs and cats. J Small Anim Pract 29:165, 1988.

99. Tirgari M, Pinniger RS: Pull-through technique for vertical canal ablation for the treatment of otitis externa in dogs and cats. J Small Anim Pract 27:123, 1986. PUBMED Abstract

100. Tivers MS, Brockman DJ: Separation of the auricular and annular cartilages: surgical repair technique and clinical use in dogs and cats. Vet Surg 38:349–354, 2009.

101. Toforoff RJ: Soft tissue surgery. In Holzworth J, editor: Diseases of the cat, Philadelphia, 1987, Saunders. PUBMED Abstract

102. Trower ND, Gregory SP, Renfrew GH, Lamb CR: Evaluation of the canine tympanic membrane by positive contrast ear canalography. Vet Rec 142:78–81, 1998.

103. Van der Gagg I: The pathology of the external ear canal in dogs and cats. Vet Q 8(4):307–317, 1986.

104. Venker van Haagen AJ: Diseases and surgery of the ear. In Sherding RG, editor: The cat: diseases and clinical management, vol 2, ed 2, New York, 1994, Churchill Livingston, 1994, pp 1999–2009.

105. White RAS, Pomeroy CJ: Total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy in the dog. J Small Anim Pract 31:547–553, 1990.

106. Williams JM, White RAS: Total ear canal ablation combined with lateral bulla osteotomy in the cat. J Small Anim Pract 33:225–227, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

107. Wilson JW: Treatment of auricular haematoma, using a teat tube. J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:1081–1083, 1983. PUBMED Abstract

108. Wolfe TM, Bateman SW, Cole LK, Smeak DD: Evaluation of a local anesthetic delivery system for the postoperative analgesic management of canine total ear canal ablation: a randomized, controlled, double-blinded study. Vet Anaesth Analg 33:328–339, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

109. Yamasoba T, Tayama N, Kitamura K: Auricular hematoma: case report of ruptured othematoma and bibliographic review. Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 93: 2028–2037, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

110. Yoshikawa H, Mayer MN, Linn KA, et al: A dog with squamous cell carcinoma in the middle ear. Can Vet J 49:877–879, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

111. Zur G: Bilateral ear canal neoplasia in three dogs. Vet Dermatol 16(4):276–280, 2005.

Chapter 123: Middle and Inner Ear

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23. Detweiler DA, Johnson LR, Kass PH, et al: Computed tomographic evidence of bulla effusion in cats with sinonasal disease: 2001–2004. J Vet Intern Med 20(5):1080, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

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26. Dickie AM, Doust R, Cromarty L, et al: Comparison of ultrasonography, radiography and a single computed tomography slice for the identification of fluid within the canine tympanic bulla. Res Vet Sci 75(3):209, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

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28. Edwards DF, Patton CS, Kennedy JR: Primary ciliary dyskinesia in the dog. Probl Vet Med 4(2):291, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

29. Eom K, Kwak H, Kang H, et al: Virtual CT otoscopy of the middle ear and ossicles in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 49(6):545, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

30. Esterline ML, Radlinsky MG, Schermerhorn T: Endoscopic removal of nasal polyps in a cat using a novel surgical approach. J Feline Med Surg 7(2):121, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

31. Fiorito DA: Oral and peripheral vestibular signs in a cat with squamous cell carcinoma. J Am Vet Med Assoc 188(1):71, 1986. PUBMED Abstract

32. Fliegner RA, Jubb KV, Lording PM: Cholesterol granuloma associated with otitis media and destruction of the tympanic bulla in a dog. Vet Pathol 44(4):547, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

33. Garosi LS, Dennis R, Penderis J, et al: Results of magnetic resonance imaging in dogs with vestibular disorders: 85 cases (1996–1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc 218(3):385, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

34. Garosi LS, Dennis R, Schwarz T: Review of diagnostic imaging of ear diseases in the dog and cat. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 44(2):137, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

35. Garosi LS, Lamb CR, Targett MP: MRI findings in a dog with otitis media and suspected otitis interna. Vet Rec 146(17):501, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

36. Gregory SP: Middle ear disease associated with congenital palatine defects in seven dogs and one cat. J Small Anim Pract 41(9):398, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

37. Griffiths LG, Sullivan M, O’Neill T, et al: Ultrasonography versus radiography for detection of fluid in the canine tympanic bulla. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 44(2):210, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

38. Hammond GJ, Sullivan M, Weinrauch S, et al: A comparison of the rostrocaudal open mouth and rostro 10 degrees ventro-caudodorsal oblique radiographic views for imaging fluid in the feline tympanic bulla. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 46(3):205, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

39. Hardie EM, Linder KE, Pease AP: Aural cholesteatoma in twenty dogs. Vet Surg 37(8):763, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

40. Hettlich BE, Boothe HW, Simpson RB, et al: Effect of tympanic cavity evacuation and flushing on microbial isolates during total ear canal ablation with lateral bulla osteotomy in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 227(5):748, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

41. Hopwood PR, Bellenger CR: Cannulation of the canine auditory tube. Res Vet Sci 28(3):382, 1980. PUBMED Abstract

42. Igarashi Y, Suzuki J: Cochlear ototoxicity of chlorhexidine gluconate in cats. Arch Otorhinolaryngol 242(2):167, 1985. PUBMED Abstract

43. Igarashi Y, Oka Y: Mucosal injuries following intratympanic applications of chlorhexidine gluconate in the cat. Arch Otorhinolaryngol 245(5):273, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

44. Igarashi Y, Oka Y: Vestibular ototoxicity following intratympanic applications of chlorhexidine gluconate in the cat. Arch Otorhinolaryngol 245(4):210, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

45. King AM, Weinrauch SA, Doust R, et al: Comparison of ultrasonography, radiography and a single computed tomography slice for fluid identification within the feline tympanic bulla. Vet J 173(3):638, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

46. Krahwinkel DJ, Pardo AD, Sims MH, et al: Effect of total ablation of the external acoustic meatus and bulla osteotomy on auditory function in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 202(6):949, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

47. Kudnig ST: Nasopharyngeal polyps in cats. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 17(4):174, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

48. Lane IF, Hall DG: Adenocarcinoma of the middle ear with osteolysis of the tympanic bulla in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 201(3):463, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

49. Little CJ: Otitis media in the dog: a clinico-pathological study. PhD thesis, Bristol, UK, University of Bristol, 1988.

50. Little CJ, Lane JG: An evaluation of tympanometry, otoscopy and palpation for assessment of the canine tympanic membrane. Vet Rec 124(1):5, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

51. Little CJ, Lane JG, Gibbs C, et al: Inflammatory middle ear disease of the dog: the clinical and pathological features of cholesteatoma, a complication of otitis media. Vet Rec 128(14):319, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

52. Little CJ, Lane JG, Gibbs C, et al: Inflammatory middle ear disease of the dog: the pathology of otitis media. Vet Rec 128(17):403, 1991.

53. Little CJ, Pearson GR, Lane JG: Neoplasia involving the middle ear cavity of dogs. Vet Rec 124(3):54, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

54. London CA, Dubilzeig RR, Vail DM, et al: Evaluation of dogs and cats with tumors of the ear canal: 145 cases (1978–1992). J Am Vet Med Assoc 208(9):1413, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

55. Lucroy MD, Vernau KM, Samii VF, et al: Middle ear tumours with brainstem extension treated by ventral bulla osteotomy and craniectomy in two cats. Vet Comp Oncol 2(4):234, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

56. Mansfield PD, Steiss JE, Boosinger TR, Marshall AE: The effects of four, commercial ceruminolytic agents on the middle ear. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 33(6):479, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

57. Mason LK, Harvey CE, Orsher RJ: Total ear canal ablation combined with lateral bulla osteotomy for end-stage otitis in dogs. Results in thirty dogs. Vet Surg 17(5):263, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

58. McAnulty JF, Hattel A, Harvey CE: Wound healing and brain stem auditory evoked potentials after experimental ventral tympanic bulla osteotomy in dogs. Vet Surg 24(1):9, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

59. McCarthy PE, Hosgood G, Pechman RD: Traumatic ear canal separations and para-aural abscessation in three dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 31(5):419, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

60. Mellema SM, Samii VF, Vernau KM, et al: Meningeal enhancement on magnetic imaging in 15 dogs and 3 cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 43(1):10, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

61. Nuttall T, Cole LK: Evidence-based veterinary dermatology: a systematic review of interventions for treatment of Pseudomonas otitis in dogs. Vet Dermatol 18(2):69, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

62. Owen MC, Lamb CR, Lu D, et al: Material in the middle ear of dogs having magnetic resonance imaging for investigation of neurologic signs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 45(2):149, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

63. Palmeiro BS, Morris DO, Wiemelt SP, et al: Evaluation of outcome of otitis media after lavage of the tympanic bulla and long-term antimicrobial drug treatment in dogs: 44 cases (1998–2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc 225(4):548, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

64. Pratschke KM: Inflammatory polyps of the middle ear in 5 dogs. Vet Surg 32(3):292, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

65. Rohleder JJ, Jones JC, Duncan RB, et al: Comparative performance of radiography and computed tomography in the diagnosis of middle ear disease in 31 dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 47(1):45, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

66. Rusbridge C: Primary secretory otitis media in Cavalier King Charles spaniels. J Small Anim Pract 45(4):222, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

67. Smeak DD, Crocker CB, Birchard SJ: Treatment of recurrent otitis media that developed after total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy in dogs: nine cases (1986–1994). J Am Vet Med Assoc 209(5):937, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

68. Spangler EA, Dewey CW: Meningoencephalitis secondary to bacterial otitis media/interna in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 36(3):239, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

69. Stern-Bertholtz W, Sjöström L, Håkanson NW: Primary secretory otitis media in the Cavalier King Charles spaniel: a review of 61 cases. J Small Anim Pract 44(6):253, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

70. Strain GM: Aetiology, prevalence and diagnosis of deafness in dogs and cats. Br Vet J 152(1):17, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

71. Strain GM, Merchant SR, Neer TM, et al: Ototoxicity assessment of a gentamicin sulfate otic preparation in dogs. Am J Vet Res 56(4):532, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

72. Sturges BK, Dickinson PJ, Kortz GD, et al: Clinical signs, magnetic resonance imaging features, and outcome after surgical and medical treatment of otogenic intracranial infection in 11 cats and 4 dogs. J Vet Intern Med 20(3):648, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

73. Tos M, Wiederhold M, Larsen P: Experimental long-term tubal occlusion in cats. A quantitative histopathological study. Acta Otolaryngol 97(5–6):580, 1984. PUBMED Abstract

74. Trower ND, Gregory SP, Renfrew H, et al: Evaluation of the canine tympanic membrane by positive contrast ear canalography. Vet Rec 142(4):78, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

75. Truy E, Disant F, Morgon A: Chronic tympanic membrane perforation: an animal model. Am J Otol 16(2):222, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

76. Vogel PL, Komtebedde J, Hirsh DC, et al: Wound contamination and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria cultured during total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 214(11):1641, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

77. White RN, Hawkins HL, Alemi VP, et al: Soft palate hypoplasia and concurrent middle ear pathology in six dogs. J Small Anim Pract 50(7):364, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

78. Wildermuth BE, Griffin CE, Rosenkrantz WS, et al: Susceptibility of Pseudomonas isolates from the ears and skin of dogs to enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 43(6):337, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

79. Yoshikawa H, Mayer MN, Linn KA, et al: A dog with squamous cell carcinoma in the middle ear. Can Vet J 49(9):877, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

80. Ziemer LS, Schwarz T, Sullivan M: Otolithiasis in three dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 44(1):28, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

SECTION XIV: Eye

Chapter 124: Basic Ophthalmic Surgical Procedures

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2. Adkins EA, Ward DA, Daniel GB, et al: Coil embolization of a congenital orbital varix in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:1952, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

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16. Bromberg NM: The nictitating membrane. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 11:627, 1980.

17. Chahory S, Crasta M, Trio S, et al: Three cases of prolapse of the nictitans gland in cats. Vet Ophthalmol 7:417, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

18. Chang SH, Lin AC: Effects of main lacrimal gland and third eyelid gland removal on the eye of dogs. J Chinese Soc Vet Sci 6:13, 1980.

19. Clutton RE, Boyd C, Richards DLS, et al: Significance of the oculocardiac reflex during ophthalmic surgery in the dog. J Small Anim Pract 29:573, 1988.

20. Collins BK, Collier LL, Miller MA, et al: Biologic behavior and histologic characteristics of canine conjunctival melanoma. Prog Vet Compar Ophthalmol 3:135, 1993.

21. Collins BK, MacEwen EG, Dubielzig RR, et al: Idiopathic granulomatous disease with ocular adnexal and cutaneous involvement in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:313, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

22. Constantinescu GM, McClure RC: Anatomy of the orbital fasciae and the third eyelid in dogs. Am J Vet Res 51:260, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

23. Cook CS, Rosenkrantz W, Peiffer RL, et al: Malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 186:505, 1985. PUBMED Abstract

24. D’Anna N, Sapienza JS, Guandalini A, et al: Use of a dermal biopsy punch for removal of ectopic cilia in dogs: 19 cases. Vet Ophthalmol 10:65, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

25. Donaldson D, Sansom J, Adams V: Canine limbal melanoma: 30 cases (1992–2004). Part 2. Treatment with lamellar resection and adjunctive strontium-90 beta plesiotherapy-efficacy and morbidity. Vet Ophthalmol 9:179, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

26. Dugan SJ, Severin GA, Hungerford LL, et al: Clinical and histologic evaluation of the prolapsed third eyelid gland in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:1861, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

27. Dziezyc J, Millichamp NJ: Surgical correction of eyelid agenesis in a cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 25:513, 1989.

28. Eisner G: Operations on the conjunctiva. In Eisner G, editor: Eye surgery: an introduction to operative technique, ed 2, New York, 1990, Springer-Verlag, p 133.

29. Esson D: A modification of the Mustarde technique for the surgical repair of a large feline eyelid coloboma. Vet Ophthalmol 4:159, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

30. Gardiner CH, Dick EJ, Meininger AC, et al: Onchocerciasis in two dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:828, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

31. Gelatt KN: Eversion of the nictitating membranes. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 65:674, 1970. PUBMED Abstract

32. Gelatt KN: Surgical correction of everted nictitating membrane in the dog. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 67:291, 1972. PUBMED Abstract

33. Gelatt KN, Gelatt JP: Handbook of small animal ophthalmic surgery, ed 1, Oxford, UK, 1994, Pergamon.

34. Gelatt KN, Gelatt JP: Small animal ophthalmic surgery: practical techniques for the veterinarian, ed 1, New York, 2001, Butterworth Heinemann.

35. Gerding PA: Epiphora associated with canaliculops in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 27:424, 1991.

36. Gilger BC: Diseases and surgery of the canine cornea and sclera. In Gelatt KN, editor: Veterinary ophthalmology, ed 4, Ames, IA, 2007, Blackwell Publishing, p 690.

37. Gilger BC, McLaughlin SA, Whitley RD, et al: Orbital neoplasms in cats: 21 cases (1974–1990). J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:1083, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

38. Gilger BC, Whitley RD, McLaughlin SA: Modified lateral orbitotomy for removal of orbital neoplasms in two dogs. Vet Surg 23:53, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

39. Gilger BC, Whitley RD, McLaughlin SA, et al: Canine corneal thickness measured by ultrasonic pachymetry. Am J Vet Res 52:1570, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

40. Gilger BC, Wright JC, Whitley RD, et al: Corneal thickness measured by ultrasonic pachymetry in cats. Am J Vet Res 54:228, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

41. Gionfriddo JR, Krohne SG, Powell CC, et al: Idiopathic ocular and nasal granulomatous inflammatory disease in a dog. Vet Ophthalmol 6:163, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

42. Giuliano EA, Moore CP: Diseases and surgery of the lacrimal secretory system. In Gelatt KN, editor: Veterinary ophthalmology, ed 4, Ames, IA, 2007, Blackwell Publishing, p 633.

43. Grahn BH, Mason RA: Epiphora associated with dacryops in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 31:15, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

44. Grahn BH, Wolfer J: Diagnostic ophthalmology. Can Vet J 34:509, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

45. Gum GG, Gelatt KN, Esson DW: Physiology of the eye. In Gelatt KN, editor: Veterinary ophthalmology, ed 4, Ames, IA, 2007, Blackwell Publishing, p 149.

46. Gwin RM, Gelatt KN, Peiffer RL Jr: Ophthalmic nodular fasciitis in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 170:611, 1977. PUBMED Abstract

47. Hamor RE, Roberts SM, Severin GA: Use of orbital implants after enucleation in dogs, horses, and cats: 161 cases (1980–1990). J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:701, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

48. Hamor RE, Whitley RD, McLaughlin SA, et al: Intraocular silicone prostheses in dogs: a review of the literature and 50 new cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 30:66, 1994.

49. Hansen PA, Guandalini A: A retrospective study of 30 cases of frozen lamellar corneal graft in dogs and cats. Vet Ophthalmol 2:233, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

50. Harvey CE, Koch SA, Rubin LF: Orbital cyst with conjunctival fistula in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 153:1432, 1968. PUBMED Abstract

51. Hazra S, De D, Roy B, et al: Use of ketamine, xylazine, and diazepam anesthesia with retrobulbar block for phacoemulsification in dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 11:255, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

52. Helper LC, Magrane WG, Koehm J, et al: Surgical induction of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 165:172, 1974. PUBMED Abstract

53. Hendrix DV, Gelatt KN: Diagnosis, treatment and outcome of orbital neoplasia in dogs: a retrospective study of 44 cases. J Small Anim Pract 41:105, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

54. Hunt GB: Use of the lip-to-lid flap for replacement of the lower eyelid in five cats. Vet Surg 35:284, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

55. Kafarnik C, Fritsche J, Reese S: Corneal innervation in mesocephalic and brachycephalic dogs and cats: assessment using in vivo confocal microscopy. Vet Ophthalmol 11:363, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

56. Kaswan RL, Martin CL: Surgical correction of third eyelid prolapse in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 186:83, 1985. PUBMED Abstract

57. Kaswan RL, Martin CL, Chapman WLJ: Keratoconjunctivitis sicca: histopathologic study of nictitating membrane and lacrimal glands from 28 dogs. Am J Vet Res 45:112, 1984. PUBMED Abstract

58. Kaswan RL, Salisbury MA, Ward DA: Spontaneous canine keratoconjunctivitis sicca. A useful model for human keratoconjunctivitis sicca: treatment with cyclosporine eye drops. Arch Ophthalmol 107:1210, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

59. Kern TJ: Orbital neoplasia in 23 dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 186:489, 1985. PUBMED Abstract

60. Komnenou A, Egyed Z, Sreter T, et al: Canine onchocercosis in Greece: report of further 20 cases and molecular characterization of the parasite and its Wolbachia endosymbiont. Vet Parasitol 118:151, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

61. Krehbiel JD, Langham RF: Eyelid neoplasms of dogs. Am J Vet Res 36:115, 1975. PUBMED Abstract

62. Kuhns EL: Correction of eversion of the membrana nictitans in the dog. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 72:411, 1977. PUBMED Abstract

63. Kuhns EL: Oral mucosal grafts for membrana nictitans replacement. Mod Vet Pract 58:768, 1977. PUBMED Abstract

64. Kuhns EL: Reconstruction of canine membrane nictitans with an autograft. Mod Vet Pract 62:697, 1981. PUBMED Abstract

65. Kuhns EL: Replacement of canine membrana nictitans with a lip graft. Mod Vet Pract 62:773, 1981. PUBMED Abstract

66. La Croix NC, van der Woerdt A, Olivero DK: Nonhealing corneal ulcers in cats: 29 cases (1991–1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:733–735, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

67. Latimer CA, Wyman M, Szymanski C, et al: Azathioprine in the management of fibrous histiocytoma in two dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 19:155, 1983.

68. Lavach JD, Severin GA, Roberts SM: Dacryocystitis in dogs: a review of twenty-two cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 20:463, 1984.

69. Lin CT, Hu CK, Liu CH, et al: Surgical outcome and ocular complications of evisceration and intraocular prosthesis implantation in dogs with end stage glaucoma: a review of 20 cases. J Vet Med Sci 69:847, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

70. Malhotra R: Deep orbital Sub-Q restylane (nonanimal stabilized hyaluronic acid) for orbital volume enhancement in sighted and anophthalmic orbits. Arch Ophthalmol 125:1623, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

71. Mane MC, Vives MA, Barrera R, et al: Results and histological development of various surgical techniques for correcting eversion of the third eyelid in dogs. Histol Histopathol 5:415, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

72. Martin CL: Canine epibulbar melanomas and their management. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 17:83, 1981.

73. Martin CL: Everted membrana nictitans in German Shorthaired Pointers. J Am Vet Med Assoc 157:1229, 1970. PUBMED Abstract

74. Martin CL: Eyelids. In Martin CL, editor: Ophthalmic disease in veterinary medicine, ed 1, London, 2004, Manson Publishing, p 145.

75. Martin CL: Orbital mucocele in a dog. Vet Med Sm Anim Clin 66:36, 1971. PUBMED Abstract

76. Melmed C, Shelton GD, Bergman R, et al: Masticatory muscle myositis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 26:590, 2004.

77. Miller WW: Using polysulfated glycosaminoglycan to treat persistent corneal erosions in dogs. Vet Med 91:916, 1996.

78. Millichamp NJ, Spencer CP: Orbital varix in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 27:56, 1991.

79. Moore CP, Constantinescu GM: Surgery of the adnexa. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 27:1011, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

80. Moore CP, Frappier BL, Linton LL: Distribution and course of ducts of the canine third eyelid gland: effects of two surgical replacement techniques. Vet Compar Ophthalmol 6:258, 1996.

81. Moore CP, Frappier BL, Linton LL: Effects of two surgical replacement techniques on excretory ducts of normal canine third eyelid glands. Proc Am Coll Vet Ophthalmol 25:25, 1994.

82. Moore CP, Wilsman NJ, Nordheim EV, et al: Density and distribution of canine conjunctival goblet cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Science 28:1925, 1987. PUBMED Abstract

83. Morgan RV, Abrams KL: A comparison of six different therapies for persistent corneal erosions in dogs and cats. Vet Comp Ophthalmol 4:38, 1991.

84. Morgan RV, Abrams KL: Topical administration of cyclosporine for treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:1043, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

85. Morgan RV, Duddy JM, McClurg K: Prolapse of the gland of the third eyelid in dogs: a retrospective study of 89 cases (1980–1990). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 29:56, 1993.

86. Mughannam AJ, Reinke JD: Two cosmetic techniques for enucleation using a periorbital flap. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 30:308, 1994.

87. Munger RJ, Carter JD: A further modification of the Kuhnt-Szymanowski procedure for correction of atonic ectropion in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 20:651, 1984.

88. Murphy CJ, Bellhorn RW, Buyukmihci NC: Bilateral conjunctival masses in two dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:225, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

89. Murphy CJ, Pollock RVH: The eye. In Evans HE, editor: Miller’s anatomy of the dog, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1993, Saunders, p 1009.

90. Noller C, Henninger W, Gronemeyer DH, et al: Computed tomography—anatomy of the normal feline nasolacrimal drainage system. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 47:53, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

91. Nuyttens JJ, Simoens PJ: Morphologic study of the musculature of the third eyelid in the cat (Felis catus). Lab Anim Sci 45:561, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

92. Nykamp SG, Scrivani PV, Pease AP: Computed tomography dacryocystography evaluation of the nasolacrimal apparatus. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 45:23, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

93. O’Brien M, Withrow SJ, Straw R, et al: Total and partial orbitectomy for the treatment of periorbital tumors in 24 dogs and 6 cats: a retrospective study. Vet Surg 25:471, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

94. Olivero DK, Davidson MG, English RV, et al: Clinical evaluation of 1% cyclosporine for topical treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:1039, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

95. Ozgencil FE: A new electroepilation technique for the treatment of distichiasis. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg 44:159, 1997.

96. Patnaik AK, Mooney S: Feline melanoma: a comparative study of ocular, oral and dermal neoplasms. Vet Pathol 25:105, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

97. Paulsen ME, Lavach JD, Snyder SP, et al: Nodular granulomatous episclerokeratitis in dogs: 19 cases (1973–1985). J Am Vet Med Assoc 190:1581, 1987. PUBMED Abstract

98. Pavletic MM, Nafe LA, Confer AW: Mucocutaneous subdermal plexus flap from the lip for lower eyelid restoration in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 180:921, 1982. PUBMED Abstract

99. Pellicane CP, Meek LA, Brooks DE, et al: Eyelid reconstruction in five dogs by the semicircular flap technique. Vet Comp Ophthalmol 4:93, 1994.

100. Peña Gimenez MT, Fariña IM: Lamellar keratoplasty for the treatment of feline corneal sequestrum. Vet Ophthalmol 1:163, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

101. Peruccio C: Surgical correction of prominent third eyelid in the dog. Calif Vet 35:24, 1981.

102. Plummer CE, Kälberg KN, Gelatt JP: Intranictitans tacking for replacement of prolapsed gland of the third eyelid in dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 11:228, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

103. Prince JH, Diesem CD, Eglitis I, et al: Anatomy and histology of the eye and orbit in domestic animals, ed 1, Springfield, IL, 1960, CC Thomas.

104. Quinn AJ: Surgical procedures of the membrana nictitans. In Bojrab MJ, editor: Current techniques in small animal surgery, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1990, Lea & Febiger, p 82.

105. Radi ZA, Miller DL, Hines ME: B-cell conjunctival lymphoma in a cat. Vet Ophthalmol 7:413, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

106. Ramsey DT, Fox DB: Surgery of the orbit. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 27:1215, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

107. Read RA: Treatment of canine nictitans plasmacytic conjunctivitis with 0.2 per cent cyclosporine ointment. J Small Anim Pract 36:50, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

108. Roberts SM, Bistner SI: Surgical correction of eyelid agenesis: an improved surgical technique designed to enable lid closure. Mod Vet Pract 49:40, 1968.

109. Robertson BF, Roberts SM: Lateral canthus entropion in the dog, part 2: surgical correction. Results and follow-up from 21 cases. Vet Comp Ophthalmol 5:162, 1995.

110. Rubin LF, Aguirre G: Clinical use of pilocarpine for keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 151:313, 1967. PUBMED Abstract

111. Salisbury MA, Kaswan RL, Ward DA, et al: Topical application of cyclosporine in the management of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 26:269, 1990.

112. Samuelson DA: Ophthalmic anatomy. In Gelatt KN, editor: Veterinary ophthalmology, ed 4, Ames, IA, 2007, Blackwell Publishing, p 37.

113. Schlegel T, Brehm H, Amselgruber WM: The cartilage of the third eyelid: a comparative macroscopical and histological study in domestic animals. Ann Anat 183:165, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

114. Schoofs SH: Prolapse of the gland of the third eyelid in a cat: a case report and literature review. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 35:240, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

115. Severin GA: Severin’s veterinary ophthalmology notes, ed 3, Ft Collins, CO, 1996, Veterinary Ophthalmology Notes.

116. Singh A, Cullen CL, Gelens H, et al: Diagnostic ophthalmology. Left dacryocystitis with naso-lacrimal duct obstruction. Can Vet J 45:953, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

117. Slatter D: Fundamentals of veterinary ophthalmology, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1990, Saunders.

118. Sreter T, Szell Z, Egyed Z, et al: Ocular onchocercosis in dogs: a review. Vet Rec 151:1760, 2002.

119. Stades FC, Gelatt KN: Diseases and surgery of the canine eyelid. In Gelatt KN, editor: Veterinary ophthalmology, ed 4, Ames, IA, 2007, Blackwell Publishing, p 563.

120. Stanley RG, Hardman C, Johnson BW: Results of grid keratotomy, superficial keratectomy and debridement for the management of persistent corneal erosions in 92 dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 1:233, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

121. Stanley RG, Kaswan RL: Modification of the orbital rim anchorage method for surgical replacement of the gland of the third eyelid in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 205:1412, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

122. Sullivan TC, Nasisse MP, Davidson MG, et al: Photocoagulation of limbal melanoma in dogs and cats: 15 cases (1989–1993). J Am Vet Med Assoc 208:891, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

123. Swinger RL, Schmidt KA Jr, Carastro SM: A modified subconjunctival enucleation technique in dogs and cats. Vet Med 104:20, 2009.

124. Tay E, Olver J: Intraorbital hyaluronic acid for enophthalmos. Ophthalmology 115:1101, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

125. Wang AL, Ledbetter EC, Kern TJ: Orbital abscess bacterial isolates and in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in dogs and cats. Vet Ophthalmol 12:91, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

126. Wheeler CA, Blanchard GL, Davidson HJ: Cryosurgery for treatment of recurrent proliferative keratoconjunctivitis in five dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:354, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

127. Wheeler CA, Severin GA: Cryosurgical epilation for the treatment of distichiasis in the dog and cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 20:877, 1984.

128. Wilcock B, Peiffer RL Jr: Adenocarcinoma of the gland of the third eyelid in seven dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:1549, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

129. Wilkie DA, Wolf ED: Treatment of epibulbar melanocytoma in a dog, using full-thickness eyewall resection and synthetic graft. J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:1019, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

130. Williams DL: Extraocular myositis in the dog. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 38:347, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

131. Wolfer JC: Correction of eyelid coloboma in four cats using subdermal collagen and a modified Stades technique. Vet Ophthalmol 5:269, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

Chapter 125: Emergency Ophthalmic Surgery

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33. Scagliotti RH: Tarsoconjunctival island graft for the treatment of deep corneal ulcers, descemetoceles and perforations in 35 dogs and 6 cats. Semin Vet Med Surg Small Anim 3:69, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

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