Competency Goal 1 The learner will investigate the ...
EOC Review
COMPENTENCY GOAL 1: INVESTIGATE THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM AND EXPLORE BASIC VALUES AND PRINCIPLES OF AMERICAN DEMOCRACY
1.01 Describe how geographic diversity influenced economic, social, and political life in colonial North America.
1. The _____based their economy on selling cash crops like tobacco and cotton..
a. Southern Colonies b. Middle Colonies c. Western colonies d. New England colonies
2. The ___________________ based their economy on fishing, whaling, lumber & shipbuilding.
a. Southern Colonies b. Middle Colonies c. Western colonies d. New England colonies
3. The __________________ were characterized by fertile land, warm climate. Economy was based on farming wheat They were known as the “bread basket” of the colonies a. Southern Colonies b. Middle Colonies c. New England colonies
4. Since demand was high for the cash crops was so high, up more labor was needed & slavery and the number of indentured servants increased. In the ___ a. Southern Colonies b. Middle Colonies c. New England colonies
5. The ________ developed major cities early…New York City, Philadelphia. a. Southern Colonies b. Middle Colonies c. New England colonies
6. In the ____the planter elite lived on plantations, owned most of the land on the rivers, made & enforced the laws, served as judges & had enormous political influence in the south. a. Southern Colonies b. Middle Colonies c. New England
7. William Penn founded Pennsylvania for a haven for a. Quakers b. Catholics c. Puritans d. Methodists
8. Society of Massachusetts Bay revolved around the _______church a. Quaker b. Catholic c. Puritan d. Methodist
9. In _________ strict rules governed social life....no gambling, dancing, watching plays..people who spoke against the church were outcast. the Salem Witch Trials occurred in the 1630s. a. Southern Colonies b. Middle Colonies c. New England colonies
10. The _________based social rules on religious tolerance. They had the most national diversity of all the colonies
a. Southern Colonies b. Middle Colonies c. Western colonies d. New England colonies
1.02 Trace and analyze the development of ideas about self-government in British North America.
English settlers brought the traditions of representative government with them to the New World. American colonists were loyal British subjects & followed English law. They brought ideas about government with them from England.
11. Document signed by King John in 1215 which established rule of law in England was called ______.
a. House of Burgesses b. Popular sovereignty c. federalism d. Magna carta
12. The idea that no one is against the law, not even those who govern is ___. a. Rule of law b. Popular sovereignty c. federalism d. Magna carta
13. English legislature, which makes laws is called _____a. Congress b. House of Burgesses c. Senate d. Parliament
14. English Parliament wrote a list of personal liberties called the English a. Magna Carta b. Bill of Rights c. Constitution d. rule of law
15. The first permanent English colony was ___. a.Plymouth, MA b. Charlestown, SC c. Raleigh, NC d. Jamestown, VA
16. The first representative body established in the colonies in 1619 was called the a. Congress b. Virginia’s House of Burgesses c. Senate d. Parliament
17. Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower drew up a plan for a ____________in their new colony called the Mayflower Compact. a. dictatorship b. parliament c. direct democracy d. Thanksgiving celebration
03. Examine the causes of the American Revolution.
18. By 1760 the thirteen colonies had gained valuable experience in self-government. However, Britain's new policies and the ____created tension between the colonies and Great Britain. a. Hundred Years War b.French and Indian War c. French Revolution
19. The _____was a movement that took place in the 1700s in which people’s ideas about government changed; ideas were spread that reason (thinking about why things happen the way they do) and science could improve society instead of just doing what you are told to do without questioning it. a. Enlightenment b. American Revolution c. social revolution
20. ____ is the idea that all people are born free, equal and independent and are born with “life, liberty & property and no government can take those rights away. a. Separation of Powers b. Natural Rights c. Social Contract theory
21. _____ is the idea that there is contract is an agreement among the people in society that says they give up part of their freedom to the government in order to protect their natural rights….and that the people agree to obey the government.
a. Separation of Powers b. Natural Rights c. Social Contract theory
22. ____is the idea that government should be divided into 3 separate branches to balance each other
a. Separation of Powers b. Natural Rights c. Social Contract theory
23. __________ created the idea of natural rights. a. Rousseau b. Montesquieu c. John Locke
24. _____ created the idea of separation of powers a. Rousseau b. Montesquieu c. John Locke
25. _____ created the social contract theory a. Rousseau b. Montesquieu c. John Locke
ANSWERS - 1-A, 2-D, 3-A, 4-A, 5-B, 6-A, 7-A, 8-C, 9-C, 10-B, 11-D, 12-A, 13D, 14B, 15D, 16B, 17C, 18B, 19A, 20B, 21C, 22A, 23C, 24B, 25A
Cause #2 – The “ACTS” OF PARLIAMENT – “NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION”
|How did Britain's practice of salutary neglect before 1763 encourage the colonies to move toward revolution? |
|The colonists needed protection from other European countries. |
|This practice supported the development of self-government and domestic production in the colonies. |
|The colonists had become wealthy while under British rule. |
|This practice did not acknowledge the Articles of Confederation as the ruling document of the colonies. |
1. ___ was the first direct tax on the colonies. Required colonists to pay a tax on anything with an expensive tax stamp attached to it. a. Stamp Act b. Quartering Act c. Boston Massacre d.Declaratory Act
2. ___required colonists to provide a place for British troops to stay and food to eat - If they couldn’t afford to pay for the tax they had to let them live in their homes. a. Stamp Act b. Quartering Act c. Boston Massacre d.Declaratory Act
3. In response to the passage of the Stamp Act the ________met in New York City to discuss what to do about the stamp act…They sent a letter to the king saying how upset they were. a. Stamp Act b. Quartering Act c. Boston Massacre d. The Stamp Act Congress
4. The colonists began to________, or refuse to buy British products. a. brawl b. scrap c. boycott d. destroy
5. the Stamp Act was repealed & passed the ______, which stated Parliament had the right to tax and make decisions for the colonies “in ALL cases.” a. Stamp Act b. Quartering Act c. Boston Massacre d.Declaratory Act
6. ___ is the event which rocks were thrown, shots fired by British soldiers- 5 colonists killed a. Stamp Act b. Quartering Act c. Boston Massacre d. The Stamp Act Congress
7. The British East India Company didn’t have to pay taxes on the tea they sold, but the colonists did was the __. a. Battles of Lexington and Concord b. Boston Tea Party c. Coercive Acts d. Tea Act
8. 1773 event when the Sons of Liberty dressed as Indians , snuck onto ships in Boston Harbor and dumped 342 chest of tea into the harbor was the ___. a. Battles of Lexington and Concord b. Boston Tea Party c. Coercive Acts d. Tea Act
9. ____ were called the “Intolerable” Acts - Passed to punish the people of Boston for the Tea Party - Closed Boston harbor & took away people’s basic civil rights. a. Battles of Lexington and Concord b. Boston Tea Party c. Coercive Acts d. Tea Act
10. local armies organized to protect colonial rights were called __. A. continentals b. Militias c. loyalists
11. The 1775 first battles of the American revolution -“The shot heard ‘round the world” was __. a. Battles of Lexington and Concord b. Boston Tea Party c. Coercive Acts d. Tea Act
12. __________wrote Common Sense. a) George Washington b. Thomas Jefferson c. Thomas Paine d. James Madison
13. Declaration of Independence was written by ___ signed by the 2nd Continental Congress
a) George Washington b. Thomas Jefferson c. Thomas Paine d. James Madison
14. The name of the pamphlet that inspired Americans to want to declare independence from Britain was
a) Two Treatise of Government b) the Social Contract c) Common Sense
15. Which Enlightenment thinker’s ideas most influenced Thomas Jefferson’s writing of the Declaration of Independence?
a) Rousseau b) Adam Smith c. Montesquieu d. John Locke
04. Identify the major domestic problems of the nation under the Articles of Confederation and assess the extent to which they were resolved by the new Constitution.
• The first constitution of the US was called the Articles of Confederation
Government under the Articles - 1 house legislature - 1 vote per state; Problems = Debt from fighting the American Revolution -States were in huge debt & state taxes went up…Farmers went out of business…States taxed goods imported from foreign countries….which hurt trade. Congress had no power to raise taxes; Congress had no power to regulate trade; Congress had no power to enforce laws; No single leader; No national court system; Congress couldn’t pass a law without the approval of 9/13 states; The Articles could not be amended (changed) without the unanimous agreement of all 13 states
A domestic insurrection that occurred in 1786 in which poor farmers revolted against the state of Massachusetts after taxes were raised and showed leaders that the Articles of Confederation needed to be changed. a) Battle of Lexington & Concord b. Shays’ Rebellion c. Bacon’s rebellion
1.06 Compare viewpoints about government in the Federalist and the Anti-Federalist Papers.
Which groups were supporters of the Constitution & a strong, powerful central (national) government
a) anti-federalists b) federalists c) democrats d) republican
The name given to the series of essays used to try to persuade Americans to support the new Constitution & as strong central government was the ____
a) anti-federalist papers b) federalist papers c) common sense d) Magna Carta
The authors of the federalist papers were: (circle all that apply) James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay
Which group was against a strong national government strong supporters of individual and states rights?
a) anti-federalists b) federalists c) democrats d) republican
1.08 Compare the American system of government to other forms of government.
____ is a government of the people, by the people, for the people; Free, fair and competitive elections; One person, one vote; Government is limited by the people; Majority rule a. Oligarchy b. Absolute monarchy c. Democracy d. Constitutional monarchy
____ is a form of government in which people meet, debate, vote on issues; they are directly involved in law making
a. dictatorship b. Absolute monarchy c. Direct democracy d. Constitutional monarchy
____ is a form of government in which officials are elected by the citizens to represent them a. dictatorship b. Absolute monarchy c. Direct democracy d. Representative democracy/Republic
___ is “no rule” or an absence of political authority a. Anarchy b. Absolute monarchy c. Direct democracy d. Constitutional monarchy
A country or state governed by one person with unlimited power is called ___. a. dictatorship b. Absolute monarchy c. Direct democracy d. Constitutional monarchy
Dictatorships, Totalitarian states, dictatorships & absolute monarchies could all be examples of autocracies
____ is a government ruled by or subject to religious authority a. dictatorship b. Absolute monarchy c. Theocracy d monarchy
____ is a government that aims to control every aspect of society – the economy, law making, law enforcement, all cultural and intellectual aspects of the lives of citizens a. totalitarian state b. Absolute monarchy c. Direct democracy d. Constitutional monarchy
____ is a state of government in which one person or dictator makes all political decisions without the input of the people; usually has backing of the military. a. dictatorship b. Absolute monarchy c. Direct democracy d. Constitutional monarchy
____ is a rule by a king or queen; a. dictatorship b. republic c. Direct democracy d. monarchy
____ is a government in which the monarch has all law making power; a. democracy b. Absolute monarchy c. republic d. limited monarchy
____ is a monarch’s power is limited by a constitution a. dictatorship b. Absolute monarchy c. democracy d. Constitutional monarchy
– Form of government in which people elect representatives & government power is limited by the people; Originated in ancient Rome a. dictatorship b. republic c. Direct democracy d. Constitutional monarchy
|What is federalism? |
|a form of government with elected representatives |
|a division of power between the national and state governments |
|a belief in the idea of national sovereignty |
|a form of government in which elected officials make all economic decisions |
The idea of Democracy originated in a) Washington DC b) London, England c) Athens Greece d)Paris, France
Which of the following is an accurate description of Cuba’s dictatorship?
|a. |Its citizens all have an equal voice. |
|b. |Its government is similar to that of the United States. |
|c. |Its citizens are the source of the government’s authority. |
|d. |Its government is controlled by a small group of people. |
What does the Latin phrase E pluribus unum, mean? A) America the beautiful” b) Sea to shining sea” c) “Out of many, one” d) Reduce, Reuse, Recycle”
Which level of U.S. government holds the highest authority? A) city government b) county government c) state government d) national government
COMPETENCY GOAL 2 – ANALYZE HOW THE GOVERNMENT ESTABLISHED BY THE US CONSTITUTION EMBODIES THE PURPOSES, VALUES AND PRINCIPLES OF AMERICAN DEMOCRACY.
By early 1787, .it was clear that the national government had to be strengthened. The fifty-five men who met in Philadelphia at the Constitutional Convention quickly decided to write a completely new plan of government. Disagreements arose over representation in Congress, taxation, how to calculate population, trade, and other important matters. Through a series of compromises the delegates were able to agree on the important points of the new plan. After its approval by the convention, the Constitution still had to be ratified by the states. The promise to add a Bill of Rights helped convince Anti-Federalists to approve the new government. In June 1788, New Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify the document and the Constitution took effect.
Virginia Plan=3 branches of government, Bicameral legislature (2 houses), Number of votes in both houses would be based on population New Jersey Plan= 3 branches of government, Legislature with one house, Each state would have 1 vote
Compromises 1)The Great Compromise - Proposed by Roger Sherman of Connecticut……a.k.a. the Connecticut compromise…3 branches of government, bicameral legislature (2 houses), a senate & house, Equal vote in the Senate & vote based on population in the House of Representatives 2) The Three-Fifths Compromise Issue: How to count the 550,000 African Americans (mostly enslaved) in the population count to determine how many seats each state would have in the House of Representatives..Southern states – wanted African Americans to count as part of the population Northern states – did not want them to be counted because they had no legal rights Compromise = to count every 5 African Americans as 3free persons 3) The Commerce Compromise - Issue: How to handle trade with foreign nations - Northern states – wanted Congress to regulate foreign trade/Southern states – feared exports would be overly taxed & the slave trade would be interrupted Compromise = Congress would regulate all trade with other countries, but would not tax exports or interfere with the slave trade before 1808 5) The Electoral College- Issue: How to elect the President -One side – thought Congress should choose the president/Other side – thought the people should elect the president directly Compromise = Creation of the Electoral College - The Electoral College – group of people named by the state legislature to select the President & VP - Popular vote determines which candidate gets the state’s electoral votes - Number of Electoral votes = number of house seats + number of senate seats
2.01 Identify principles in the United States Constitution.
1)Popular Sovereignty=Supreme power belongs to the people, The government needs the people to survive, Voting ensures the “voice of the people” is heard 2)Rule of Law=Laws apply to everyone…even those who govern 3)Federalism=System of government where power is shared between the national government & state governments
4)Separation of Powers=Having 3 branches of government (Legislative, Executive, Judicial 5)Checks and Balances =
Each branch has duties that keep the other branches in check & make sure no branch gets too powerful
2.02 Explain how the United States Constitution defines the framework, organization and structure of the three branches of government at the national level.
The Constitution has three main parts: a Preamble, seven articles, and twenty-seven amendments. While the Preamble describes the purposes of the government, the seven articles explain the structure of that government. The powers and responsibilities of government were divided into three branches. The legislative branch, made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate, was given all of the lawmaking authority. An executive branch, headed by a president, provides the law-enforcing authority. Finally, a judicial branch made up of a Supreme Court and lesser courts interprets the laws. The Framers also put in place a process for amending the Constitution. This process allows the Constitution to change in response to the needs and demands of a growing nation. Since 1787 it has been amended twenty-seven times. As the delegates crafted this new plan of government they incorporated five fundamental principles: popular sovereignty, the rule of law, separation of powers, checks and balances, and federalism. Their work at the convention was so carefully and thoughtfully done, that the Constitution still works for us today.
Article I – (One) LEGISLATIVE BRANCH or the powers of CONGRESS – Power to MAKE LAWS - Enumerated Powers of Congress (powers specifically listed in Article I) given in Article One section 8; Elastic clause – also known as necessary & proper clause states Congress has the right to make all laws necessary and proper to make laws
Congress 535 members total; Bicameral – legislature containing 2 parts; Constituents – the people in the state (for senators) or the district (for representatives) who are represented
Senate 100 members / 2 from each state6 year terms (only 1/3 of senators are up for re-election at the same time)
Senate Leadership= Vice President – President of the Senate (breaks a tie) – presides over the Senate
President Pro Tempore – takes the Vice President’s place when he’s not available & acts as the chairperson of the senate
House of Representatives 435 members (Representation based on population); 2 year terms ;Apportionment – dividing an area into districts; Census – population count; taken every 10 years - Congressional districts may change after census Gerrymander – oddly shaped district to increase voting strength of a particular group
House Leadership= Speaker of the House – most powerful person in the House, steers laws through Congress, influences House business
Congressional Leadership = House/Senate Floor Majority Leader – elected by their party to lead them; Majority Party – Political party with the most members; Minority Party – Political party with the minority of the members
House/Senate Floor Minority Leader – elected by their party to lead them ; Party “whips” – help floor leaders, round members up for key votes
Members of Congress are appointed to committees based on seniority
Legislative Powers of Congress (Expressed/Enumerated Powers & Implied Powers) – Per Article I
1) Lay & collect taxes 2)Borrow money 3) Establish bankruptcy laws 4)Coin, print and regulate money 5)Declare War
6)Regulate Commerce (Trade) 7)Establish Naturalization laws 8)Establish post offices 9)Grant copyrights and patents
Non-Legislative Powers of Congress(Powers of Congress that do not have to do with making laws) Propose Constitutional Amendments (2/3 majority of both House & Senate), Impeachment of President, VP or judges – Proposed by the House, tried by the Senate, House Only -Counts Electoral College Votes, House Only – Chooses the president when no candidate receives 270 electoral votes , Act as a watchdog over the Executive Branch to make sure it does what its supposed to, Senate only - Approve/reject President’s nominees for Supreme Court, ambassadors Senate only - Approve/reject treaties proposed by the president
Qualifications & Benefits Per the US Constitution
Senate- At least 30 years old, Live in state you represent, Be a US citizen for at least 9 years
House of Reps. At least 25 years old, Live in state you represent, Be a US citizen for at least 7 years
Salary & Benefits = $165,200/year, Free office space/ Free Parking, Franking privilege – free mail, Free trips to their home state, Low cost insurance, gym membership, special restaurants, a medical clinic & Immunity
The basic job of Congress is to represent their constituents – ways members of Congress help constituents = 1) Obtain federal money for their state or district for public works 2)Work with lobbyists – people hired by private groups to influence government decisions makers on certain issues 3) public works – local projects 4)Obtain grants ($$) and contracts for their area of the country 5) Contract to make goods….6) Pork-barrel projects - 7) Lawmakers pressure agency officials to give a favorable hearing on to their district or state’s request for public works projects, grants and contracts by encouraging constituents to contact the agency or
How a Bill Becomes a Law 1) Idea & Introduction - Bill ideas come from members of Congress, private citizens, the White House, special interest groups (organizations of people with a common interest who try to influence government decisions…like the NRA National Rifle Association) - Bill ideas are introduced by members of Congress & sent to a sub-committee…All appropriations bills – a bill which promises money for certain projects - must begin in the House 2)Committee - Standing committee – permanent committees -They pass bills, change parts of bills, replace bill, ignore (“pigeonhole”) it, or kill it with majority vote; Rider – amendments not related to the bill added to the bill (allowed only in the Senate) 3)Debate takes place on the floor of the house or senate; senate has time limits on debate, House does not!..Filibuster – talking a bill to death Senate Only..Cloture – only way to end filibuster. 3/5 of the members must vote for it & no one can talk for at least an hour4) Vote in House or Senate Once a bill which started in the House passes in the House, it goes to the Senate for approval. Once a bill which started in the Senate passes in the Senate, it goes to the House for approval. The Senate and the House must pass a bill in an identical form before it goes to the President 5) Presidential Action President can sign a bill into law (approves bill) or vetoes (refuses to sign) Pocket veto – when the president makes no action on a bill when Congress is out of session
Article II – (Two) EXECUTIVE BRANCH = President, his cabinet, Vice-President ;Job of the Executive Branch is to ENFORCE laws passed by Congress….impeachment – removal of an official from office
Qualifications for President -35 years old, natural born US citizen, resident of the US for at least 14 years
Presidential Elections
Not elected by popular vote – electoral college determines the election of the President
“winner take all system” – the candidate with the majority of the popular vote gets all the electoral votes
# of Senators + # of House Seats = # of Electoral votes per state 538 Elector votes in total
Order of Succession –Vice President, Speaker of the House, President Pro Tempore, Secretary of State, Secretary of treasury, Secretary of Defense, Attorney General, Secretary of the Interior, Secretary of Agriculture, Secretary of Commerce, Secretary of Labor, Secretary of Health and Human Services, Secretary of housing and Urban Development, Secretary of transportation, Secretary of energy, Secretary of Education, Secretary of Veterans Affairs, Secretary of Homeland Security - 1967- The 25th Amendment outlines Presidential Succession
Term of Office - 4year term - – 22nd Amendment – 1951 – limits presidents to 2 terms
The President’s Job - The 7 Roles of the President1) Chief Executive -Carries out the laws; Gives executive orders; Grant pardons; Issue reprieves; Issue commutations ; Deliver the State of the Union address; In charge of 15 cabinet departments2)Chief Diplomat - Directs foreign policy; Enter into treaties with foreign nations – The Senate must approve treaties by 2/3 vote, unless the President issues an executive order – an agreement between the president and the leader of another country.3)Commander-in-chief Head of the armed forces & Orders troops into battle
4)Legislative Leader Propose legislation; Makes speeches & works with Congress to get bills passed (“lobbies Congress”) Executive staff works with Congress to get bills passed 5)Head of State-Greet leaders of foreign nations; holds state dinners 6)Economic Leader Plans the budget & presents it to Congress for approval; Concerned with taxes, unemployment and inflation (rising prices); Helps regulate the economy 7)Party leader-Head of his political party; Helps party in re-election of others in the same party
Foreign policy goals = 1) National security = the ability to keep the country safe from attack or harm 2)International trade 3)World peace4)Promote democracy around the world
Tools used to obtain Foreign Policy Goals
1)Executive agreement – agreement between the president and a leader of another country; 2)Treaties = formal agreements between the government of 2 or more countries; Must be approved by the Senate; Example: NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)-a mutual defense treaty between the US, Canada and Europe; 3)Appointing ambassadors to other countries to represent the United States abroad 4)Foreign aid - Money, food, military assistance or other supplies given to help other countries 5)Trade sanctions – an effort to punish another nation by imposing trade barriers
6)Embargo – an agreement among a group of nations that prohibits them from trading with a certain nation as a punishment 7)Military Force - Sending troops to troublesome spots on the globe - 2003- President Bush ordered American forces to invade Iraq & remove Saddam Hussein from power
The cabinet is a group of advisors chosen by the president to help accomplish the work of the executive branch 15 Cabinet Agencies - State Department – carries out foreign policy; Department of Treasury – collects, prints borrows money; Department of the Interior – protects the nations’ public lands & natural resources Department of Agriculture, Health & Human Services, Housing & Urban Development, Defense, Commerce (trade), labor, transportation, education, veterans affairs, Department of Homeland Security was added most recently in 2002 to oversee America’s defenses after 9/11
The federal bureaucracy – All the employees of the executive branch including all of the cabinet departments & agencies; All of the employees = bureaucrats (called civil servants) Functions = Carries out all the laws passed by Congress; Administer day to day operations of the federal govt’. (deliver mail, send out social security checks); Regulate the activities of broadcasting companies, labor unions, banks, airlines, nuclear power plants – to make sure they are all following the rules!
Agencies = NASA – National Aeronautics and Space Administration; FBI- Federal Bureau of Investigation; CIA; IRS-
DOT-Department of Transportation; DEA – Drug Enforcement Administration; ATF – Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms; FEMA – Federal Emergency Management Agency; CDC – Centers for disease control
Article III – (Three) JUDICIAL BRANCH; Lists information on the Supreme Court & the Federal Court System; Job of the Judicial Branch is to INTERPRET the laws passed by Congress Under our federal system, the executive, legislative and judicial branches share the responsibility of governing our nation. The courts that make up the judicial branch try to make sure that our nation’s laws are justly enforced.
Types of Cases Heard in Federal Courts (Federal Jurisdiction) - Jurisdiction – authority to hear a case
1)Cases involving the Constitution 2)Violation of Federal Laws 3)Disputes between States 4)Cases between citizens of two states 5)Lawsuits involving the federal government 6)Foreign Governments & Treaties 7)Maritime law 8)Cases involving US Diplomats
Concurrent Jurisdiction – cases where both state and federal courts have the right to hear a case
Organization of the Federal Courts -The Lower Federal Court System = District + appellate court Step 1: District Court- Has original jurisdiction – hears a case first; serves as trial courts for both criminal and civil federal cases Step 2: Appeals Court (Appellate Court) Appellate jurisdiction – authority to hear a case appealed from a lower court; There is no jury at the appellate court level – it doesn’t decide guilt or innocence – it rules only on if the someone’s rights were protected or not and if s/he received a fair trial. The appeals court can 1)Uphold the original decision or 2)Remand the case – send a case back to lower court for retrial; When the appeals court makes a decision, one judge writes an opinion
Opinion – offers a detailed explanation of the reason for the court’s decision; Gives a precedent (or guidance) to other judges in the future who have to make decisions on similar topics
All federal judges are appointed by the President & approved by the senate; Once appointed, federal judges serve for life; The only way they can lose their jobs is to be impeached
Step 3: The US Supreme Court -9 justices; the chief justice and eight associate justices; Highest appeals court; Has the power of judicial review - the final say on what the Constitution means (they rule on whether laws are “constitutional” or not) -Marbury v. Madison, 1803 – established the principle of judicial review
Article IV – (Four)Relationship between the states; “Full faith and credit” clause – says that all states must give citizens of other states the same rights as its own; Congress is in charge of creating new states
Article V – (Five)Amendment Process= Changes; Article VI – (Six)National Supremacy; The supremacy clause – states that federal law is supreme over all other types of laws. (State & local); The US Constitution and its laws are the “supreme law of the land.”Article VII – (Seven)Ratification = approval; Needed 9 of 13 for approval; Signed on September 17, 1787
2.03 Explain how the United States Constitution grants and limits the authority of public officials and government agencies.
According to article I, Congress may never 1)Suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus – orders issued by a judge that requires law officials to show probable cause for holding criminals. 2) Pass Bills of attainders – laws that singles out a person or group for punishment without trial.3) Pass ex post facto laws – law that makes an act a crime after the act has been committed. 4) No titles of nobility shall be granted by the United States government. (No Duke of Winston-Salem, King George, Earl of Raleigh. 5) Pass laws that restrict freedom of speech or religion (or anything in the Bill of Rights) 6) Favor one state over another 7)Interfere with State Reserved Powers (marriage laws, driver license requirements)
The President and all federal judges (including SC justices) can be impeached – Charges must be brought by the house of representatives and tried by the Senate. If found guilty, they are removed from office
2.04 Describe how the United States Constitution may be changed and analyze the impact of specific changes. 2.06 Analyze court cases that demonstrate how the United States Constitution and the Bill of Rights protect the rights of individuals.
1st way to amend the Constitution: Step 1: Proposal and approval by 2/3 of both houses and ratified by ¾ of the states.2nd way to amend the Constitution: Step 1: proposal and approval by 2/3 of state legislature and approval by 3/4 of state ratifying conventions.
The Constitution might not have been ratified without the promise of a Bill of Rights. Added in 1791, the first 10 amendments place strict limits on how the national government can use its power over the people. The First Amendment protects five basic civil liberties: religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition. The Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Amendments were written to ensure fair legal treatment for those accused of crimes. The Eighth Amendment prohibits excessive bail or fines and forbids cruel or unusual punishment. The Seventh Amendment concerns civil cases. Today lawmakers and citizens still argue over the exact meaning of the Second Amendment. Was it intended to apply only to a militia, or were all citizens guaranteed the right to "keep and bear arms"? According to the Third Amendment soldiers may not be quartered in private homes during peacetime. The Framers of the Constitution also realized that they could not cover every circumstance that might occur in the nation's history. The Ninth Amendment makes it clear that citizens have other rights beyond those listed in the Constitution. The Tenth Amendment states that any power not specifically given to the national government is reserved for the states.
Other key amendments were passed to extend protection to all Americans. They were also written to control the power of state governments. The Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments are sometimes called the Civil War Amendments. They were written to prohibit slavery and ensure citizenship and voting rights to African Americans. In 1920 the Nineteenth Amendment extended voting rights to women. The struggle for civil rights was not over. During the twentieth century efforts to organize a movement against discrimination led to the creation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the National Urban League. Important Supreme Court decisions, key leaders—including Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.—and public demonstrations all moved the country along the road to equality. One of the most far-reaching pieces of civil rights legislation was the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In spite of all this, the struggle for equal rights is not over, but continues today.
1st RAPPS - Religion - Establishment clause – prohibits Congress from establishing an official religion- Free to practice any or no religion (Free Exercise clause); As long as no law is broken ; Keeps a separation between church & state (ALL levels of government) Engle v. Vitale- Prayer in the classroom Assembly-Right to gather in groups…as long as it’s peaceful Limits = You can’t provoke riots, break laws, block the street, etc. Petition-Written request Press-Inspiration = John Peter Zenger; Government cannot censor –ban printed materials because they have offensive content; Limits = press must tell the truth; Libel= printed lies; Slander= spoken lies Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier- Freedom of speech in a school newspaper
Speech Limits = Can’t endanger the government or other people &your speech shouldn’t lead to criminal activities Schenk v. US -No yelling FIRE!! in a crowded theatre Bethel School District v. Fraser-Freedom of Speech in schools Tinker v. Des Moines-Freedom of expression in schools Texas v. Johnson- Freedom of Expression & Flag Burning
Rights of the Accused 4th No unreasonable search & seizure; Requires law enforcement to have a search warrant – court order allowing search & removal of items New Jersey v. TLO- Search and seizures in schools Mapp v. Ohio -Admissibility of illegal evidence obtained without a search warrant 5th Can’t be put on trial without indictment –charge by a grand jury; Protects citizens against double jeopardy – being put on trial for the same crime more than once; Establishes all citizens are entitled to due process – following established legal procedures; Limits eminent domain – right of the government to take primate property (land) for public use; Right to remain silent - Miranda v. Arizona – Miranda warning =“you have the right to remain silent….”- you have the right to be told your rights before you are questioned by law enforcement 6th -Right to trial by jury, speedy trial, right to an attorney, must be told the nature of the crime you are accused of - Gideon v. Wainwright- Right to a lawyer 8th No cruel & unusual punishment & No excessive bail - Furman v. Georgia, 1972 &Gregg v. Georgia, 1976 = Constitutionality of the Death Penalty
Other Bill of Rights Amendments
2nd Right to bear arms 3rd No quartering of troops in civilian homes! 7th Right to a jury trial in CIVIL cases – over $20 9th Unwritten rights; The People’s amendment 10th Rights not specifically listed in the Constitution are reserved to the states; Reserved powers – powers that only the state governments have - Marriage, schools, setting up local government Civil War Amendments 13th -1865-Outlawed slavery 14th Amendment; 1868-Grants citizenship and rights of citizens to all people born in the US; Bans states from talking life, liberty & property without due process of law; Extends the rights in the Bill of Rights to the state governments; Bans states from denying any person “equal protection under the law” Gitlow v. NY-Ruled the state does not have the right to take away right to free speech & free press 15th 1870- Guarantees right to vote to African American men Suffrage (Voting) Amendments 17th 1913 -Allows people to directly elect their senators instead of the state legislature selecting senators 19th 1920-Women receive the right to vote 23rd -1961 - Granted residents of Washington DC the right to vote 24th -1964 - outlaws poll tax 26th - 1971 - Lowered voting age to 18 Other Important Amendments 18th -1919- “prohibition” - Banned the sale, manufacturing & transportation of liquor 21st - 1933- Repealed the 18th amendment 16th – income tax is constitutional
2.05 Analyze court cases that illustrate that the United States Constitution is the supreme law of the land.
Marbury v. Madison – 1803 - Introduced the idea of Judicial Review; Introduced the role of the court as the interpreter of laws; chief justice stated the Supreme Court had the final say on all laws.
McCulloch v. Maryland - ruled that in a conflict between national and state power, the national government is supreme. State tried to tax the national bank
Gibbons v. Ogden - This case involved 2 steamboat operators; established that Congress has the sole power to regulate interstate trade. (trade between 2 states).
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas – 1954 - Ruled that the racial segregation of schools violated the 14th amendment; Overturned the “separate but equal” decision in schools
Plessy v. Ferguson – 1898 - Ruled racial segregation in public places was legal, as long as the facilities were equal; “Separate but Equal”
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg School In this case, the court ruled busing was a good way to combat segregation in schools
Heart of Atlanta Motel v. US - upheld the Civil Rights Act of 1964 when the court ruled that a motel was in violation of the act by not allowing African Americans to stay at the motel.
University of CA v. Bakke – reverse racism case; ruled on race quotas in college admissions – affirmative action is okay as long as no one’s rights are violated
Schenk v. US - Case that limited rights of free speech in the cases where speech would cause a panic – shouting “fire!” in a crowded theater. Also, limited speech that would be considered to bring about actions that create a “clear and present danger.”
Roe v. Wade - Case considered a woman’s right to an abortion.
Gitlow v. New York - Case ensured that the 14th amendment could safeguard free speech and free press from “impairment” from the states.
Korematsu v. US - In this case the court said “hardships are part of war…citizenship as its responsibilities as well as its privileges, and in time of war, the burden is always heavier” when explaining why it was not unconstitutional to put American citizens of Japanese heritage into internment camps during World War II.
2.08 Examine taxation and other revenue sources at the national level of government. 2.09 Describe the services provided by selected government agencies and how funding is provided.
The federal budget created by the president and Congress is the government’s blueprint for raising and spending money
The President presents the budget to Congress by the first Monday in February and they approve the budget. Mandatory spending = items which must be paid – Social security checks, interest payment on government debt; 1/3 of budget is discretionary spending – funding for federal programs that must be approved by Congress - Money for the Coast Guard, highway construction and defense
Federal Expenditures- Services (Social Security, Medicare, Healthcare, Disease research); National Defense; Education; Roads; Interest on debt
Federal Revenues Taxes; User fees – fees for entering national parks & paid by oil companies for drilling; Fines – for violation of Federal Laws; Tariffs – tax on imported goods Fines; Bonds – citizens “lending” the government money
Types of Taxes: Direct tax – taxes collected directly from the government; 50% Income tax – fee on private citizens’ earnings; Tax return – statement filed each year showing the amount earned and amount owed in taxes; Corporate tax – taxes collected directly from the government on profits made by corporations; 33% Payroll tax - a tax which employers are required to withhold from employees' paychecks. (Federal income tax, Social Security tax, and Medicare tax –FICA)
Excise tax – taxes on specific goods such as tobacco, liquor, legal gambling, luxury goods; Estate tax (Inheritance tax) – fee the government collects based on the total amount of property a person has at the time of their death; Progressive Tax – tax rate goes UP as income level UP - The more money you make, the higher percentage of taxes you will pay **US Federal Income tax is a progressive tax*-The 16th amendment authorized Congress to impose a federal income tax
COMPETENCY GOAL 3: ANALYZE HOW STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT IS ESTABLISHED BY THE NC CONSTITUTION
3.01 Identify the principles in the North Carolina Constitution and local charters.
INDIVIDUAL FREEDOMS
The Mecklenburg Declaration May 1775 – committee of citizens met in Charlotte and decided that all offices appointed by the British were now vacant. It stated that the Provincial Congress was the ONLY lawful government in the colony The Halifax Resolves April 12, 1776 – North Carolina became the first colonial government to call for total independence from England; federal system – system of government in which the power is shared by state governments and the national government; North Carolina’s voters feared a strong central government, so they voted against the ratification of the US Constitution at the Hillsborough Convention in 1788. In 1789 when the US Congress approved the Bill of Rights, North Carolina delegates ratified the Constitution in Fayetteville
3.02 Explain how the North Carolina Constitution and local charters define the framework, organization, and structure of government at the state and local level.
The Constitution of the State of North Carolina- A constitution reflects the values and goals of the society that creates it. While differing in details, all state constitutions share many characteristics
Structure of the state Constitution - There are 14 articles included in the Constitution of North Carolina.
1) Preamble-introduction; 2) A bill of rights (The Declaration of Rights) “All political power is vested in and derived from the people all government of right originates from the people, is founded upon their will only and is instituted solely for the good of the whole. (Popular Sovereignty = rule by the people
3) An outline of the framework of the government; 4)A list of state powers & responsibilities 5) Information on how to set up local government; Other topics outlined by the NC State Constitution = Suffrage rights, voter eligibility, local government structure, education, military forces, and state finances.
The Legislative Branch State legislature operates much like the US Congress. The legislative branch of North Carolina is made up of the senate and the house of representatives, which together are known as the General Assembly. The General Assembly of NC passes laws that deal with a variety of matters including health, crime, labor, education and transportation. The General Assembly has the power to tax and the power to spend and borrow money. Finally, the General Assembly acts as a check on the power of the governor and the state bureaucracy
Powers of the General Assembly - 1) Passes laws - general statutes- laws that apply statewide & local laws that apply only to specific counties or cities 2) decides how much money the state government will spend – studies & approves the budget and how state expenses will be paid for 3) Set tax rates – state income tax, state sales tax, gas tax, car tax 4) Grant charters to municipalities – cities, towns 5) legislative oversight – reviews which allow legislators to learn how well current laws are working and whether laws need to be changed 6) they elect members of the UNC Board of Governors and the state community college system
Can impeach and try judges, governors and members of the council of state
Steps of how a bill becomes a law in North Carolina same as Congress
Organization of the General Assembly – Like the US Congress, the NC General assembly is bicameral made up of 2 branches.; The members are elected from districts of equal population; After the national census (every 10 years) the districts may be redrawn (called redistricting); Senate – 50 members; 2 year terms; 21 years old minimum; Have lived in district 1 year before election; leadership = Lieutenant Governor & President Pro tempore; House – 120 members; 2 year terms; 25 years old minimum; Have lived in district 2 year before election; leadership = speaker of the house
Legislative Sessions - long session – occur in the odd numbered years (2007, 2009, 2011) – January – June – first year of the term; new bills proposed, debated and passed short session – occur in the even numbered years (2008, 2010, 2012) – the second year of the 2 year term of the General Assembly – used to finish all business from the year before special session – when the General Assembly is called by to Raleigh to take care of Legislative business by the governor, speaker of the house or president of the senate (Lieutenant Governor)
Executive Branch – Governor – Jobs = 1) proposing and signing legislation 2) visiting foreign countries to seeking business for the state. 3)carries out laws the state legislature passes. 5) appointing officials, 6) planning for economic growth and 7)coordinating the work of executive departments. 8) Symbolic leader if the state – speaks for North Carolina 9)Responsible for making sure state laws & policies are carried out. 10)Coordinates the work of state agencies 11)Proposes the state budget 12) Grant pardons to criminals or commute sentences of criminals. The North Carolina’s governor’s term is for 4 years. The state constitution limits the governor to 2 consecutive terms.
Qualifications - must be 30 years old, must have been a US citizen for at least 5 years and must have lived in North Carolina for at least 2 years immediately before the election.
lieutenant governor Automatically takes over if anything happens to the governor; serves as President of the senate
Cabinet – advisors to the governor; run the functions of their department; experts in their fields
Cabinet secretaries are appointed by the governor 8 departments. Department of Corrections - Runs the prison and parole system ; Department of Crime Control and Public Safety - Administers emergency management as well as the NC Highway Patrol ; Department of Administration - Shapes the budget ; Department of Health and Human Services - Oversees public health and social spending as well as regulates hospitals and supports mental health facilities; Department of Environment and Natural Resources - Administers state parks, natural resources and assists with environmental protection policies; Department of Transportation; Department of Commerce; Department of Cultural Resources; Department of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Protection
The Council of State
8 heads of state agencies ; Elected by the voters = Commissioner of Agriculture; State Treasurer; Secretary of State; Superintendent of Public Instruction; Attorney General; Secretary of Labor; Commissioner of Insurance; State Auditor; serve 4 year terms & can be reelected to an unlimited number of terms; The major difference between the cabinet and the council of state is the cabinet is appointed and the council of state is elected by the voters; Divided authority (Divided Government) – the state government’s power is divided between the Governor & the cabinet and the Council of state; the council of state is elected by the people and operates independently of the governor
The North Carolina Judicial Branch - interprets the law. Different levels of state courts administer justice.
The North Carolina Courts resolve disputes that arise under North Carolina laws. This includes both civil lawsuits and violations of state law (criminal law) ; The 2 types of trial courts in North Carolina are district court and superior courts
Level 1: District Court In district court a judge hears the case & makes the decision. No jury; Types of cases heard = juvenile law; divorce & other family law; mental hospital commitments; traffic violations; civil cases or disputes involving less than $10,000; Misdemeanor cases District court judges in North Carolina are elected by the people for four year terms
Level 2: Superior Court - Types of cases heard in superior court = civil cases involving over $10,000; felony cases; Case is heard by a judge and jury ; District court cases can be appealed to the Superior Court level; superior court judges in North Carolina are elected by the people for 8 year terms
Level 3: Appellate Courts - hear disputes about whether the decision of a trial court should be overturned., review the case to make sure the law and procedures were followed. They do not decide guilt or innocence. The 2 appellate courts in North Carolina are the court of appeals & the state supreme court
Appellate court judges in North Carolina are elected by people for 8 year terms Judges serve on a 3 judge panel
Level 4: The North Carolina Supreme Court - Like the US Supreme Court, the North Carolina Supreme court does not make laws or rule on the facts of a case, but it does rule on errors in legal procedures and on judicial decisions regarding existing law; The state supreme court reviews cases that a lower court has already decided and it also interprets the state’s constitution and its laws. There are 7 justices on the North Carolina Supreme court. 1 chief justice and 6 associate justices. Supreme Court justices in North Carolina are elected by people for 8 year terms; Unless the case involves the US Constitution the decision of the state Supreme Court is final.
Local Government
2 levels of local government – County government and Municipal government; The county is the larges territorial and political subdivision of a state; The General Assembly has divided North Carolina into 100 counties; Counties set local public policy and also carry out certain state guidelines and laws
Board of County Commissioners = county legislators; policies are carried out by a county manager (called the council-manager system); makes rules for the county, sets tax rates for the county, approves school calendar, approve county budget; Elected by the voters….Clerk of county commissioners – keep official records, publish notices, conduct research, provide information about county government to citizens; Register of deeds – 1 elected per county (manages public records – deeds, powers of attorney, marriage license, birth/death certificates
LEA (Local Education Authority) = school district – run by the School board – School board is elected by the voters in Stokes County ; School board makes policies & carries out state policies pertaining to all the individual schools in the LEA – plans and enforces the budget – money given by the state and/or the county
Law enforcement = Sheriff’s department Local government supports the NC Courts by: Providing courtrooms, county sheriffs maintain jails to keep people waiting for trial, deputies deliver summons & investigate crimes
Municipal Governments in North Carolina- Municipalities are units of government – cities, towns, and villages – that have legal rights granted by the state through their charters; Over 540 in NC; Incorporation - the area has been granted a charter by the North Carolina General Assembly; Charter – outline of basic rules for the municipal government – can be changed by the General Assembly or by “home rule amendments”; “Home-rule” amendments are changes made by local government over local issues that are not prohibited or regulated by the state.
People living in an unincorporated area can ask the General Assembly to incorporate their community if they want a municipal government & the services it offers; Annexation – when a city expands or takes an unincorporated area into an existing municipality (Winston-Salem annexed parts of Pfafftown & Town of Midway in Davidson County didn’t want to be annexed by Winston-Salem – became incorporated as their own municipality
Structure of the Municipal Government
The Governing Board (The Council) - Municipal governing board (called City Council, Town Council, board of commissioners or board of alderman) = Acts as a local legislature; Passes local laws or statutes called ordinances
Establish local rules, approve budges, set municipal tax rates (property tax); Elected by the people – usually in at-large elections; Mayor (presides over governing board meetings) – not responsible for carrying out the law in NC“Council-manager system” - System in which the governing board hires a city manager who is responsible for day to day operations of the municipality - Most common type in NC
3.03 Explain how the state constitution grants and limits the authority of public officials and government agencies.
Thanks to separation of powers, North Carolina has 3 branches of government ; separation of powers = Having 3 branches of government with different powers; Each branch uses checks and balances to make sure no one person or branch has too much power in the state (Governor got the veto in 1996, The General Assembly can override the governor’s veto by a 3/5 vote of each house) Governor is limited to 2 4 year terms
3.04 Describe how the state constitution and local charters may be changed, and analyze the impact of specific changes.
Changes (Amendments) to the North Carolina Constitution - The North Carolina Constitution is amended when the General Assembly approves an amendment and then it goes to a Referendum to the people; Referendum – vote taken by citizens on proposed changes
Throughout its history, North Carolina has had 3 Constitutions. 1835 – voters got the power to elect the governor; 1868 – NC was forced to change the Constitution after the Civil War – to include a passage about loyalty to the United States, abolishing slavery in the state & opened voting to all men 21 and older; 1971 – changed to extend voting rights to women & changed some outdated details. Later Amendments - 1972 – lowered the voting age from 21 to 18. 1977 – allowed the governor to serve two consecutive 4-year terms 1996 – Gave the power of veto to the governor
While the right to vote is widely recognized as a fundamental right today, this was not always true; Suffrage – the right to vote; North Carolina used literacy tests to keep the majority of African American and native American minorities from voting; Civil Rights act of 1964 & Voting Rights Act of 1965 – federal government enforced the 14th and 15th amendments; Women could not vote in NC until the passage of the 19th amendment in 1920
In 1954, when the Supreme Court made the ruling in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas, which desegregated public schools, North Carolina had laws requiring segregated schools.
Swann v. Charlotte Mecklenburg board of Education – federal court ruled busing students and reorganizing school district boundaries was a legal method to desegregate schools – the Supreme Court upheld the ruling
3.05 Analyze court cases that illustrate that the North Carolina Constitution is the law of the state.
State v. Mann (1830) Facts of the case: John Mann was arrested for beating and wounding one of his slaves. At first he was convicted of battery, but appealed the case the NC Supreme Court. The state supreme court overturned the lower court’s ruling saying that slaveholders could not be prosecuted for attacking the enslaved.
In this case, the North Carolina Supreme Court ruled it has the FINAL interpretation on the North Carolina Constitution
The Leandro Case - Issue before the court: right to an education
In 1994 people from five counties sued the state claiming that the state wasn’t providing “adequate or equal” educational opportunities. In 1997, the state supreme court ruled “that the state constitution doesn’t require equal funding of education” In the 2004 ruling in the case Hoke v. State, a superior court concluded that “ at-risk children require more resources, time and focused intervention in order to learn.” Later in 2004 the NC Supreme court agreed that at risk students in the Leandro Case had been denied a “sound, basic education.” NC education officials proposed new programs for at-risk students and new funding sources (LOTTERY MONEY!)
3.07 Identify modern controversies related to powers of the state government.
No Child Left Behind; Gay marriage debate; Lottery
3.08 Examine taxation and other revenue sources at the state and local level.
3.09 Describe the services provided by state and local government agencies and how funding is provided.
County Budget - Goal for the county budget= balanced budget; Fiscal Year for the county begins July 1
Major County Expenditures
1)Human Services (Mental Health Services, Public Heath services, Social services/Welfare 2) Education (Public schools, Community colleges) 3)Public Safety (Jails, sheriffs department, court facilities, youth detention centers)
4) General Government (Tax assessment, Soil and water conservation , Register of deeds, elections)
Major County Revenues
Property Taxes (35%) – Rates set by the county commissioners – based on worth of property; Car Tax; Sales Tax
Intergovernmental Revenues
The Municipal Budget - Fiscal Year for the municipality begins July 1
Municipal Expenditures = 33% - utilities – water/sewer systems, electric utility; Public safety – fire/police department; Services provided = cemeteries, gas & electric systems, sidewalks, street lighting, streets, traffic control
Municipal Revenues= 33% - user fees – “the water bill”; 18%-Property taxes; Car tax; Intergovernmental Revenue
State Budget - State officials must create a balanced budget each year; All state and local governments in NC begin their fiscal year (budget year) on July 1; The General Assembly adopts a biennial (2-year) budget in each odd numbered year (as new business in the long session) - In even numbered years it returns to revise and adjust the budget if necessary; The Governor draws up the budget & proposes the budget to the General Assembly; Goal = balanced budget
Proposals the governor can make if the budget isn’t balanced: Raise additional revenue; Spend money from government savings; Cut back on spending; A combination of all 3
The state can only spend money that has been budgeted & approved by the General Assembly
State Expenditures= Health & Human Services & Public Education = over half of state government spending
Justice & Public Safety, University system, community colleges, general government,
State Revenues= Taxes (account for more than ½ of revenues) – individual income tax (53%) state sales tax & use tax (28%), corporate income tax; Gasoline tax goes into an account to pay for roads, streets & highways
Intergovernmental revenues – money given to NC from the federal government – more than ¼ of state revenues
State lottery – used to reduce class sizes and for early childhood programs & school construction
COMPETENCY GOAL 4- EXPLORE ACTIVE ROLE AS A CITIZEN AT THE LOCAL, STATE AND NATIONAL LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT
4.01 Examine the structure and organization of political parties.
Political Party – group of voters with common interests and political ideas; US has a two-party system - Republicans (have conservative views & Democrats (have more liberal views); History – George warned against forming political parties since he thought it would have a negative effect on the democracy. Two members of his cabinet (Alexander Hamilton & Thomas Jefferson) developed major differences and established what have become our two major political parties. ; Third party – outside party that challenges the major 2 parties; Single Issue Party – a third party that is promoting just one social, economic or moral issue – example = Prohibitionist party 1in 1872; Ideological Party – people who support a specific idea or belief – Communist party USA, social labor party; Independent Candidates – people running for office who are not associated with any party – Example – Ross Perot – his supporters formed the “Reform Party” around him; One party system – no candidate can run if not a communist party member / Also, Iran – religious leaders; Platform – series of statement outlining the party’s views on various topics; Plank – each individual part of the platform (ex. Health care, education, defense)
Democrats and Republicans are organized into 50 state parties and thousands of local parties that operate independently of the national organization.
Organization of Political Parties 1) National Committee - Promotes national candidates, Holds national conventions, Writes party platform 2) State Committee - All 50 states have party committees or organizations to promote the party - Focus on state candidates and national candidates 3)Local Committee - Promote elections of candidates at local, state and national level; Counties are the largest political unit in the state; Precinct – area that contains a specific number of voters – headed by precinct captain – organizes voters & volunteers to campaign during elections & on Election Day
Ward – several precincts close together which make up a larger election unit; Local and state committees work together to make sure election procedures are carried out correctly; “Grassroots” – having support at the local level
Political machine – strong party organization that dominates politics – Most famous NYC Tammany Hall
Primary elections - Political parties choose the candidate to represent their party in the general election through a caucus meeting or a primary; Direct Primary - election (often held in the spring) in which voters choose their party’s candidate for the general election (held in November) closed primary means only party members can vote in the election open primary means voters don’t have to declare their party in order to vote. Candidate wins by majority vote or plurality vote (Plurality – candidate with the most votes wins) If a candidate is not affiliated with either major parties, they can still be put on the ballot if enough qualified voters sing a petition requesting their name be placed on the ballot.
Other responsibilities of Political Parties =Help get citizens involved, Select and support candidates, Inform citizens on public issues , Carry the message of the people to the government, Link citizens with similar ideas for government together, Raise money for campaigns, Hold primary elections, Linking different levels of government, Act as “watch dogs”
Types of Elections 1) The General Election– held 1st Tuesday after the first Monday in November - All types of candidates run in the general election – Elections on Issues=Initiatives – used for citizens to propose new laws or amendments - Referendum – election to approve or reject local and state laws & constitutional amendments; Proposition – petition asking for a new law – if citizens get enough signatures then the issue will go on the ballot in the general election; Recall elections – when citizens can vote to remove an official from office; In Presidential races, the people voting for president are called electors
4.02 Describe the election process and the qualifications and procedures for voting.
Voting is one of the fundamental rights of citizens in a democratic society. The right to vote is the foundation of American democracy Voting requirements= Must be at least 18 years of age; US citizen; Resident of the state; REGISTERED!
1995- National Voter Registration Act – “Motor Voter Act” – allows people to register to vote when they get their drivers license Steps in Voting= Go to the polling place on election day (Polling place – location where voting takes place); Precinct –voting district; Give name & address, take ballot, go into booth, close curtain & VOTE! Split ticket – voting for candidates from different parties Straight ticket - voting for all of the candidates from one party on the ballot Absentee ballot – ballot sent to people who can’t make it on Election Day Exit Poll – voluntary poll on who you voted for as you leave the polls – helps gage who might win. Election workers count the votes and then report the results to the State Board of Elections
Why people don’t vote & voice their opinions Don’t meet the requirements/Not registered in time, Don’t think any candidates represent their interests, Don’t think their vote will count, Apathy – lack of interest/lazy
4.03 Analyze information on political issues and candidates seeking political office.
Canvassing – when candidates & campaign workers go out to the neighborhoods to meet the electorate, to ask for votes, to talk to voters about what issues are important, and to give out pamphlets and campaign information
Public funding – comes from the Presidential Election fund – people can designate $3 of their taxes to go to the fund
Private sources=Individual citizens, Party organizations, Corporations, Labor unions, Special interest groups; (PACs) Political Action Committees- organizations set up by corporations, labor unions, & special interest groups to give money to specific candidates; Soft money – donations given to specific political parties & not to specific candidates - Used for general campaign purposes - Most goes to incumbents (politicians who currently hold the office) – Example =
Public opinion, the ideas and attitudes most people hold, plays a vital role in our democracy - Factors that influence public opinion= Personal background; Mass media; Public officials; Interest groups; Most Americans hold strongest opinions on issues which effect them personally; Government officials want to know the public’s opinion because it effects their vote; Public Opinion Polls are used to measure how people feel on certain issues – Pollsters, people who conduct the polls may call people on the phone, go door to door or may use the internet as a tool to see how people feel about issues or certain politicians. Pollsters use random samples of people, meaning they usually question groups of people at random to try to include different types of voters (men, women, people of all races, incomes, ages)
Mass Media- In a democratic society, various forces shape people’s ideas. The nation’s media are an important influence on politics and government and also help set the public’s agenda. Mass Media = print & electronic media Print media - Newspapers, magazines, letters, books Electronic media - Radio, television, the internet The Media Sets public agenda (the problems & issues that receive the most time and money – the most important issues), Gets information on candidates to the public in a speedy manner, Sometimes politicians “leak” information to the press – meaning they secretly pass it on to the press; Leaks allow politicians to test the public’s reaction to something without actually coming out and admitting that they might do it; People get to see and hear the candidates; Play a watchdog role over officials and government - Expose government scandals
The FCC – Federal Communications Commission – watches over and regulates radio and TV broadcasting to make sure they follow federal laws
Special Interest Groups influence public policy - The primary goal of special interest groups is to influence public policy by focusing their efforts on elections, the courts and lawmakers. They influence the opinions of citizens and elected officials on certain issues. By influencing the minds of the electorate and elected officials, they also influence their votes
Types of Interest Groups = Economic Interest Groups Chamber of Commerce, Tobacco Institute, American Medical Association, Labor Unions - American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO)
Other Interest Groups=National Association for Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), National Organization for Women (NOW), AARP – American Association of Retired Persons, Sierra Club, National Rifle Association (NRA); Lobbyists are representatives of the interest group whose job is to contact government officials and try to get them to vote the way the interest group wants them to. In order to influence the public, interest groups may use direct-mail campaigns or advertisements on television and radio – they use many propaganda techniques in these campaigns
Propaganda Techniques - Interest group use various techniques to influence public opinion and policy
Propaganda – half truths or misleading messages designed to mislead people; Name calling-Attempt to turn people against an opponent by calling them a name; Endorsement-A famous person backing a candidate in hopes that people who like the celebrity will also choose the candidate Glittering generality-A statement that sounds good, but is really meaningless; The bandwagon-Convincing people that everyone else agrees with that viewpoint, so they might as well join in; Just plain folks- Tries to show the candidate doing normal everyday activities (eating, going to church, talking to factory workers) Stacked cards-Presents only one side of the issue – often distorting the facts Transfer (Symbols)-Use or misuse of patriotic symbols to appeal to the public
4.06 Describe the benefits of civic participation.
Helping your community; helping those less fortunate; having your voice heard;
COMPETENCY GOAL 5: EXPLAIN HOW THE POLITICAL AND LEGAL SYSTEMS PROVIDE A MEANS TO BALANCE COMPETING INTERESTS AND RESOLVE CONFLICTS
5.03 Describe the adversarial nature of the judicial process.
All American courts operate under the adversary system of law – each side (plaintiff & defendant) are represented by an attorney and there is an impartial judge in the middle to hear all the evidence and make a fair decision
Trials = The lawyers for both sides have time to interview witnesses, study laws affecting the case and gather information before the trial. Part 1 – Jury Selection - Both sides select potential jurors from a large pool of residents; Grand jury – decides if there is enough evidence to go to trial or not; Petit jury – decides guilt or innocence at trial Part 2 – Presenting the case - Each side gives an opening statement; Each side questions witnesses; Witnesses give testimony – the answers they give under oath; They must swear to tell “the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth”; cross examination – when the attorney for the other side questions the witness to try to poke holes in his/her story; Each side gives an opening statement; The jury is then instructed to review the evidence and decide if the suspect is guilty Must prove guilt “beyond a reasonable doubt.” If there is a doubt in the jury’s mind, then they are to acquit.
COMPETENCY GOAL 6 – EXPLAIN WHY LAWS ARE NEEDED AND HOW THEY ARE ENACTED, IMPLEMENTED AND ENFORCED AT THE NATIONAL, STATE AND LOCAL LEVEL
6.01 Trace the development of law in American society.
Purpose of laws = enforce rules and statutes Keep the peace & prevent violent acts; protect your rights, Set punishments; Discourage future criminal acts; Set rules for resolving disagreements over money, property, contracts and other non-criminal matters; Good laws are Fair, reasonable, understandable, enforceable
Law systems of early societies influence us today = 2000 BC - Code of Hammurabi - Very strict, harsh penalties, Based on retribution; “eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth” 1200 BC- 10 Commandments - Hebrew laws from ancient Palestine; “Thou shalt not kill” “thou shalt not steal” - 450 BC - Roman Law; AD 533 -Justinian Code - Byzantine Emperor Justinian simplified the confusion mass of Roman laws into a document much easier to read and understand. 1200 - Magna Carta - English Common Law - Most important influence on American Law; Common law – law based on prior court decisions – unwritten - Acts of Parliament – written laws were called statutes; 1800- Napoleonic Code -
Updated Justinian’s Code; Carried his laws to all lands he controlled – including Louisiana
6.02 Cite examples of common, criminal, civil, constitutional, administrative, and statutory law.
The Constitution of the United States establishes and protects the individual’s fundamental rights and liberties - Criminal laws help maintain a peaceful and orderly society while civil laws involve disputes between people or groups
Plaintiff – party that brings the charges – Always the government in criminal cases; Defendant – party having charges brought against them (person accused of the crime); Felonies – serious crimes with serious consequences; Misdemeanor – less serious crimes with less serious consequences; The most common type of crime is crimes against property
Constitutional law: Laws established by the Constitution & Bill of Rights; Administrative Law: Laws created by government agencies (FBI, EPA, FDA); Statutory Law: any written law enacted by CONGRESS, STATE LEGISLATURES, COUNTY OR LOCAL LEGISLATURS
Due process of law – the government can not take our lives, liberty or property except when they follow the proper steps
The 5th and 14th amendments both guarantee due process of law;
Civil Law - Concerned with disputes between people or groups in which no law has been broken; A person believes they have been wronged, lost something of value or have suffered some damage because of someone else’s actions; They may have a dispute over a contract; A civil case is called a lawsuit when it goes to court; tort law = a civil wrong – a person has suffered an injury because of someone else’s negligence; Family Law =Divorce; child custody; adoption; alimony; child support; spousal and child abuse
Key Terms for Civil Cases= Tort law = civil wrongs; Does not deal with breaking a law; Does not decide guilt or innocence of crime; Cases between 2 people or 2 parties; “Lawsuit;” Contract violations; The government is not involved
No police; Divorce/custody disputes; One party is often looking for damages ($); Attorney must prove the defendant is most likely at fault for damages; preponderance of evidence
Steps in a Civil Case - Civil Lawsuits follow a specified legal procedure = Step 1: Complaint - Formal statement naming plaintiff and defendant, Step 2: Summons – sent to the defendant; Document that informs defendant of lawsuit & when to appear in court, Step 3: Defendant’s attorney files a written answer- Pleadings = legal document that combines information of the complaint and the summons, Step 4: Discovery - Lawyers check facts, interview, and gather evidence
Deposition – testimony given under oath; Step 5: Pretrial Discussions - Plaintiff, defendant & their attorneys Discuss facts of the case; Lawsuit may be dropped or may continue on to court; Settlement may occur – agreement to a monetary amount - Most civil cases are settle before they go to trial - Instead of going to trial, another way to resolve disputes is by mediation- each side is given the opportunity to explain his/her side of the dispute and must listen to the other side. A trained mediator helps the two sides find an agreement. Step 6: Trial - Jury or judge; In a civil case the plaintiff has to present only a “preponderance of evidence” – that the defendant was most likely at fault for damages, Step 7: Decision
If plaintiff wins, they receive damages – monetary compensation; If Defendant wins, no damages are paid; No jail time is given in civil cases; Step 8: Appeal - If losing side thinks errors were made, they can appeal; Either side may appeal; Often occur with large settlements
Key Terms for Criminal Cases= Crime, Law has been broken, Parole, Sentence, Conviction, Misdemeanor, Felony, Illegal, Law, Arrest, Indictment, Arraignment, Sentencing, Grand jury, Plea bargain. Bail, Police, bail; the state of federal government charges someone with a crime; The government is always the prosecution (or the plaintiff) – the party who start the legal proceedings against another party for a violation of a law.
Steps in a criminal trial= Step 1: Arrest - A judge must issue an arrest warrant; Suspect must be given the Miranda warning (Read his/her rights); Suspect is booked at the police station – charged with a crime, fingerprinted and photographed; The suspect may call his/her attorney to come to be present while he/she is being questioned. If the suspect can’t afford one, one will be appointed; Step 2: Preliminary Hearing - Suspect appears before a judge and is informed of the charges against them; Bail is set, Step 3: INDICTMENT - A grand jury (or judge) hears evidence and formally charges the suspect with the crime; Indictment = formal charge of a crime by a grand jury; Step 4: Arraignment
The Plea is entered – either guilty (may accept a plea bargain) or not guilty; If plea is not guilty, then a trial date is set
No contest means he or she doesn’t admit guilt but will not fight the prosecution’s case; Step 5: Trial - Step 6: Decision - Acquittal (Not Guilty), Guilty or Hung jury – when the jury cannot agree on a verdict; judge rules a mistrial; Step 7: Sentencing - Judge sets a date for sentencing & jury recommends a sentence; At sentencing, victims of crimes make statement; Step 8: Appeal
Juvenile Justice System- All states and the federal government have a separate justice system for young people;
Juvenile – person under 18; Juvenile delinquent - the term for young people who commit crimes
Main differences between juvenile and adult system = The primary goal of the juvenile courts is to rehabilitate the juvenile, or correct their behavior; Arrest can be made by police or cases can come from petitions to the court from school administrators, store managers or others in contact with children, like parents who can’t control their children’s behavior.
Juvenile courts deal with neglect and delinquency cases; Neglect – involve juveniles whose caregivers neglect or abuse them; Juvenile courts can place youths in foster homes; Delinquency – involve juveniles who commit crimes; Cases in which juvenile violate laws that are not illegal for adults; Running away from home; Violating curfew laws; Protection of juveniles; Juveniles can be diverted from the system – police officers who deal with juvenile cases – use other programs like counseling, job training, drug treatment programs instead of jail; At trial there is no jury – you have a right to a trial by a jury of your peers & people under 18 can’t serve on a jury; having no jury keeps the identity of the juvenile secret; Records are kept secret, juveniles aren’t fingerprinted or photographed at arrest
6.03 Identify the various procedures in the enactment, implementation, and enforcement of law.
Functions of criminal penalties = Provide punishment so that criminal pays for an office, Help protect society from dangerous lawbreakers – by putting them in jail; Keep other people from committing the same crimes by serving as warnings to try to stop crime; Help lawbreakers to reenter society after prison term has ended; In prison, lawbreakers may receive counseling, education, job training, learn skills that help them in everyday life they had not been previously taught.
penal code – each state’s written laws; The more serious the crime, the more serious the punishment
Parole – early release from prison for good behavior in prison
Types of sentences = Mandatory sentencing – when a judge must impose whatever sentence the law directs – they can’t use their own judgment; Suspended sentence – a sentence is given but not served at that time; Probation – the defendant has a supervised release; home confinement - defendant must serve his or her sentence at home
a monetary fine – damages paid or restitution; work release – defendant is allowed to work but must return to prison at night and on the weekend; imprisonment – sentenced to jail in the state that crime was committed
Sentencing Options for Juvenile Delinquents = Stern lecture, Place them in reformatories, treatment center or teen shelter, If the juvenile successfully completes probation, then charges are removed from the record
Supreme Court rules for juveniles = People under 18 have all the same rights as adults; People under 18 can be tried as adults, but can not receive the death penalty
6.04 Identify ways citizens can be informed about the laws.
A democratic society requires the active participation of its citizens; The internet has change the way people communicate, get information and participate in democracy; The Internet – a mass communication system of millions of networked, or connected computers and databases all over the world; World Wide Web (www) – a system for browsing internet sites, allowing users to work with the billions of documents stored on computers across the internet. Websites – “web pages” – contain text, images, audio & video
The first web sites started in 1993 .Today there are many millions with the number doubling every few moths
Positives = Citizens can use it to stay informed on issues, laws and be involved in the government; Newsgroup – internet discussion forums used for people to give their opinions on issues; Most agencies of all levels of government have web sites where people can help citizens be informed
Negatives= A lot of the information on the internet is not true – you have to check the source to see how credible the info. Is; Many sites show bias – leaning to one side of an issue; The Internet Can Both Strengthen and Threaten our Democracy; Some fear that the Internet is widening the gap between those who have access to the internet and those who don’t; The Internet poses some Significant Threats to Americans’ Privacy; Governments, businesses & other people can watch what you are doing online; Be careful of sharing personal information (Name, address, income, age, health, what you buy, credit card numbers & other personal details) in e-mails, chat rooms and social networking sites; Online surveillance is used by the federal government to stop crime and acts of terrorism; Some privacy experts believe the search engines (Google, Yahoo!) are becoming a way for the government to spy on citizens
Political Blogs = Web log (A public diary); People use blogs as public diaries or journals & are used to publish their own ideas on any topic; Anyone can create a blog & blogs aren’t regulated so the information could be false
Electronic Communications Privacy Act – 1996 – Protects online privacy – Says the law requires a court order before investigators can read people’s e-mail.
NSA (National Security Council) was ordered by President Bush to eavesdrop on Americans and others in the US without search warrants after the terror attacks on 9/11
USA Patriot Act – passed after 9/11 – allowed some constitutional protections (getting a search warrant before listening to people’s phone calls) to be waived if lives are at risk
Communications Decency Act of 1996 – Made it a federal crime to send or display indecent or obscene material over the Internet ‘in a manner available” to those under the age of 18; COPA (Child Online Protection ACT) of 1998 – Made it a crime for a commercial Web site to knowingly make indecent material available to anyone under the age of 17. It requires operators of the web site to verify customers’ ages as a way to keep children from harmful material on the sites
Copyright protection guards against the theft of someone’s intellectual property (things that people create such as songs, movies, books, poetry, art & software) A copyright – the owner’s exclusive right to control, publish and sell an original work; Children’s Internet Protection Act of 2000 – requires all schools in the US to install technology that blocks student access to offensive or dangerous Web materials
COMPETENCY GOAL 7: THE LEARNER WILL INVESTIGATE HOW & WHY INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS MAKE ECONOMIC CHOICES
Basic terms you need to know to understand Goal 7:
1) Producers: people who make goods and services 2) Consumers: people who buy goods and services 3) Goods: tangible items for sale 4) Services: work performed by a person for someone else 5) Wants : things we must have in order to survive 6) Needs : things we would like to have
Economics is the study of how we make decisions in a world in which resources are limited as well as the study of how things are made, bought and sold; Microeconomics – looks at the small picture -the study of the behavior of small units like individual people and individual businesses; Macroeconomics looks at the big picture – looks at the economy as a whole and decision making by large units like governments, whole industries or whole societies
Economic Systems - An economic system -the way a society organizes the production and consumption of goods and services; helps determine how basic economic decisions will be made in that country; The United States’ economic system is free enterprise capitalism (also called the free enterprise system, a market economy or capitalism)
Objective 7.02: Explain how scarcity influences producers and consumers to make choices.
Scarcity -The limits on, or scarcity, of resources forces people to make careful economic choices.; (Scarce – ADJ – limited; in short supply; inadequate; scarcity-N-shortage; lack); An individual and a country will decide what goods and services it can produce based on the resources it has. resources –the things used in making good and providing services. (Examples – tools, wood, soil, water, people who provide labor, special skills & knowledge to make goods and provide services); The more resources a country has, the more goods/services a country can produce
A scarcity of resources affects economic decisions a country and its people make - scarcity occurs when we do not have enough resources to product all the things we would like to have; Unlimited wants + limited resources = scarcity
Scarcity causes individuals, businesses & nations to make rational choices to 3 main questions
1. What to Produce?-Should we produce weapons for defense or produce services for retired or sick people?
Should we improve our roads or schools? Should I be a doctor or a fast food worker?
2. How to Produce?-If we need more oil, should we drill in the Alaska wildlife preserve or restrict oil use to help the fragile wildlife? Should we spend more money to make sure the environment is cleaned up after drilling, or do it as cheaply as possible with the chance that the environment is hurt?
3. For Whom to Produce? Who will get the new supply of cars? Who will get the new school? As long as there are not enough resources to satisfy people’s unlimited wants, these questions must be asked and answered
Making Economic Decisions - Economic decision making requires us to understand all the costs and all the benefits of a choice; When a choice is made, then at least one option loses out and does not get chosen.
Trade-Offs – the thing that loses out when you make a choice to do one thing over another; Opportunity cost – the cost of making a trade-off; the cost of the next best use of your time or money when you choose to do one thing rather than another
Economists have developed ways of measuring different types of costs and revenues. Types of Costs- total cost= fixed cost +variable cost; marginal cost- the additional cost of producing one additional unit; Total cost of producing 30 bicycle helmets is $1,500 and $1550 to produce 31…then the marginal cost is _____; Types of Revenues total revenue- the number of units sold multiplied by the average price per unit. 1000 units at $5 each - _________________
marginal revenue-the extra revenue that will be brought in by selling one more unit ; Marginal benefit – the additional satisfaction received when one more unit is produced; **Normally marginal revenue starts high and then decrease as more and more units are produced and sold** Diminishing marginal benefit – As more units are produced, marginal benefit will decrease; =cost benefit analysis – decision making process in which costs of an action are weighed against the benefits of the action
Rational economic decision making tells us to choose an action when the benefits are greater than the costs. If the costs outweigh the benefit then that option should be rejected.
7.01 – Describe the factors of production such as land, labor, capital and entrepreneurial skills & their impact on economic activities
The Four factors of production are necessary to produce goods and services-four categories of resources necessary to produce goods & services = Natural Resources: - anything found in nature; Labor: the nation’s workforce, human resources; Capital: manufactured goods used to make other goods and services; Entrepreneur: an individual who starts a new business, introduces new products and improves processes.
Gross Domestic Product- (GDP) is the total value in dollars of all the final goods and services produced in a country in one year (Final goods – goods sold to its user (Loaf of bread) & Intermediate goods – goods that are bought to make a final good (flour, wheat, sugar) - GDP does not count the sale of used goods – just the original sale; Economists study GDP to analyze how the economy is doing; Standard of living – the quality of life based on the possessions of necessities and luxuries that make life easier; The higher the GDP of a nation, the better the standard of living; Weaknesses of GDP - Doesn’t show well-being of the people, just how the economy is doing; GDP measures the quantity of goods sold, not the quality of the goods
Objective 7.04: Analyze the impact of economic activities of specialization, division of labor, consumption and production increases
Economic growth occurs when a nation’s total output of goods and services from all economic areas increase; Economic growth raises people’s standard of living; Economic growth is a major goal of our economy & is how officials can tell if the economy is healthy
Productivity– the degree to which resources are being used efficiently (without waste/competently) to produce goods and services; Productivity goes up when more goods and services can be produced with the same or less amount of input
Four ways to be productive = Specialization, Division of Labor, mass production & assembly line; Specialization – takes place when people, businesses, regions or countries concentrate on goods or services that they can produce better than anyone else; Effects of Specialization - economic interdependence – relying on other areas of the world to provide us with goods and services; the US has a high degree of economic interdependence (and others rely on us); events in nations affect the US economy because it can cause the costs of products to go up or down.
Division of Labor – breaking a job down into small tasks performed by different workers (uses differences in skills and abilities); Positives to division or labor & specialization –make more product in less time; employees become experts in their job & begin to come up with their own ways to increase productivity - Negatives to division or labor & specialization – workers become bored with repetitive jobs and turnover may be higher that a job where workers have challenges.
Mass production – making a product in a large quantity; Assembly line – when an item being produced moves down a line and different workers complete different parts of the product
Objective 7.05: Explain the impact of investment on human, capital, productive, and natural resources.
Choices Producers must make to increase productivity… Producers are forced to make choices because of scarcity in order to make more products in the same or less time; Producers must decide whether to invest in labor or capital –(Human capital – sum of people’ skills, abilities and motivation); Investing in workers leads to higher quality products and higher profits (Workers benefit from higher pay, better jobs, better benefits, time off, motivation and more satisfaction with their work - Happy workers = higher productivity); Companies must decide should they spend more on white collar (management) or blue collar workers (laborers); They must decide whether to spend money on Innovations-improvements on old ideas or Automation-computerizing a process once done by humans
The Law of Diminishing Returns says that at a certain point more units of input will yield less output. Car Wash….You are doing a car wash fundraiser for charity. You have one hose, 3 buckets and 3 sponges
|People |Cars washed per hour |
|1 |1 |
|2 |4 |
|3 |8 |
|4 |9 |
|5 |11 |
|6 |10 |
Producer Price Index (PPI) List of prices that producers pay for the resources used in making their product - It shows fluctuations in price of resources & helps producers make economic choices
Objective 7.06: Compare and contrast how different economic systems address key economic factors.
An economic system is the way a society organizes the production and consumption of goods and services; All societies deal with scarcity in different ways. All societies must answer the basic questions of what to produce? How to produce? And for whom to produce? How a society answers these basic questions decides what type of economic system it has.
Market Economies – Characteristics= individual freedoms-decisions are made in free markets; private citizens, not the government, own the factors of production; prices are decided by supply and demand– consumers demand products at a price they are willing to buy and producers supply products at prices consumers are willing to buy; The government’s role is to make sure that the markets stay competitive & regulate industries to make sure there are a large number of sellers to keep prices and products competitive
Most of the largest economies in the world are market economies – Measured by per capita GDP (total Gross Domestic Product divided by the country’s population) The higher the per capita GDP, the higher the standard of living
Command Economies – Characteristics = In command economies, the government tells producers what to do; Examples – North Korea, Cuba, China; All of the factors of production (land, capital, labor & entrepreneurs) are owned by and run by the government; All economic decisions are made by the government – What to produce? How to produce? For whom to produce?; Socialism – the belief that the factors of production should be owned and controlled by all of society or by the government (describes society); German thinker Karl Marx was a socialist who believed the workers would rise up and violently overthrow of the government run by the capitalists; Believed socialism would develop into communism – society with on class that shares ownership of all property (describes the economy – command = communism); Because of their inefficiency, command economies tend to grow much slower than market economies
Mixed Economies = a combination of market economy and command economy; the United States, South Korea, France, UK, China; Free enterprise, combined and supported by government decisions to keep the market fair and competitive; The US government acts as both a producer and consumer
Economies in Transition - Russia and China are making the difficult transition from command to market economies
China - Has a totalitarian government, but is trying to incorporate free markets into the economy; Government allowed some government owned factories to be owned by individuals; China’s economy has had a high level of growth each year for the past 20 years; Citizens have more individual income which they can spend on products of their choice
Developing Countries face many problems as they try to create market economies; developed nations – countries with high average per capita income – United States, Japan, Australia, Spain, England; developing nation – countries whose average per capita income is only a small fraction of that in more industrialized countries; challenges that developing countries face= high rate of population growth, lack of food & housing, lack of natural resources & prosperous trade routes, war, debt, corruption of government officials
Traditional economies – a society where economic decisions are made based on tradition – or the way things have always been done….if your parents and grandparents were fisherman, then you are a fisherman; Example - African tribal societies
Competency Goal 8: The learner will analyze features of the economic system of the United States
Objective 8.02 – Describe how the free enterprise system encourages private ownership of property and promote individual initiative; Objective 8.03: Explain the circular flow of economic activities and how interactions determine the prices of goods and services.
Free enterprise is the freedom of individuals and businesses to operate and compete with a minimum of government interference or regulation. The economic system of the United States is known as capitalism, in which private citizens own and use the factors of production to seek a profit; The American economy is built on both free markets and private ownership
The 7 Features That Make Capitalism Work – 1) Markets – places where people come together for the free and willing exchange of goods and services; places where prices are determined and where goods and services are bought and sold - May be a local, regional, national or global market/ Resources, goods and services and money flow in a circular motion among several sectors
2) Consumer sovereignty – the consumer is the “king” or ruler of the market; the consumers are the people who determine which products will be produced 3) Economic Freedom – Individuals have the freedom to choose which jobs they will have, which products they buy, businesses can choose which products to sell 4) Private property rights – citizens have the right to own, use & dispose of our own property as long as we don’t interfere with other peoples’ rights
Private property gives people the incentive to work hard, save, and invest for future 5) Competition – the struggle between buyers and sellers to get the best products at the lowest prices; Keeps production costs low and quality of goods higher; Competition between sellers is good for consumers because it keeps prices low & affordable; Forces the least productive businesses out of business 6) Profit Motive –driving force that encourages individual and businesses to improve their material well being; Profit – the money left over after all costs are paid 7) Voluntary Exchange – Buyers and sellers freely exchanging goods and services and money; Both parties are giving something up and both feel they will benefit from the exchange
History of Capitalism- Developed in Europe; 1776 – Adam Smith wrote The Wealth of Nations - Said that individuals left on their own would work for their own self interest – they would be guided by an “invisible hand” & use resources efficiently; Laissez-faire economics – “to let alone” – government should not interfere with the marketplace & let buyers and sellers decide on prices together through supply and demand
Objective 8.04 - Illustrate how supply & demand affects prices
Supply and demand work together to determine prices; Demand refers to the desire, willingness and ability to buy a good or service; 3 things must be present for demand to exist - Desire, willingness & ability to buy; The demand schedule is a table that lists various amounts of products for sale over a range of prices & the demand curve is a line which graphs the information; The law of demand says the quantity demanded and price move in the opposite direction…if price goes up, demand goes down; the individual demand measures one person’s demand for a product and market demand is the total demand of all consumers - Look at the graph on page 571; Marginal Utility is the additional use or satisfaction with a product; Diminishing marginal utility is the principle that our additional satisfaction tends to go down as more and more units are consumed. (Chocolate chip cookie #1, cookie 2….cookie 5…cookie 10) The demand curve will always slope DOWNWARD
Change in Demand - Demand for products will change over time. Sometimes people are willing to buy higher quantities of a good or service at a certain price. At other times they are less willing to do so. As a result, demand can increase or decrease.
Reasons for changes in market demand: 1)Change in Population, 2) change in income, 3) change in taste, 4) change in expectations, 5) price of related goods change = compliment goods (goods Used together – DVD players and DVDs) & substitute goods – goods used to replace one another (butter & margarine) As demand for coffee will decrease if the price of coffee increases…As the price of coffee goes up, the demand for tea will go up….demand elasticity – the extent to which a change in price causes a change in the quantity demanded; elastic demand means there is a large change in demand when price goes up or down – Expensive items (cars); Inelastic demand means when price goes up or down there is little change in demand – turkey at thanksgiving, heart medicine, insulin, goods with no substitutes (pepper, electricity)
Change in demand and the demand curve – when demand increases, the demand curve will move to the right, when demand decreases, the demand curve will move to the left (back toward 0)
Objective 8.04 - Illustrate how supply & demand affects prices
Objective 8.06 Explain how changes in the level of competition can affect price and output levels.
Supply is the quantities of a good or service that producers are willing to sell at all possible market prices.
The law of supply says as the price rises for a good, the amount a producer will supply will go up, when the price for a good goes down, the amount a producer will supply will go down Suppliers will normally offer more for sale at higher prices and less at lower prices. The supply schedule is a table that lists various amounts of products for sale over a range of prices and the supply curve is the line which graphs the information. The supply curve will always slope UPWARD; Producers usually supply more products at higher prices so they will earn more profit
When supply goes down, the supply curve moves to the left – back toward 0 – when supply goes up, the supply curve will move to the right.
Factors that can affect supply: 1) Cost of resources, 2) productivity, 3) technology, 4) government policies, 5) taxes, 6) subsidies (A subsidy is a government payment to an individual, business or other group for certain actions)
7) expectations, 8)number of suppliers
Supply elasticity measures how the quantity supplied of a good or service changes in response to the change in price; Supply elasticity depends on how quickly a company can change the amount of a product it makes in response to price changes. An example of a good that is supply inelastic is Oil – oil companies can’t quickly go dig a new well, build a new refinery, build a new pipeline, when prices in oil change; An example of a good that is supply elastic toys, candy, soda – anything that can be made quickly
Objective 8.05 Predict how prices change when there is either a shortage or surplus.
Objective 8.06 Explain how changes in the level of competition can affect price and output levels.
A surplus is an extra amount of goods; when quantity of a good supplied is higher than the amount demanded; a surplus of goods tells a producer that the price of the good is too high so in a surplus, sellers will lower prices; A shortage is not having enough; when the demand for a product is higher than the supply available; A shortage of goods signals to a producer that prices are too low (tells sellers people are buying up all the product), so price must go up; The equilibrium price is the point at which supply and demand are equal
A price floor is the minimum price that can be charged for goods and services (like minimum wage) and a price ceiling is the maximum price set by the government that can be charged
Objective 8.07 – Identify and describe the roles and functions of various economic institutions and business organizations.
Economic institutions = Banks, credit unions, savings & loans Business organizations = businesses and labor unions
3 types of businesses organizations in the US = 1) Sole Proprietorship – business owned by one person; Most common and easiest type of business to set up; the advantages of a proprietorship= pride of owning business, receives 100% of the profit, make your own rules; you’re the boss; disadvantages of a proprietorship =unlimited liability – complete legal & financial responsibility; responsible for all debts & damages; personal assets can be taken if business fails; hard to raise money to run the business (may have to take personal loans) 2) Partnership is a business owned by 2 or more people; must have an articles of partnership – a legal contract drawn up between partners which identifies how much money each partner will put into the business & how much profit they will take out; Advantages of partnerships=sharing in owning own business; more money because more than one person involved; each owner brings special talents to the business; usually larger & more efficient than sole proprietorship; The disadvantages of partnerships =legal structure is complex; unlimited liability – each partner is fully legally & financially responsible
3) Corporations= a business recognized by law and is the most complicated of the three main types of business; it is an organized business recognized by law that has the rights and responsibilities of an individual. (Example: It can sue and be sued, it can own property); must obtain a charter from the federal government to be a corporation; Charter = government permission; most difficult type of business to set up; The advantages of a corporation= easy to raise financial capital (money); easy to borrow money; the board can fire financial managers if they don’t do a good job; ownership can easily be transferred; The disadvantages of a corporation =expensive & complex to set up; owners have little say in management of business; subject to more regulation by the government than the other forms of businesses; sell stock to raise money; Stock = ownership shares of a corporation; The true owners of the corporation are the stockholders; the job of the board of directors: elected by stockholders to hire managers to run the company; Stock market – place where stocks are bought and sold; supply and demand determine stock prices.
Labor Unions (Organized Labor) = workers who band together to have a better chance to get higher pay and better working conditions (about 14% of America’s workers); The 2 types of unions = craft or trade unions = workers who perform the same skills and industrial unions = workers who perform different skills but work in the same industry
How unions get what they want…Negotiations= Collective Bargaining – when union officials meet with company officials to discuss terms and a new contract (wages, health benefits, vacation time, length of the work day); mediation – when a 3rd party is brought in to help the union and the company reach an agreement (takes place only when collective bargaining fails; arbitration – when the union and the company present their sides to a 3rd party and the 3rd party makes the decision for them…When the union and the business cannot agree on the terms of the contract…Strike – when all union workers refuse to work until a contract is agreed upon (picket line); Lockout - when the company blocks workers from entering the building and working until union agrees to the company’s terms & contract; Workers do not receive wages during a strike or a lockout
Objective 8.09 – Describe the role of money in trading, borrowing and investing
Objective 8.08 – Evaluate the investment decisions made by individuals, businesses and the government.
Traditional economies barter or trade for goods. We exchange money for goods and services
The 3 roles of money = serves as a medium (form) of exchange – we can trade it for goods & services, serves as a store of value – we can hold it until we need to use it to buy something, serves as a measure of value – if someone says a product costs $10, you know what that means, You can invest money in savings accounts, CDs (certificate of deposit), savings bonds, stocks.; Coins – metallic forms of money (pennies, dimes); Currency = includes both coins & paper money
Economic institutions = Banks, credit unions, savings & loans; How Banks operate - Bank customers invest money in savings accounts, bonds, etc and earn interest from the bank; Interest is the payment people receive when they lend money or allow someone else to use their money….Commercial economic institutions lend out the money that people invest in savings accounts…for mortgages, car loan, small business loans, personal lines of credit; Financial Institutions = Commercial Banks – financial institutions that offer full banking services to individuals and business – checking/savings accounts; Savings and loans (S&Ls) – loaned money to people to buy homes; today do many things the Commercial banks do; Credit union – work on a not for profit basis – offer lower rates on auto & home loans and higher rates on savings accounts, CDs (certificate of Deposits)…FDIC Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation – insures all bank loans up to $100,000 - Established after the Great Depression
Competency Goal 9 The learner will analyze factors influencing the United States economy.
Objective 9.01 Identify phases of the business cycle and the economic indicators used to measure economic activities and trends.
“Real GDP” = The real gross domestic product is the most accurate measure of an economy’s performance; Economic growth is beneficial to businesses produce more goods & services and usually hire more workers; Economic growth is beneficial to people when they are hired by the growing companies and have more money to spend;
GDP – Gross Domestic Product – total value in dollars of all final goods and services produced in a year (a measure of the economy) – GDP is a VERY large dollar amount…we take all the final products and multiply them by how much they cost…
real GDP – shows an economy’s production after the distortions of price increases have been removed
When gas was $4 a gallon, the GDP went up…people weren’t buying MORE gas, they were just paying more for it…so if we looked at that inflated dollar amount, we might think the economy was doing really well…when really, it wasn’t doing well…so economics have to figure out what the “real GDP” is…the GDP without all of the inflated prices
The economy goes through alternating periods of growth and decline; The Business cycle = alternating periods of growth and decline of the economy – Phases of the business cycle = peak, trough, expansion, decline
Positive characteristics of a Peak: 1) Period of prosperity 2)Low unemployment rates; 3)interest rates are low & people are borrowing money to buy big items like cars & houses; 4)people have money & demand is high Problems during a peak: Inflation – sustained increase in the level of prices; rapidly rising prices; The government measures inflation to make sure prices don’t get too high; the consumer price index (CPI) a measure of 400 commonly used products; Used to measure of inflation
Characteristics of a Trough = Bankruptcies; high unemployment rates; layoffs - recession-when real GDP goes down for six straight months; depression – a state of the economy with large numbers of people out of work; economic shut down, high unemployment rates; unemployment rate –percentage of people who are not working
Objective 9.07 Analyze the short- and long-term effects of fiscal and monetary policy on the United States’ economy
The Government’s Fiscal Policy and the Business Cycle - Fiscal policy – changes in government spending or tax policies (Congress) to either stimulate growth in the economy or to slow spending in order to stop inflation
Government’s Goal in a Peak: Government needs to slow spending in order to stop inflation because prices are too high and need to come down; The easiest way to make people stop spending = take money away from them. Congress will raise taxes, which will take money out of people’s pockets. Demand will go down. Prices will begin to go down…. The Real GDP will go down..and prices will start to come down. Congress will cut government spending on programs, which will take money out of people’s pockets (layoffs). Demand will go down. Prices will go down. Real GDP will go down
Government’s Goal in a Trough: Government needs to speed up spending to increase real GDP and increase the size of the economy…the government needs people to have more money so they can begin spending more money… Congress will cut taxes, which will give people more money in their paychecks. Demand will go up. Prices will go up/down. The real GDP will go up…Congress will spend more on government projects to put people back to work…people will have more money to spend….demand goes up and producers can hire more workers
The central bank of the United States is the Federal Reserve System (The Fed); The Fed controls the money supply, serves as the government’s bank and watches over the banking industry
The Fed’s Monetary Policy and the Business Cycle- Monetary policy –controlling the money supply (Fed can decrease or increase the supply of money) & the cost of borrowing money (credit); discount rate – the rate the Fed charges banks for loans;
The Fed’s Goal in a Peak: the Fed wants to slow spending in order to stop inflation
The Fed will raise the discount rate - With higher rates, people will be discouraged to borrow money for credit card purchases, mortgages, car loans…less demand…prices will go down…and real GDP will go down - The Fed will lower the amount of money in circulation..the less money people have, the less money they can spend
The Fed’s Goal in a Trough: The Fed wants to increase spending to increase real GDP and increase the size of the economy; The Fed will lower the discount rate - Lower rates allow more people to borrow money (for purchases like cars & houses)…increases demand…when demand rises, prices will go up…The Fed will increase the amount of money in circulation…Monetary policy is effective since it can be implemented so quickly…they watch the results and if they don’t get the desired results, they can quickly act again.
Objective 9.02 Describe the impact of government regulation on specific economic activities.
The Roles of the Government - 1) Providing Goods & Services that Others Can’t Provide As Well; Private goods – goods and services that are consumed by ONE individual and once consumed, cannot be consumed (or used) by other people; Subject to the exclusion principle – meaning that the person is excluded (or prevented) from using the product unless he or she buys it; Examples of private goods = shirt, iPod, computer, TV - Public goods – goods that can be consumed by one person without preventing others to consume (or use) the same good; Subject to the non-exclusion principle – no one is excluded from consuming the benefits whether they pay or not; Examples – public parks, public library, museums, highways, street lighting, national defense, police force; Governments usually provide public goods, while businesses usually provide private goods –
2) Dealing with externalities - Externality – unintended side effect of an action that affects someone not involved with the action…something a business may do that may benefit or hurt the public; Regulatory agencies are used to prevent negative externalities (like air & water pollution, unsafe workplaces, or unsafe food and drugs) Examples = Environmental Protection Agency – prevents air and water pollution; OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration – Makes sure that workplaces are safe
3) Maintaining Competition-The government watches out to make sure that businesses don’t take advantage of consumers…by keeping the market competitive for consumers; Monopoly – a sole provider of a good or service; Problems with monopolies: no competition, they can charge any price they want, consumers suffer; Anti-trust Laws: laws to limit monopolies and promote competition; Examples: 1911 – Standard Oil was broken up into multiple oil companies; How monopolies occur: Merger – combination of 2 or more companies to form a single business (threatens competition)
Government can prevent the merger (Staples & Office Max– prevented); Natural monopolies occur when prices are lowered (and therefore better for consumers) by having only one producer providing the product; Examples – public services (electricity, garbage, city water, railroad companies)
4) Regulating Market Activities-Government watches out to make sure that businesses don’t take advantage of consumers…by keeping them honest..Truth-in-advertising - businesses must tell the truth about their products when they advertise them (They cannot lie to or mislead the consumer) FDA – Food and Drug Administration – deals with purity, effectiveness and labeling of food, drugs and cosmetics; Federal Trade Commission (FTC) – deals with problems of false advertising, administers anti-trust laws forbidding unfair competition and price fixing; If a product is proven to be dangerous to the public, it can be recalled; Recall – when a company pulls a product off the market or agrees to pull it from the market until it is safe.
Objective 9.05 Explain the impact on the United States economy of international trade and global products. Objective 9.06 Investigate the ways that domestic and international economies are interdependent.
International Trade=The exchange of goods and services helps create economic interdependence among peoples in different places and different countries. Nations trade with one another to obtain goods and services they cannot produce efficiently; Exports – goods sold to other countries/Imports - goods bought from other countries
Most countries trade because of comparative advantage; comparative advantage – the ability of a country to produce a good at a relatively lower cost than another country; Specialization – the country is very productive (Japan & cars, tvs, video game systems, etc); Natural Resources – oil & the Middle East
Positive Aspects of International Trade=Obtain goods they cannot produce efficiently; Obtain cheaper goods; Creates jobs; Creates competition
Restrictions on Trade – Countries sometimes try to protect their economies by setting up trade barriers
Negative impact of buying imported goods=domestic companies lose sales…will need to lower production & lay off workers – 2 ways to protect economies = 1) tariff tax on imported goods (to make foreign goods more expensive and domestic goods more attractive to consumers 2) quota - a limit on the amount of goods allowed in from a certain country
Free Trade- free trade – trade between nations without tariffs and quotas
The idea behind free trade is prices will be more competitive (Wal-Mart prices are low because most of their goods are produced in China…) and hopefully if the US eliminates trade barriers, then the other countries will eliminate them and buy the goods we produce; The negative to free trade is the developing nations (China, Mexico) are producing goods much cheaper then we can & many American businesses which can’t compete go out of business…which leaves few American products to sell in the global market
Trade Agreements 1) European Union – Organization of European nations with a common currency (the Euro) with no exchange rate from country to country and no trade barriers – goods can move freely across borders; exchange rate price of nation’s currency in terms of another nation’s currency 2) NAFTA (North America Free Trade Agreement) – began in the 1990s – Eliminates trade barriers between the US, Mexico and Canada; +Positives – trade has grown twice as fast as the separate economies themselves have grown; +increased trade stimulates growth & puts low cost products on the market; -Negatives – Americans workers lose jobs when companies move production to Mexico for the cheaper wages 3) WTO (World Trade Organization) - oversees global trade agreements, defines the “rules of trade,” aims to open up global free trade opportunities
The Balance of Trade= A nation’s balance of trade can be either a surplus or a deficit; Balance of trade – difference between the value of a nation’s exports and imports; When a nation’s currency depreciates in value or becomes “weak” the nation will likely export more goods since its products are cheaper for other nations to buy; So when the dollar is weak, we will export more products and when the dollar is strong, we will export less products; Positive Balance of trade = trade surplus – more exports than imports; Negative Balance of trade = trade deficit – more imports than exports
Global Development & Global Interdependence - The exchange of goods and services helps create economic interdependence among people in different places and different countries. We live today in an era of global economic interdependence, in which countries depend on one another for goods, services and natural resources; protectionism policy of placing tariffs, taxes or quotas on imported goods in order to help protect a nation’s economy; The US sells products like wheat, computers, telecommunications equipment, aircraft, medical equipment, machinery and other high-tech products; The US sells services and entertainment products
Global Problems = 1)economic inequality among nations 2)Environmental Destruction (acid rain, pollution) 3) overuse of natural resources like oil and/or water 4) Combating international drug trafficking 5) Environmental catastrophes (like the Asian tsunami or 2008’s devastating earthquake in China 6)Dealing with refugees trying to escape war and poverty 7) How to stop global terrorism
The United Nations was formed to promote the common aims of the world’s countries. The United Nations had some success in solving world problems, but lack of cooperation has hampered its efforts; Established 1945; Began with 50 member nations and today has 191 members; Main headquarters are located in New York City; Purposes of the UN are 1)maintain international peace 2)develop friendly relations among nations 3) promote justice and cooperation and 4)seek solutions to global problems 5) facilitate cooperation in international law, 6)oversee international economic development, and 7) oversee social equity between its member nations; All member nations belong to the UN General Assembly- It meets to consider matters like international peace and security, the UN budget and admission of new members & Each nation gets a vote; Goal is to UN Security Council – principal agency for maintaining international peace and security - 5 permanent members are US, China, France, Russia & the United Kingdom
Internationalism –the idea that nations should cooperate to promote common aims, such as supporting economic development and fighting terrorism; Globalization –Interdependence and interaction among individuals and nations working across barriers of distance, culture and technology; Former secretary-general Kofi Annan of Ghana said “Globalization is transforming the world…our challenge today is to make globalization an engine that lifts people out of hardship and misery, not a force that holds them down.”
Competency Goal 10- The learner will develop, defend, and evaluate positions on issues regarding the personal responsibilities of citizens in the American constitutional democracy.
10.01 Explain the distinction between personal and civic responsibilities and the tensions that may arise between them.
Duty – Things you must do for the good of society or face punishment = Obeying laws, Jury duty, Serve in the military (draft), Attending school until 16, Pay taxes
Responsibility –Things you should do for the good of society = Voting, Community service, Give money to charity, Recycle, Respect diversity, Being educated, Research candidates before voting
Need for Volunteers = Government has limited resources, Government may be quick to respond because of bureaucracy – a complex system with many departments, many rules and many people in a chain of command; Social groups have limited resources; Make community a better place to live
Benefits of Volunteering = Feel better about yourself & the community, Do things for less fortunate, Make friends, Improve teamwork skills, Improve leadership and problem-solving skills
10.02 Develop, defend, and evaluate positions on issues regarding diversity in American life.
Diversity = differences; E Pluribus Unum = out of many, one
Ways our country is diverse = Racially, Religions, Economically (Rich, middle class, poor), Age (old, middle age, young), Gender (male/ female); Physical Appearances; Disabilities
America is Nation of Immigrants - Immigrant – person who permanently move to a new country; 1600s & 1700s –Immigrants came from Northern and Western Europe; 1800s – More immigrants from England, Ireland, Germany, Northern Europe; Late 1800s-early 1900s- Immigrants came from Southern Europe and Eastern Europe – Italy, Russia, Greece; Today – Latin America and Asia ; Immigration brought different languages, religions, foods, art, music; “Melting pot theory”- our ethnic & cultural differences will melt away into one American culture’ “Garden salad theory” – we will keep our own distinct cultures but live together in America
Immigration Act of 1990 - increased the number of legal immigrants allowed into the U.S. each year; created a lottery program that randomly assigned a number of visas; designed to give preference to “those who want to work, produce & contribute” to US economy (people who have special skills, talents or the money to invest in the economy are given priority)
Our Changing Population – throughout American history, people have migrated (Migration – Mass movement) from one part of the country to another and when they moved, they brought their cultural differences with them – Examples African Americans from South to Northern cities after the Civil War and during the “great migration” during WWI - Poor farmers move from the East coast & Mid-West to West coast during the Depression (Dust Bowl) 1930s; Hurricane Katrina – people moving from the Gulf coast all over the country; The South = the most populous / West and South are fastest growing regions; Aging population – “baby boomers” – average age of citizens is climbing ; We have a more educated population - Number of citizens with college and graduate degrees is increasing; Service economy- most Americans work in jobs that provide services now instead of creating products for sale
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