STALL AND STABLE - Pony Club
VETERINARY – A
Instructor’s Guide
Part I – Disease -- Fundamentals
|Purpose |
|Know the three primary routes of entry of disease |
|Know the difference between a contagious and an infectious disease |
|Know the difference between a viral and a bacterial disease |
|Know the disease processes including shock, fever, dehydration, inflammation, edema and arthritis |
|Teaching Suggestions |
|“contagious” vs. “infectious” means two entirely different things depending on which reference you are using (MH vs. KYH). These |
|references are separated out to show the differences. Reading other materials suggests that the definition given in KYH is more |
|common. Alert students to this problem so they do not become too confused/frustrated |
|Be sure students understand the two sides of inflammation (good/bad) so they recognize the need for it to happen in a controlled |
|manner. |
Routes of disease entry
|Routes of entry |mouth |
| |swallowed |
|VN 397 |nostrils skin |
| |inhaled |
| |skin |
| |wounds |
| |insects |
| |directly (e.g., burrowing worm) |
| |urinogenital tract |
| |conjunctiva of eyelids |
|Why is this useful |can provide clues to what the horse is suffering from |
| |Example: if the horse has recently had a wound and then becomes ill, disease that enter via a wound may|
| |be considered as culprits first |
| |can help determine what measures are taken to prevent spread to non-infected animals |
| |route of entry can be used to classify various disease causing agents (e.g., bacteria) VN 400 |
Contagious vs. infectious
| |Description |Examples |
|Contagious |KYH (74) |KYH (74) |
| |readily spread (KYH 74) |strangles |
|MH 345 |find easy path from one animal to another |contagious equine metritis (CEM) |
| |path on things like hands, clothing, buckets, food sacks, muck |ringworm |
| |sacks etc. | |
| |viruses tend to be very contagious but not always highly infectious| |
| |MH |MH |
| |require direct contact between horses or contaminated people or |ringworm |
| |equipment |lice |
| |can be passed between horses or between horses and people | |
|Infectious |KYH (74) |KYH (74) |
| |the organism will inevitably set up infection when it enters |tetanus |
|MH 345 | |anthrax |
| |MH |MH |
| |direct contact is not required as micro-organism can be carried in |strangles |
| |other ways |influenza |
| | |EVR |
| | |EVA |
Bacterial vs. viral
| |Description |Examples |
|Virus |smaller than bacteria |Influenza |
| |easily carried through the air from one animal to another |EVR |
|KYH 75 |require living cells to live and reproduce |EIA |
| |they do not survive for long in nature |sleeping sickness |
| |can grow rapidly |EVA |
| |can mutate into new varieties |rabies |
| |tend to be very contagious but not always highly infectious | |
| | | |
| |“viral” refers to a disease causes by a virus | |
|Bacteria |single-cell organisms which reproduce by simple division |strangles |
| |can live freely in water, dirt and other environments |CEM |
|KYH 72 |can stay alive outside the horse |tetanus |
| |poor sanitation increases risk of bacterial infection (VN 398) |botulism |
| |widely distributed in nature | |
| |soil | |
| |skin | |
| |genital tract of female (VN 398) | |
| |digestive tract | |
| |some are very useful | |
| |those involved in digestion | |
| |often not a primary cause of disease but are able to set up infection if | |
| |come in contact with tissues that are already damaged | |
| |secondary infection such as pneumonia | |
| |two types | |
| |aerobic | |
| |anaerobic | |
| |vary greatly in ability to set up disease | |
| |many can be reduced/eliminated through use of antibiotics | |
| |some become resistant to antibiotics especially if antibiotics used | |
| |indiscriminately | |
| | | |
| |“bacterial” refers to a disease caused by a bacteria | |
Other terminology
|Infection |an invasion of tissues (KYH 72) |
|Communicable |a disease which can be passed from one horse to another |
| |does not differentiate between how they are passed |
|Virulence/ |the more “virulent” the organism the greater its ability to set up disease and cause symptoms |
|pathogenicity | |
|VN 397 | |
|aerobic |having oxygen |
|anaerobic |lacking oxygen |
| |e.g., anaerobic environment is one where oxygen is not present |
Disease processes
|What is a “disease process”|certain processes that frequently occur in response to illness, injury or other conditions |
|USAB 353 | |
|Why know what they are? |there presence may indicate things about the underlying condition |
| |disease processes occur for specific reasons |
|USAB 353 |some disease processes can cause permanent damage to tissues |
| |recognizing them allows horse owner to treat them or to call the veterinarian |
|What are the six disease |shock |
|processes? |fever |
| |dehydration |
|USAB 354 |inflammation |
| |edema |
| |arthritis |
Shock
|Notes |the bodies response to trauma |
| |acute and progressive failure of the peripheral circulation (blood circulation to outer body parts such|
|USAB 354 |as the legs and head) |
| |body tried to conserve its resources to deal with serious injury |
| | |
| |can progress until blood pressure falls dangerously low and death follows |
|Signs |trembling, sweating, cool skin |
| |depression, apathetic attitude |
|USAB 354 |cold extremities (ears and legs), subnormal temperature |
| |rapid, weak pulse; low or falling blood pressure |
| |pale or bluish mucous membranes |
| |weakness, collapse |
|Causes |massive bleeding |
| |sever trauma |
|USAB 354 |burns |
| |major infections |
| |intestinal obstructions |
| |dehyrdration |
| |heart failure |
| |anaphylactic shock (sever allergy reaction) |
|Treatment |keep horse quiet |
| |keep horse warm (not so warm as to raise temperature ( worsen shock) |
|USAB 354 |control bleeding |
| |avoid dehydration |
| |call veterinarian |
| |likely provide intravenous replacement of fluids to restore blood volume and blood pressure |
| | |
| |should be treated promptly by veterinarian |
| |no matter what the underlying cause, call the vet before shock progresses to a dangerous point |
| |never administer tranquilizers to a horse in shock as this can lower blood pressure further |
Fever
|Notes |abnormal rise in body temperature |
| |not caused by exercise, diet or environment |
|USAB 354 |can lead to weakness, dehydration and tissue damage |
| |sometimes very high fevers (7 to 10 degrees above normal) can be life threatening |
|Causes |byproduct of process by which a horse fights infectious diseases or toxins |
|USAB 354 |result of toxins that accompany an infection or tissue destruction |
|Symptoms |raised temperature |
| |one or more degrees above the horse’s normal temperature (from 99.0 to 100.5 degrees Fahrenheit) |
|USAB 354 |chills |
| |shivering |
| |increased pulse rate |
| |sweating |
|Treatment |call vet to determine the cause and to treat horse |
| |antibacterial drugs may be used to control infection |
|USAB 354 |special drugs to lower fever |
Dehydration
|Notes |body’s water level becomes deficient |
| |sufficient water is essential for vital functions |
|USAB 355 |circulation |
| |digestion |
| |cooling |
| |maintaining chemical balance in cells of the body |
|Causes |loses too much water |
| |heavy sweating |
|USAB 355 |obvious |
| |continuous that dries rapidly ( less noticeable (e.g., travel in hot weather) |
| |diarrhea or urinary conditions (KYH 116) |
| |fails to take in enough water |
| |winter when sources freeze |
| |horse doesn’t want the water (too cold or unfamiliar) |
| |result of virus or bacterial infections (KYH 116) |
| |conditions of acute pain such as colic (KYH 117) |
| |in shock (after accidents or surgery) (KYH 117) |
|Symptoms |“tenting” in pinch test |
| |pinch a fold of skin on horse’s shoulder |
|USAB 355 |should snap back immediately when released |
| |if skin fold remains tented or subsides over a second or two horse is dehydrated |
| |hard dry manure |
| |slow digestion |
| |impaction |
| |colic |
| |lethargy (KYH 117) |
|Treatment |encourage horse to drink |
| |a little at a time |
|USAB 355 |not a large amount of cold water (especially if horse is hot) |
| |administration of IV fluids if severe |
Inflammation
|Notes |natural defensive response to injury or infection |
| |natural inflammation is good |
|USAB 355 |excessive inflammation should be avoided |
|Process |body responds by increasing circulation at the site |
| |deliver defense cells (leukocytes and antibodies) |
|USAB 355 |destroy, dilute or wall of the irritating agents |
| |carry away cellular debris |
| |the results of dead or damaged cells and foreign material |
| |exudates gets into surrounding tissues |
| |fluid, cells and cellular debris that escapes (exudes) out of capillaries into surrounding tissues |
| |contains (depending on location and type of inflammatory reaction) |
| |blood |
| |serum |
| |pus |
| |fibrin or mucous |
| |eventually leads to healing and repair of the damaged tissues |
|Purpose |essential part of healing process |
| |heal the wound |
|USAB 356 |defeat the infection |
| |repair damaged tissue |
|Causes |injuries |
| |wounds |
|USAB 355 |burns |
| |disease causing organisms (pathogens) |
| |the toxins they produce |
| |poisons |
| |venoms |
| |antigens |
| |substances against which the animal possesses antibodies |
|Symptoms |heat |
| |from increased blood supply to area |
|USAB 356 |pain |
| |from swelling and nerve irritation |
| |redness |
| |not always visible |
| |loss of function of inflamed area |
| |from pain and swelling |
|Problems with excessive |damage to the body |
|inflammation |proud flesh |
|USAB 356 |excessive scar tissue |
| |loss of function |
|Causes of excessive |irritation from strong antiseptics |
|inflammation |irritation from flies |
|USAB 356 |excessive movement |
|Treating |application of cold and immobilizing the part (early treatment for sprains, strains and bruises) reduce|
| |the initial inflammatory response |
|USAB 356 |provide antibiotics if natural defences are inadequate to defeat an infection |
| |under the consultation of a veterinarian |
| |drugs (corticosteroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like phenylbutazone) can reduce |
| |inflammation |
| |use under advice of veterinarian |
Edema
|Notes |swelling or the accumulation of excess fluid in the tissues |
|USAB 356 | |
|Causes |lack of exercise |
| |stocking up |
|USAB 356 |edema in the hind legs or all four legs |
| |certain illnesses |
| |parasite infestation |
| |inactivity |
| |heart or kidney disorders that interfere with normal circulation of blood and lymph |
| |related to low pressure in the veins |
| |related to abnormal protein or salt content in the blood |
|Symptoms |swelling is cool and painless |
| |if pressed with a finger a “pit” or imprint remains |
|USAB 356 | |
| |along midline of abdomen and in the sheath or in legs is “stocked up” |
|Treatments |look for and treat underlying cause |
| |turnout paddock ( improve exercise |
|USAB 356 |stable bandages |
Arthritis
|Notes |inflammation of a joint |
| |may range from mild to severe |
| | |
| |Two types |
| |may be acute (a recent sprain) |
| |chronic (long term condition) |
|Symptoms |heat and swelling in the joint |
| |pain on movement |
|Types |There are several types |
|Traumatic |caused by trauma to the joint (sprain or blow) |
| |usually acute |
|USAB 357 | |
| |Treatment |
| |cool the injury (cold hosing, cold water bandages or cold gel or ice packs for 20 minutes at a time) |
| |apply pressure bandage (to limit movement and swelling |
| |rest |
|Septic |joint is invaded by infectious organisms through a wound or puncture or a systemic infection |
| | |
|USAB 357 |Symptoms |
| |extremely painful |
| |joint swells badly |
| | |
| |Treatment |
| |requires prompt veterinary treatment |
| |infection can destroy the joint |
|Degenerative |chronic condition |
| |develops from trauma and long-term wear and tear leading to inflammation over a long period of time |
|USAB 357 |usually in older horses |
| |trauma and abuse of steroids may cause it in young horses |
| |degree of lameness depends on the joints affected and the severity |
| | |
| |Process |
| |surface of the cartilage lining the joint slowly erodes |
| |synovial fluid changes consistency |
| |joint surface is less smooth and not as well lubricated |
| |coral-like calcium depostis may form or small pieces of bone may chip off |
| |joint becomes tender and painful |
| |loses its range of motion |
| |may become fused or immovable |
| | |
| |Treatment |
| |if mild ( horse may improve as warms up |
| |anti-inflammatory drugs (aspirin and phenylbutazone) may give some relief |
| |careful warming up |
| |right shoeing |
| |therapies such as massage or whirlpool therapy may help |
| |usually do best worked lightly but regularly |
| |should not be overstressed |
Part II –Disease -- Specifics
|Purpose |
|Know the cause, symptoms, treatments and system affected for various diseases including botulism, strangles, roaring, |
|rhinopneumonitis, CEM, EIA, rabies, Equine Encephalomyletis and EVA |
|Teaching Suggestions |
|Students will have reviewed most of these in the past ( be sure they know the differences between them |
|They should know both the full names and the acronyms |
|Any examples of these diseases (people they know etc.) will help them remember. |
Botulism USAB 358
|Notes |causes “shaker foal syndrome) |
|System affected |Nervous |
|Cause |toxin produced by Clostridium bacterium |
| |found in hay (especially large round bales) when animal carcasses are baled in |
|Symptoms |paralysis of tongue and jaw |
| |drooling |
| |inability to swallow |
| |weakness |
| |shuffling gait |
| |paralysis |
| |death due to respiratory failure |
| | |
| |begin 3-7 days after ingestion |
|Prevention |vaccination |
|Treatment |mild cases may survive if treated promptly |
Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA/Swamp fever) USAB 359
|Notes |transmitted by bloodsucking flies, mosquitos, contaminated needles |
| |from mare to foal in milk (VN 430) |
| |name “swamp fever” comes from frequency around swamps/mosquitos |
| |various forms (see symptoms) |
|System affected |Circulatory/lymphatic |
|Cause |virus carried in blood |
|Symptoms |Acute form |
| |fever |
| |edema of legs and midline |
| |depression |
| |loss of appetite |
| |weight loss |
| |often fatal |
| |jaundice and soft swelling of the abdomen, prepuce (in colts and geldings) and legs (VN 430) |
| |small (pin head size) haemorrhages on lining of tongue and on mucous membrane of nose (VN 430) |
| | |
| |Subacute form |
| |similar to acute but less severe |
| |death seldom occurs |
| | |
| |Chronic form |
| |unthrify appearance |
| |loack of stamina |
| |periodic flare-ups of acute or subacture form |
| | |
| |Inapparent carrier |
| |no apparent symptoms |
| |horse test positive for EIA antibodies |
|Prevention |no vaccine available |
| |require a negative Coggins test for |
| |pre-purchase exam |
| |entry to stables |
| |shows and rallies |
| |interstate shipping |
| |isolate horses testing positive for EIA from healthy horses |
| |attempt to control fly populations (VN 430) |
|Treatments |supportive therapy such as iron treatments or blood transfusions (VN 430) |
Equine Encephalomyletis (sleeping sickness, EEE, WEE, VEE) USAB 359
|Notes |transmitted from infected birds to horse or human by mosquito bite |
| |survivors often have permanent brain damage |
| |various strains |
| |a) Eastern (EEE) |
| |b) Western (WEE) |
| |c) Venezuelan (VEE) |
|System affected |Brain/nervous system |
|Cause |Virus carried in blood |
|Symptoms |high fever (up to 106o F) |
| |loss of appetite (VN 431) |
| |depression (VN 431) |
| |drowsiness |
| |hypersensitivity to sound and touch (VN 431) |
| |periods of excitement and restlessness with apparent blindness |
| |circling |
| |pressing head against walls |
| |paralysis |
| |tongue may hang out (VN 431) |
| |death |
|Prevention |vaccination before mosquito season |
| |isolate infected animals (VN 431) |
|Treatments |supportive measures to keep individual alive until recovery takes place (VN 431) |
Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA, pinkeye) USAB 360
|Notes |transmitted by inhaling droplets and in breeding |
| |causes abortions |
| |stallions may become “shedders” that show no symptoms but pass virus in semen |
|System affected |Respiratory, reproductive |
|Cause |Herpes virus |
|Symptoms |fever (102 to 106oF) |
| |nasal discharge |
| |increased respiratory rate |
| |edema of limbs |
|Prevention |vaccination |
| |testing |
| |restricting use of affected stallions |
| |restricting importation of affected stallions |
Rabies USAB 362
|Notes |transmitted by bite of rabid animal including skunk, foxes, raccoons, bats, dogs and cats |
| |all warm blooded animals including man are susceptible |
| |incubation period may be up to several months after bite of rabid animal |
|System affected |Brain/nervous system |
|Cause |Rhabidovirus |
|Symptoms |facial paralysis |
| |lameness |
| |colic |
| |faulty vision |
| |personality change |
| |fatal (always |
|Prevention |vaccination of horses, pets barn cats |
|Treatments |no cure |
Strangles (distemper) USAB 362
|Notes |highly infectious |
| |transmitted in mucus, contaminated feed/water |
| |horses are infective for 4 to 6 weeks |
| |organism can live in environment for a month of longer |
| |horses are immune after and infection (KYH 76) |
| |occasionally organism spreads down lymphatic chain producing internal abscesses in thorax or abdomen ( |
| |“bastard strangles” (VN 411) |
|System affected |Respiratory, lymphatic |
|Cause |Bacterium (streptococcus equi) |
|Symptoms |lack of appetite |
| |may be due to sore throat and inability to swallow (KYH 76) |
| |fever (103 to 105oF) |
| |nasal discharge |
| |become purulent |
| |upper respiratory tract is inflamed |
| |can restrict breathing ( “strangles” (VN 411) |
| |lymph nodes affected |
| |swell |
| |abcess |
| |break open |
| |drain pus (may continue for weeks KYH 76) |
|Prevention |vaccination |
| |take isolation/quarantine precautions with new or suspect horses |
| |strict hygiene (VN 414) |
|Treatments |antibiotics given before abcesses form |
| |especially if bastard strangles suspected (VN 414) |
| |good nursing care |
| |keep warm (KYH 78) |
| |out of draughts (KYH 78) |
| |soft food/mashes (KYH 78) |
| |clean nostrils (VN 414) |
| |hot pads applied to swellings (VN 414) |
| |isolate infected horses |
Roaring USAB 362
|Notes |non-contagious |
| |more common in very large horses |
| |seems to be a genetic link (KYH 107) |
| |in early stages the sound is more of a whistle (KYH 108) |
| |a horse may whistle first and then progress to roaring but not the other way around (KYH 108) |
|System affected |Respiratory |
|Cause |damage to laryngeal nerve (usually the left one (KYH 107)) |
| |paralysis of one side of muscles controlling vocal cords |
| |one cord hangs in airway creating the abnormal sound |
| |sudden, violent exertion when unfit (NZ2 238) |
| |may occur following bout of strangles or any other respiratory disease(NZ2 238) |
|Symptoms |roaring sound during inspiration |
| |especially during exercise |
| |affects stamina in racing or fast work |
| |air flow is somewhat restricted (KYH 108) |
|Things it can be confused |Paralysis of the soft palate |
|with |Bridle noises |
| |when horse is ridden or longed with head in flexed position |
|KYH 108 |dropped noseband inhibiting the nostrils |
| |Infections of the pharynx, larynx, nasal passages or lungs |
| |Infection of glands and related discharges |
| |Presenting horse in fat and unfit condition for a test of wind |
| |High blowing |
| |noise as air passes over false nostril |
| |Noises as horse exhales |
|Prevention |strongly advised not to breed horses that suffer from roaring (KYH 108) |
|Treatments |corrected by surgery |
Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis (EVR) USAB 360
|Notes |transmitted by inhaled droplets, contact with infected horses, contaminated feed or water |
| |various forms including respiratory, reproductive and paralytic (KYH 86) |
|System affected |Respiratory, reproductive, rarely nervous |
|Cause |Herpes viruses: EHV 1, 2 or 3 |
|Symptoms |fever (up to 106oF) |
| |cough |
| |nasal discharge |
| |glands of throat may be swollen but not much as for strangles (KYH 86) |
| |purple membranes of nasal passageway (KYH 86) |
| |secondary bacterial infection may occur |
| |abortion or weak foals that die soon after birth |
| |paralysis (in the rare form affecting nervous system) |
|Prevention |vaccination |
| |vaccinate mares in fifth, seventh and ninth months of pregnancy (VN 426) |
|Treatments |good nursing care |
| |foals particularly susceptible to draughts and cold (KYH 87) |
| |isolate from other horses |
| |antibiotics in cases with a secondary bacterial infection |
Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM, Taylorella equigenitalis) VN 420
|Notes |highly infections disease |
| |veneral (sexually transmitted) |
| |“metritis” means uterine infection ( only in mares (KYH 81) |
| |carried on the external genitalia of stallions |
| |transmitted at mating to mares ( most mares are highly susceptible |
| |some (especially older mares) take long periods to recover and may require treatment |
| |some become carriers (have organism but show no symptoms) |
| |colt foals born to infected mares may be carriers until bred and then can start an epidemic |
|System affected |Reproductive |
|Cause |Bacteria Taylorella equigenitalis |
|Symptoms |genital inflammation |
| |vaginal discharge |
| |lowered fertility |
| |exudates on vulval lips and on hairs of the tail, buttocks and inside of hocks |
| |may return to heat unexpectedly |
| |often with shortened interheat periods |
| |usually breed successfully once the infection has been eliminated |
| |stallions don’t have clinical signs |
| |diagnosis is made on culturing organism from swabs taken from mare’s genital tract or from males |
| |genitals |
|Prevention |do not return a stallion to breeding until several swabs over a period of time are clean |
|Treatments |disease is usually self limiting |
| |clears with sexual rest after about three months |
| |treat infected mares with antibiotics |
| | |
| |Stallions |
| |washing sheath and penis of stallions with disinfectants |
| |apply antibiotics cream over a prescribed period |
Part III – Supplies and Techniques
|Purpose |
|Know how to administer various medications |
|Know the names and uses of various drugs |
|Teaching Suggestions |
|Important for students to know the difference between an analgesic (pain reliever) and an anti-inflammatory. Can be confusing |
|because reducing inflammation is a means of relieving pain. |
|Students should know the drugs that are common for certain procedures such as dental work. |
Administering medication
|Methods of administering |Orally (by mouth) |
| |On the tongue (e.g, wormer) |
|(MH – 348; KYH – 195; VN - |In food (powder or syrup) |
|477) |moisten food a little so it sticks |
| |sweeten if necessary |
| |tablets can be in apple or crushed |
| |Locally (directly to skin, eye, nostrils etc.) |
| |Parenterally (injection ( by qualified person) |
| |subcutaneous (under skin), |
| |intramuscular (into muscle) or |
| |intravenously (into blood stream) |
| |Stomach tube (by vet) (VN – 478) |
| |Inhalation: steam vapours (VN – 481) |
| |Enema: inserted into rectum (VN – 481) |
| |Intravaginal or intrauterine administration: directly into vagina or uterus(VN – 482) |
Medication Notes
|Notes |any medication strong enough to do good can also do harm if misused |
| |drugs and prescription medications should be given only on orders from veterinarian |
|USAB 363 |dangerous to assume that because a drug was successful in one case it can be given in another |
| |veterinarian may prescribe certain drugs or medications for you to administer or leave a supply to be |
| |used under certain circumstances |
| |always check to find out if the drug you are considering is allowed in the under the rules governing |
| |your particular sport/event |
|Guidelines for using |only keep drugs and medications that your vet agrees you should have |
|medications safely |only give medications with the advice and approval of your vet |
| |when a drug is prescribed write down complete information on |
| |how to administer it |
| |how often |
| |how long |
| |symptoms |
| |side effects |
| |be sure the vet knows of any other drugs or medication the horse has been given recently including |
| |dewormers |
| |have your vet teach you how to administer medications by mouth and intramuscular injections |
| |including precautions |
| |store drugs in |
| |clean place |
| |temperature recommended by manufacturer |
| |check date stamped on box and throw out any that are past their date |
| |keep within the law |
| |possession of needles, syringes and certain drugs is regulated by low |
| |keep under lock and key if necessary |
| |dispose of appropriately |
Terminology and drug types USAB 364
|Note |The following terminology will help clarify the various terms used to describe drugs and medications. |
| |Examples have been provided where appropriate. |
|anti-pyretic |helps lower fever |
|USAB 366 | |
|analgesic |relieve pain by blocking sensation of pain but not other sensations |
| |pain is not blocked but is relieved/decreased |
| |relieved in two main ways |
| |action on the central nervous system (e.g., narcotics) |
| |reducing inflammation that results in pain (e.g., steroidal and non-steroidal) |
|narcotic |powerful pain relievers that act on central nervous system |
| |can cause serious side effects |
| |must be used only by veterinarian |
| |possession is regulated by law |
|steroids |pain relievers that control inflammation |
| |serious side effects including |
| |suppress immune responses making horse more vulnerable to infections of all kinds |
| |suppression of body’s ability to produce natural coricosteroids |
| |depressed calcium and potassium levels |
| |weakness |
| |loss of muscle mass |
| |laminitis |
|Non-narcotic, non-steroidal|pain relievers that do not contain steroids or narcotics |
|Analgesics |some may be prescribed by the veterinarian for the horse owner to administer |
| | |
| |Examples |
| |Banamine |
| |Dipyrone |
| |Torbugesic |
|Non-steroidal |drugs that reduce inflammation without use of a steroid |
|anti-inflammatories |some may be prescribed by the veterinarian for the horse owner to administer |
|(NSAIDS | |
| |an anti-inflammatory may be used to either reduce pain or to prevent an excessive inflammatory response|
NSAIDs USAB 366
|Notes |do not cure the problem, just make horse more comfortable for horse to move |
| |helps keep area from “scarring down” and losing range of motion |
| |must carefully balance pain control and exercise to prevent |
| |overstressing |
| |re-injuring |
| |worsening original injury |
|Use |treat variety of musculo-skeletal problems |
| |sprains |
| |strains |
| |overuse of muscles |
| |joint injuries |
| |arthritis |
| |are anti-pyretics (anti-fever) |
| |used to reduce fever resulting from bacterial or viral infection |
|Problems |can be abused |
| |suppress symptoms for hard work or competition without regard to horse’s long-term soundness |
| |hard on the gastrointestinal tract |
| |over dosage or prolonged usage can result in ulcers |
| |ulcers or soreness in mouth can be early sign that ulcers of gastrointestinal tract may be occurring |
|Example |Phenylbutazone |
| |Aspirin |
| |Ketoprofen |
Tranquilizers USAB 364
|Notes |also known as sedatives |
| |produce a calming effect |
| |work on the brain or central nervous system |
| |work best if administered while horse is calm |
| |allow undisturbed for 5 to 15 minutes until drug takes effect |
| |individual sensitivity to tranquilizers varies’ |
| |forbidden substances under some horse show rules and result in severe penalties |
|Use |during veterinary treatment |
| |raise horse’s pain threshold but don’t block pain |
| |can still feel pain and may react violently to startling or painful stimuls |
| |clipping |
| |shipping |
| |other procedures |
|Results/precautions |may become unsteady on his feet |
| |fall down more easily than usual |
| |pay attention while holding a tranquilized horse |
| |consider dosage carefully when shipping/transporting so horse won’t fall during loading, travel and |
| |unloading |
| |heavily sedated horses may have difficulty swallowing |
| |choke may result |
| |do not allow to eat or drink until they have returned to normal alertness |
| |not recommended to tranquilize for training purposes |
| |they block conditioned responses and learned behaviour |
| |increase risk of stumbling or falling |
| |increase risk of stumbling or falling |
| |never ride a tranquilized horse (see other precautions above) |
|Examples |Acepromazine |
| |Xylazine |
| |Dormosedan |
Antibiotics
|Notes |drugs that kill bacteria |
| |only effective against bacterial infections not viral infections |
| |specific antibiotics are only effective against certain types of bacteria |
| |may have to grow a culture to see which antibiotic would be most useful |
|Use |only on advice of a veterinarian |
| |follow the recommended schedule |
| |continue giving it as long as it was prescribed (even if condition seems improved) |
|Results/precautions |bacteria can become resistant |
| |giving them unnecessarily (e.g., for a viral infection) |
| |in too small doses |
| |for too short a period to be effective |
| |some antibiotics have serious side effects |
|Examples |penicillin |
| |streptomycin |
| |sulfonamides |
| |ampicillin |
| |tetracycline |
Specific drugs and medications
|Drug |Type |Action |Administration |Cautions |Use |
|Acepromazine (PromAce, |Tranquilizer |depresses central nervous system |intramuscularly |drop in blood pressure | |
|Promazine Granules) | |sedation |intravenously |do not give to horse in | |
| | |relaxation |granules added to feed |shock | |
|USAB 364 | |reduction of involuntary movements | |dehydrated | |
| | |(flinching) | |septic (severe infections) | |
| | |does not relieve pain | |in poor condition (malnutrition) | |
| | |will not prevent a horse from moving or | |colicky | |
| | |kicking if startled or fels pain | |do no use if recently dewormed with | |
| | | | |phenothiazine or peperazine | |
| | | | |accidental injection into an artery | |
| | | | |(especially carotid) can produce signs| |
| | | | |from excitement and disorientation to | |
| | | | |seizures and death | |
|Xylazine (Rompun) |Tranquilizer |sedative that affects the brain | |may appear relaxed and sleepy but can |horse holds head very low |
| | |some pain relief | |kick or jump suddenly |dental work |
|USAB 365 | |some muscle relaxing effects | | |work on head or eyes |
| | |slows heartbeat and respiration ( | | |choke |
| | |conditions similar to sleep | | | |
|Dormosedan |Tranquilizer |sedative | | | |
| | |some analgesic properties | | | |
|USAB 365 | |sedate horses and control pain during | | | |
| | |veterinary procedures | | | |
|Banamine (Flunixin |Non-narcotic, |acts directly on inflamed tissues |oral paste form |not intended for long term use |relief of colic pain |
|Meglumine) |non-steroidal |reduces fever |granules added to feed |must not be given for more than five |muscle bone and joint diseases|
| |anti-inflammatory |reduces pain |intramuscularly |days | |
|USAB 365 | | |intravenously |high oral doses over a prolonged | |
| | | | |period may produce gastrointestinal | |
| | | | |ulcers | |
|Dipyrone |Non-narcotic, |analgesic |intravenously |do not give with phenylbutazone, |used to control fevers (e.g., |
| |non-steroidal |anti-pyretic |intramuscularly |chlorpromazine or barbiturates |in viral illnesses) |
|USAB 366 |anti-inflammatory | | |overdose can cause seizures |relieve colic pain |
| | | | |(especially in old or debilitated | |
| | | | |horses or those with heart disease | |
|Torbugesic |Non-narcotic, |non-narcotic analgesic | | |effective for relief of colic |
| |non-steroidal | | | |pain |
|USAB 366 |anti-inflammatory | | | | |
|Phenylbutazone (bute, |NSAID |acts directly on inflamed tissues |oral gel or paste |very irritating to tissues |relief of musculo-skeletal |
|probute) | |control pain |tablets |can cause severe tissue damage if |disorders |
| | |control fever associated with bacterial |powder |injected outside a vein or repeated |strains |
|USAB 366 | |or viral infections |intravenously |injections are made into same vein |sprains |
| | |not effective against colic pain | |overdoses can cause mouth and tongue |muscle overuse |
| | |sometimes used to treat navicular | |lesions, gastrointestinal ulcers and |tendonitis |
| | | | |kidney damage |acute joint injuries |
| | | | |do not use in conjunction with blood |arthritic conditions |
| | | | |thinners (e.g., warfarin or Coumadin) |pain from |
| | | | | |injuries |
| | | | | |infections |
| | | | | |laminitis |
| | | | | |other painful conditions |
|Aspirin |NSAID |fever-reducing |orally in tablets or powder |irritating to stomach lining |reduces fever from bacterial |
|USAB 367 | |anti-inflammatory | |should not be used over long periods |infections but ineffective |
| | |more often used for reducing fever than | |of time |against fever from other |
| | |for controlling pain | | |things like heat stroke |
|Ketoprofen (Ketofen) |NSAID |similar to human ibuprofen | | |relieve pain in |
| | |control inflammation | | |muscul-skeletal disorders |
|USAB 367 | | | | |including |
| | | | | |strains |
| | | | | |sprains |
| | | | | |muscular overuse |
| | | | | |tendonitis |
| | | | | |joint injuries |
| | | | | |arthritis |
|Dexamethazone (azium) and|Corticosteroid | |orally |can reduce pain, heat and swelling and| |
|other corticosteroids | | |muscularly |make injury appear better very quickly| |
| | | |intravenously |but it is not healed and is extremely | |
|USAB 367 | | |directly into a joint |vulnerable to further damage | |
| | | | |suppress immune response | |
Part IV – Parasite Control
|Purpose |
|Know the principles of parasite control in the horse/herd |
|Know the names of recent drugs for parasite control and discuss their use and rotation |
|Know the term “fecal count” and how it relates to parasite management |
|Teaching Suggestions |
|Note: moxidectrin is the active ingredient of Quest (a recent deworming product) It is not included in any of the current required |
|reading materials (perhaps because it is so recent). I have included a row in italics at the bottom with the basic information for|
|student information. Please note it is from Quest labelling not a required reading source. |
|Notes |the greater the number the horses in the smaller the area the greater the exposure to parasites |
| |“anthelminics” is another term for dewormer |
|Components of a good |regular deworming |
|control system |rotation of dewormers |
| |testing |
|USAB 345 |measures to prevent infestation |
|Considerations for a good |local conditions |
|control system |climate |
| |time of year |
|USAB 345 |ages of horses |
| |number of horses |
| |needs of individual horses |
| | |
| |veterinarian’s advice is invaluable |
Deworming
|Schedule |usually every 6 to 8 weeks |
|USAB 345 |some products are intended to be fed in small doses every day (e.g., Strongid C) |
| |dose all horses sharing a pasture at the same time (MH 357) |
|Choosing a product |safe |
| |age |
|USAB 345 |type of horse |
| |mature |
| |young stock |
| |pregnant or lactating mares |
| |aged horses |
| |administered in correct dosage |
| |must know the weight of your horse |
| |effective against present parasites |
| |effective against present stage of life cycle |
| |if horse lives with donkeys it will require a lung worm dewormer (MH 357) |
|Administering dewormers |Oral Paste |
| |most common |
|USAB 348 |rinse horse’s mouth clean first as he can spit it out if he has a mouthful of hay |
| |Stomach Tube |
| |you are sure horse got entire dosage |
| |some wormers can only be given by stomach tube (too caustic to be given orally) |
| |must be done by a veterinarian |
| |some horses are difficult to tube |
| |Powder or Granules in Feed |
| |least reliable method |
| |horse may refuse to eat dewormer |
| |may only eat part of a dose |
Rotation of wormers
|Notes |a single deworming product will kill most but not all of the targeted internal parasite |
| |if the same drug is used to target that parasite repeatedly, those parasites that survive may develop a|
|USAB 348 |resistance to it |
| |dewormers should be rotated periodically |
| |dewormers must be rotated based on active ingredient and classification of drug not just brand |
| |seek the advice of a veterinarian |
| |rotate annually (MH 357) |
| |changing more frequently can result in resistance problems (MH 357) |
Testing for Parasites
|Fecal parasite count |a microscopic examination of a fecal sample |
| |shows the number and types of parasites present in the horse |
|USAB 349 |only show how many mature, egg laying parasites are present |
| |does not indicate levels of migrating larvae (much more damaging) |
|Scheduling |routine annual count done in late June or early July |
| |adult parasite population is greatest |
|USAB 349 |check effectiveness of parasite control program |
| |new horses should be tested |
| |especially if they show signs of infestation |
Reducing Exposure to Internal Parasites
|Notes |nearly impossible to completely eliminate exposure to parasites |
|USAB 349 |can keep the exposure to low levels |
|Basic Principles |good hygiene |
|USAB 349 |preventing contamination of pastures and feed by parasite eggs and larvae |
| |measures that break parasites’ life cycles |
| |reduce parasite numbers |
|Recommendations |fecal tests performed on all new horses |
| |deworm new horses 48 hours before being turned out in pastures of paddocks |
|USAB 349 |avoid overcrowding and overgrazing pastures |
| |the more horses/manure per acre the greater the parasite load |
| |keep feed, hay and water from contamination withmanure |
| |avoid feeding on ground ( use feeders |
| |pick up manure from paddocks at least twice a week |
| |do not spread manure directly from stables onto pastures |
| |composting will kill some eggs and larvae |
| |large strongyle larvae survive for several weeks |
| |small strongyle larvae survive up to eight months |
| |ideally hose manure is not spread onto horse pasture at all |
| |if possible, rest or rotate pastures periodically |
Deworming Products
|Drug |Brand Name |Form |Effective Against |Comments |
|Dichlorvos |Cutter |Pellets |Ascarids |not for foals |
| |Dichlorvos | |Bots |may cause diarrhea |
| |Horse Wormer | |Large and small strongyles |do not withhold feed |
| | | | |avoid muscle relaxants, general anesthetics and insecticide for 2 weeks |
| | | | |after use |
|Febentel |Rintal |Paste |Ascarids | |
| |Combotel |Liquid |Pinworms | |
| |Negabot-Plus | |Large and small strongyles | |
|Fenbendazole |Panacure |Granules |Ascarids |effective against large strongyle larvae when given in double dose for 5 |
| | |Paste |Pinworms |days |
| | |Liquid |Roundworms |double dose required for tapeworms and roundworms |
| | | |Large and small strongyles | |
| | | |Tapeworms | |
| | | |Threadworms | |
|Telmin, | |Paste |Ascarids | |
|Telmin B | |Powder |Pinworms | |
| | |Suspension |Large and small strongyles | |
|Ivermectin |Equalvan |Paste |Ascarids |Effective against all internal parasites including larvae, except |
| |Equimectrin |Liquid |Bots |tapeworms |
| |Zimectrin | |Onconchera | |
| | | |Pinworms | |
| | | |Large and small strongyles | |
| | | |Threadworms | |
|Piperazine |Piperazine 17% or 34% |In water |Ascarids |Treated horses may show colic symptoms or muscle tremors (especially in |
| |Peperazing water wormer |On feed |Pinworms |case of overdose) |
| |Pipfuge | |Large and small strongyles | |
| |Pip-Pop 320 | | | |
|Oxfendazole |Benzelmin |Paste |Ascarids | |
| |Benzelmin plus |Powder |Pinworms | |
| | |Liquid |Large and small strongyles | |
|Oxibendazole |Anthelcide |Paste |Ascarids | |
| |Eq |Suspension |Pinworms | |
| |Equipar R | |Large and small strongyles | |
| | | |Threadworms | |
|Pyrantel Pamoate |Imathal |Paste |Ascarids | |
| |Strongid |Suspension |Pinworms | |
| | |On feed |Large and small strongyles | |
| | | |Tape worms (Strongid T label) | |
|Pyrantel Tartrate |Banminth |Feed additive |Ascarids | |
| |Purina Horse and Colt Wormer |Suspension |Pinworms | |
| |Strongid C | |Large and small strongyles | |
| | |Daily feed |Threadworms | |
| | |additive | | |
|Thiabendazole |Equizole | |Ascarids | |
| |Equizole A | |Pinworms | |
| | | |Large and small strongyles | |
|Trichlorfon |Combot Liquid |Liquid |Ascarids |May cause diarrhea and mild colic symptoms |
| |Combot Paste |Paste |Bots |Do not withhold feed |
| |Negabot Paste | |Pinworms |Avoid stress, surgery, muscle relaxants and insecticide use for 2 weeks |
| |Telmin B | | |after use. |
| |Benexelmin Plus | | | |
| |Combotel | | | |
| |Dyrex | | | |
|Moxidectrin |Quest |Gel |Large and small strongyles |Extreme caution should be used when administering the product to foals, |
| |Quest gel |Paste |Encysted cyathostomes |young and miniature horses, as overdosage may result in serious adverse |
|Information from Quest | | |Ascarids |reactions. |
|label not a required | | |Pin worms |Do not use in horses or ponies intended for food. |
|reading source | | |Hair worms |For animals 4 months of age or older |
| | | |Large mouth stomach worms |Transient depression, ataxia and recumbency may be seen when very young |
| | | |Bots |or debilitated animals are treated. Reproductive safety studies |
| | | | |demonstrate a wide margin of safety when the product is used in the |
| | | | |treatment of estrual and pregnant mares and breeding stallions |
Part V – Systems
|Purpose |
|Know the primary parts, functions and diseases of the respiratory, circulatory, lymphatic,, nervous and urinary systems |
|Know the functions/purpose of the skin |
|Teaching Suggestions |
|Note the possible typo in USAB 233 including EVA as a disease of the circulatory/lymphatic system. |
Circulatory System
|Function |transportation |
| |oxygen from lungs to cells |
| |carbon dioxide from cells to lungs |
| |nutrients and water from digestive tract to all cells |
| |waste from cells to kidneys |
| |hormones and defense cells throughout the body in blood |
| |bathe cells in fluid |
| |maintain heat of the body |
| | |
| |closely associated with the lymphatic system |
|Blood |Plasma |
|Components (3) |fluid part |
| |contains serum and cells that aid in clotting |
| |Red Blood cells |
| |contain hemoglobin |
| |carry oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| |produced in bone marrow |
| |White blood cells |
| |defense cells |
| |act against harmful germs in case of disease or injury |
|Types of blood |Deoxygenated |
|USAB 230 |dark red |
| |depleted of oxygen |
| |carries carbon dioxide from cells ( heart ( lungs |
| |Oxygenated |
| |bright red |
| |corries oxygen from lungs ( through heart ( body |
|Vessels |tubes that carry blood around the body |
|USAB 230 |vary in size |
| |grouped according to the direction they carry blood and their size |
| |movement into and out of the bloodstream happens through cell membrane transport systems |
|Arteries |carry blood away from heart |
| |aorta is largest (carries blood out of heart) |
| |arteries branch into ( arterioles branch into ( capillaries |
| |when an artery is cut the blood spurts as the blood is under pressure from the heart ( lose a lot of |
| |blood in a hurry ( increased risk of shock (USAB 232) |
|Veins |carry blood back to heart |
| |capillaries ( group together into venules ( group together into larger veins ( flow into vena cava (the|
| |larges vein) |
| |vena cava carries blood back to the heart |
| |when a vein is cut the blood comes in a continuous flow from the wound (USAB 232) |
|Capillaries |tiny blood vessels between arteries and veins |
| |their walls are only one cell thick |
| |oxygen and nutrients move from blood into cells |
| |waste products move into the bloodstream |
| |movement into and out of |
|The Heart |hollow, muscular pump |
|USAB 229 |made of cardiac (heart) muscle |
| |protective cover called pericardium |
| |pumps blood by contracting (squeezing) blood from one chamber to another and out through arteries |
|Chambers |right atrium (upper chamber) |
|USAB 230 |right ventricle (lower chamber) |
| |left atrium (upper chamber) |
| |left ventricle (lower chamber) |
|Flow |deoxygenated blood comes through vena cava from the body |
| |it enters the right atrium |
| |pumped to right ventricle (through a one way valve) |
| |pumped through the pulmonary artery |
| |arrives at lungs |
| |carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen |
| |oxygenated blood comes through pulmonary vein |
| |enters left atrium (through one a one way valve) |
| |pumped to left ventricle |
| |pumped through aorta |
| |goes out to all parts of the body |
|Conditioning the heart |heart is a muscle and must be kept toned to work efficiently |
|USAB 232 |brought into condition gradually (as in interval training) |
| |fit heart beats more powerfully ( more slowly ( gets more rest between beats |
|Diagram of blood flow |[pic] |
|Diagram of major blood |[pic] |
|vessels | |
|Diseases of the lymphatic |equine infectious anemia (EIA) |
|and circulatory system |passive edema of legs (stocking up) |
| |Lymphangitis |
| |Strangles (VN 68) |
Lymphatic System USAB 231
|Notes |closely associated with the circulatory system |
| |series of small vessels throughout the body but does not have a pump (like the heart) moving the fluid |
| |( movement of the surrounding limbs and muscles moves the fluid (VN 66) |
| |main channels of the lymph system discharge into the bloodstream close to the heart (VN 66) |
| |valves ensure the fluid only moves in the desired direction (VN 66) |
| |drain off excess fluid from all parts of the body ( prevent tissues from becoming waterlogged (VN 66) |
| |play role in defence mechanisms of the body (VN 67) |
| |the lymph has some white blood cells (VN 67) |
| |the lymph nodes act a filters (VN 67) |
| |the lymph nodes play part in antibody production (VN 67) |
|Function |prevent an accumulation of fluid |
|MH 431 |especially in lower parts of leg where pressure of fluids in the blood vessels is greatest because of |
| |gravity |
| |surplus fluid absorbed from blood into lymphatics and carried away and deposited back into bloodstream |
| |near the heart |
| |help fight infection and to repair injuries |
| |lymph nodes react to infection by producing lymphocytes and antibodies |
| |filter off toxic substances and bacteria at the infection site |
| |transport and supply the cells with nutrients |
| |fat content important because the capillaries of circulatory system too small to allow fat to be |
| |transported |
| |remove waste |
| |dead or damaged tissue |
|Lymph |clear fluid containing white blood cells |
| |bathes all cells of the body |
|Lymph vessels |thin-walled vessels that transport lymph throughout the body |
|Lymph nodes |act as filters |
| |produce lymphocytes and antibodies to cope with infection |
| | |
| |bean shaped masses of lymphatic tissue |
| |may become enlarged while fighting off an infection (MH 431) |
|Diagram |[pic] |
Respiratory System USAB 233
|Function |take in oxygen |
| |deliver oxygen to the blood |
| |removes carbon dioxide from the blood |
| |help control body temperatures by breathing in cold air and out warmer air (MH 431) |
| |expel excess water as horse breathes (MH 431) |
| |enable horse to smell (MH 431) |
| |provide means of communication (MH 431) |
|Breathing |diaphragm contracts and flattens |
| |ribs expand making chest cavity longer |
| |pulls air in through the nostrils and down into the lungs |
| |as diaphragm relaxes it expands and the rib cage contract |
| |presses against the lungs and expels the air |
| |muscles of rib cage, trunk and abdomen also help in this process |
| | |
| |at the gallop the abdominal muscles work strongly to bring the hind legs forward under the body at each|
| |stride |
| |this pushes the abdominal contents (the intestines) forward against the diaphragm and lungs |
| |causes horse to exhale in rhythm with each stride |
|Notes |respiratory tract naturally contains mucus that is thin and clear (USAB 235) |
| |various respiratory diseases can change the quantity and quality of the mucus |
| |nasal discharge ( mucus or matter coming from one or both nostrils |
| |clear discharge is normal ( especially when first begins work on a chilly morning |
| |thick, white or reddish or yellowish discharge points to some kind of infection |
| |from one nostril ( usually a sinus infection, a foreign body or a bad tooth on that side |
| |both nostrils ( generalized respiratory infection |
| |cough ( forceful expulsion of air to clear the respiratory tract of some foreign material (including |
| |excess mucus) |
|Diseases |Influenza |
| |Rhinopneumonitis |
| |Strangles |
| |Heaves |
| |Roaring |
|Diagram |[pic] |
|Interaction between |[pic] |
|respiratory and circulatory| |
|systems diagram | |
|Alveoli diagram |[pic] |
Upper Respiratory Tract USAB 233
|Nostrils |horses can only breathe through nostrils (not mouth) |
| |hairs inside nostrils help to trap dust and foreign matter |
|Nasal Cavities |air passages lined with mucus membrane |
| |separated from the mouth by the hard palate and (farther back) the soft palate |
|Nasal Turbinates |very thin curling bones inside the nasal passages |
| |covered with mucus membrane |
| |helps trap dust (MH 431) |
| |large surface area helps to warm incoming air before it reaches the lungs |
|Sinuses |air-filled cavities in the bones of the skull |
| |connecting to the nasal cavities |
| |reduce weight of the skull and help to warm air as it passes inward |
|Pharynx (throat) |a common passage for food and air |
| |leads to the larynx |
|Larynx (voice box) |box of cartilage (hollow and rigid (KYH 107) |
| |located between the branches of the lower jaw |
| |contains vocal cords ( produce sound |
| |controls air as it goes in and out |
| |prevent food, water and foreign objects from entering the lungs |
| |controlled by long nerves (KYH 107) |
|Epiglottis |flap that covers the glottis (opening into the windpipe) when the horse swallows |
|Trachea(windpipe) |long tube made of rings of cartilage |
| |which runs from the larynx to the lungs |
Lower Respiratory Tract USAB 234
|Lungs |two large elastic organs which fill the chest cavity |
|Bronchi |windpipe divides into two tubes or “bronchi” |
| |one branch going to each lung |
| |inside the they divide into many smaller passageways called bronchioles |
|Alveoli |small air sacs only one cell in thickness |
| |like bunches of grapes at the end of the bronchioles |
| |carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged through the wall of the alveoli into the many blood vessels of |
| |the lungs ( “gaseous exchange (MH 431) |
|Pleura |protective covering of the lungs |
|Diaphragm |large sheet of muscle that runs from the underside of the backbone to the ribs |
| |it is the primary breathing muscle |
| |the muscles of the ribs and abdomen help |
Urinary System USAB 240
|Function |filters out materials from the blood |
| |waste materials |
| |excess water |
| |excretes it as urine |
| |return necessary proteins, minerals and electrolytes to the system |
| |act as buffer in maintaining proper pH of the blood |
|Kidneys |normally two but animal can survive on one |
| |each kidney contains millions of nephrons (tiny tubules and capillaries) in which filtration takes |
| |place |
| |blood is circulated through kidneys through the renal veins and renal arteries which are connected to |
| |the aorta and vena cava |
|Ureters |tubes that carry waste (in form of urine) from each kidney to the urinary bladder |
|Urinary bladder |muscular sac that stores the urine until it is excreted |
|Urethra |tube that takes urine from the urinary bladder to the outside |
| |in male horse it goes through the penis |
| |in the female horse the external opening is within the vulva |
|Notes |kidneys only filter blood they do not pick up waste from large intestine |
| |kidneys can really compensate for each other |
| |kidney disease is very rare in the horse |
|Diagram |[pic] |
|Diseases |in the male horse, a bean of smegma can form in the blind pouch of the sheath and block the opening of |
| |the urethra |
| |remove it while cleaning the sheath |
Nervous System (USAB 242)
|Function |command and control |
| |receives impulses |
| |sorts impulses |
| |transmits impulses |
|Central Nervous System |brain |
| |spinal cord |
|Peripheral Nerves |nerves which run to the muscles and all parts of the body |
| | |
| |Sensory nerves |
| |receive stimuli (a stimulus is a change in the environment such as heat, cold, touch, sound, smell, |
| |taste, etc) |
| |transmit stimuli to brain |
| |Motor nerves |
| |transmit instructions to the muscles |
|Autonomic Nervous System |controls function of internal organs of the body without the need for conscious awareness (e.g….) |
| |heart to beat |
| |lungs to breathe |
| |digestion to take place |
| | |
| |Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems operate reflexes and automatic reactions such as shivering from|
| |cold. |
|Nerve cells and their |neuron ( basic nerve cell |
|function |body of cell has |
| |branches called dendrites |
| |long fibers called axons |
| | |
| |synapse ( junction between one nerve and another |
| |one neuron’s axon touches another’s dendrite |
| | |
| |works like a relay system |
| |information is passed from muscle ( neuron ( to neuron ( neuron –etc. through chemical reactions |
| |some chemicals stimulate muscles to contract |
| |acetylcholine ( chemical that stimulates muscles |
| |some chemicals inhibit or stop contraction (or muscle would be in continuous spasm) |
| |acetylcholinesterase ( prevents continuous action of acetylcholine |
|Notes |many pesticides (certain fly sprays, some dewormers and flea and tick dips used on dogs) are |
| |cholinesterase inhibitors |
| |these are cumulative ( build up in the system |
| |if animals receives too much cholinesterase inhibitor (possibly by exposure to several different |
| |sources) it can block the release of cholinesterase in the nervous system |
| |muscle spasms or seizures due to continuous flow of acetylcholine |
| |read ingredients and product warning labels |
| |follow directions carefully |
|Diagram |[pic] |
|Diseases |Tetanus |
| |Equine encephalomyletis |
| |Rabies |
| |Botulism |
The Skin USAB 249
|Notes |the largest organ of the body |
| |condition of skin and hair coat is an indicator of the horse’s general health |
| |healthy skin ( supple and pliable and hair shines with normal amount of skin oil |
| |good grooming, nutrition and general good health are necessary for healthy skin |
|Function |absorbs sunlight |
| |synthesizes vitamin D |
| |excretion |
| |salts, water and waste products |
| |through sweat |
| |protects body from |
| |trauma |
| |excessive radiation |
| |entry of microorganisms |
| |aids in thermoregulation |
| |excess heat is radiated into the air |
| |outside air temperature and/or moisture in contact with the skin heats or cools the skin and the body |
| |secretes oil (from glands) |
| |contains sensory nerves |
| |detects pressure |
| |detects pain |
| |detects temperature |
| |hair coat, mane and tail grow from the skin |
| |hooves are composed of specialized form of skin over a bone framework |
|Layers |Epidermis |
| |thin outer layer |
| |Dermis |
| |thicker layer containing most skin structures |
| |Subcutaneus |
| |thin layer of fatty material just over muscles |
|Structures it contains |Apocrine (sweat glands) |
| |Sebaceous glands (secrete sebum (skin oil) |
| |Hair follicles including |
| |papilla or root |
| |hair shaft |
| |tiny erector pili muscle |
| |can cause hair to stand up |
| |Blood vessels and nerves |
| |Panniculus muscle |
| |large, thin sheet of muscle which lies under the skin |
| |allows horse to twitch skin to remove flies and shiver to create heat |
|Hair coat function |protection from |
| |cold |
| |dampness |
| |insects |
| |specialized hair features (fetlocks, hair inside ears, whiskers, mane and tail) have protective roles |
| |winter coat is longer and thicker |
| |contains extra long guard hairs ( permit water to run off |
| |skin produces extra sebum to help to waterproof skin and hair coat |
| |hair standing erect (staring coat) |
| |indicates a horse trying to keep warm (either sick or with chills) |
| |increases loft |
| |traps air close to skin |
| |increases warmth |
| | |
| |hypothalamus (part of brain affected by the shortening and lengthening of daylight and temperature) |
| |controls growth and shedding of the winter coat |
|Diseases and conditions |Warts (papilloma virus) |
|that affect the skin |Sarcoid tumors |
| |Dermatiphilosis (rainrot, rain scald, scratches, grease heel) |
| |Ringworm |
Part VI – Anatomy
|Purpose |
|Know and discuss the location and function of main anatomical features of the skeleton, arteries and muscles. |
|Teaching Suggestions |
|Review materials in tables. |
|Students should already be somewhat familiar with much of this content so see how much they can tell you. |
Skeletal System (USAB 223)
|Functions |support |
| |protection of vital organs |
| |movement |
| | |
| |joints held together by ligaments ( permit movement |
| |muscles attached to bone by tendons ( move the bones |
|Bones |206 bones |
| |contain protein and mineral (Ca and Ph) |
|Function |framework of the body |
| |levers for movement |
| |attachment points for muscles |
| |protection for vital organs |
| |protection for spinal cord |
| |production of red blood cells |
|Cartilage |smooth |
| |firm |
|USAB 225 |flexible |
|Function |makes up some structures |
| |ears |
| |nose |
| |covers articular surface of bones in joints |
| |bones move smoothly |
| |absorb shock |
| |matrix of form in the immature bone |
| |turns to hard bone as animal matures |
| |joints of skull |
| |epiphyseal plates (growth plates at end of long bones) |
|Joints |where bones meet |
|USAB 224 | |
|Types |immovable (joints of skull) |
| |permit little movement |
| |permit wide range of movement |
|Structure |ligaments hold joint together |
| |joint capsule |
| |enclose moveable joint |
| |a ligament containing synovial fluid (joint oil) |
| |lubricates the joint |
| |bursa |
| |fluid filled capsule |
| |protects a joint or a prominent bone end (elbow or hock) |
|Diagram |[pic] |
|Axial Skeleton |Skull |
| |mandible (lower jaw bone) |
|USAB 225 |teeth |
| |hyoid bone |
| |Vertebral column |
| |cervical vertebrae (7) |
| |atlas (the first one) |
| |axis (the second one) |
| |thoracic vertebrae (18) |
| |lumbar vertebrae (6) |
| |sacral vertebrae (5) |
| |fused together in the sacrum |
| |coccygeal (tail) vertebrae (18-23) |
| |rib cage |
| |18 ribs |
| |each connected to a thoracic vertebra |
| |sternum (breastbone) |
|Appendicular Skeleton |the front and hind limbs |
|USAB 225 | |
|Diseases of the skeletal |osteomalacia |
|system |epiphysitis |
| |rickets |
| |arthritis |
|Diagram |[pic] |
Muscular System USAB 226
|Muscles |made of muscle fibers |
| |arranged in bundles |
| |controlled by motor nerves |
| |stimulate them to contract (fire) by electrochemical reaction |
| |muscle shortens |
| |pull |
| |the more muscle fibers involved the stronger the pull |
| |usually work in pairs |
| |one muscle group flexes (bends) |
| |one muscles group extends (straightens) |
|Muscle Types |cardiac |
| |found in heart |
| |smooth |
| |found in autonomic nervous system (e.g., digestive tract) |
| |skeletal |
| |move bones |
| |usually acting in pairs |
|Tendons |strong fibrous connective tissue |
| |connects muscle to bones |
| | |
| |various shapes |
| |wide flat sheets |
| |thick bands |
| |long cables |
| |tendon sheath protects a tendon where it crosses a joint |
| |contains synovial fluid which lubricates it |
|Fascia |fibrous connective tissue |
| |thin |
|USAB 227 |tough |
| |encases muscles and lies in wide sheets |
| |some muscles and tendons are attached to fascia |
| |especially areas like the back |
| |[pic] |
Major Muscle Groups (USAB 227-229)
| |Muscle |Location |Function |
|Muscles of Head and Neck |Masseter |large muscle of the jowl |used in chewing |
| |Brachiocephalus |long muscle running from poll |helps to extend and raise the |
| | |to upper arm |forearm |
| |Rhomboid and Splenius |at the top of the neck running |well developed when the horse |
| | |to shoulder blade |carries his head and neck well |
| |Trapezius |at the top of the neck and |carries the saddle |
| | |behind the withers | |
|Back and Trunk Muscles |Longissimus dorsi |deep muscles of the back | |
| |Latissimus dorsi |running along back and down the|supports the saddle |
| | |barrel to the back of the | |
| | |shoulder blade | |
| |Internal and external obliques |muscles of the ribs |aid in breathing |
| |Abdominals (abdominal obliques and | |aid in breathing |
| |rectus abdominus) | |help to raise the back and bring |
| | | |hindquarters under |
| |Iliopsoas |deep muscle from underside of |engagement of hindquarters |
| | |lumbar spine to femur | |
| | |(thighbone) and pelvis | |
|Hindquarter Muscles |Vastus |muscle from hip to stifle |flexes hind leg |
| |Gluteal muscles |large muscles of hip |extend the femur |
| |Quadriceps group |muscles on the front of the |flex the hind leg and bring it |
| | |femur |forward |
| |Hamstring group |around the back of the |extend the hind leg and push the |
| | |hindquarters |body forward |
| |Achilles tendon |large tendon above the hock |extends the hock |
|Foreleg Muscles |Triceps |large muscle from elbow to |straightens elbow and foreleg |
| | |bottom of shoulder blade | |
| |Extensor muscles of lower leg |muscles of the forearm (front) |extend the lower leg |
| |Flexor muscles of the lower leg |muscles of the forearm (back) |flex the joints of the lower leg |
Part VII – Pre-purchase Exam
|Purpose |
|Know some of the things a veterinarian will consider in an pre-purchase exam |
|Teaching Suggestions |
|Ask students if they have ever observed a pre-purchase exam. |
|What sort of things do they think it would be important to know in a horse they were considering purchasing. |
Pre-purchase examination (VN 663)
|Notes |the examination is made for a specific purpose in mind |
| |veterinarian will provide an opinion on the significance of the fault in relation to the purpose for |
| |which the animal is being purchased |
| |always mention vices to the veterinarian if you have noticed them |
| |seller in under obligation to disclose any vices that they are aware of |
Common conditions rendering a horse unfit for purchase (VN 663)
| |Potential Conditions |
|Defects of eye |abscence of an eye |
| |collapse of an eye |
| |corneal opacity |
| |cataract |
| |paralysis of the iris |
| |blindness |
| |periodic ophthalmia |
|Defects of wind |whistling or roaring |
| |chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| |coughing |
| |bleeding (“exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage” or “epitaxisis”) |
|Defective limb action |lameness |
| |action may be peculiar or objectionable but when due to conformation does not amount to lameness |
| |stringhalt |
| |shivering |
| |thickening or inflammation of tendons (especially the flexor tendons of forelimbs) considered serious |
| |osteoarthrosis of joints |
| |incoordination of hindlimbs or all four limbs |
|Existing diseases or |diseases of heart, respiratory and digestive systems, urinary and genital organis, skin, feet and eye |
|effects of disease or |dribbling of urine ( may indicate calculus or gritty accumulation in the bladder or congenital |
|accident |malformation |
| |diarrhea must be notes (even if it may disappear later) |
|Blemishes |devalue a horse but may be of no consequence if horse is not lame |
|Vices and bad habits |may impair the natural usefulness of the animal |
|Defective conformation |matter of taste or opinion |
TOPIC– B
Homework Key
22 marks total
1. What are three routes of disease entry (3)
1. Mouth
2. nostrils
3. skin
4. urinogenital tract
5. conjunctiva or eyelids
2. Which is more easily carried in the air – virus or bacteria and why.(1)
Virus ( it is much smaller than bacteria
3. What are the six disease processes (6)
1. shock
2. fever
3. dehydration
4. inflammation
5. edema
6. arthritis
4. What are five methods of administering drugs (5)
1. Orally (by mouth)
2. Locally (directly to skin, eye, nostrils etc.)
3. Parenterally (injection ( by qualified person)
4. Stomach tube (by vet) (VN – 478)
5. Inhalation: steam vapours (VN – 481)
6. Enema: inserted into rectum (VN – 481)
7. Intravaginal or intrauterine administration: directly into vagina or uterus(VN – 482)
5. What is a fecal count including what it does and does not show (3)
• a microscopic examination of a fecal sample
• shows the number and types of parasites present in the horse
• only show how many mature, egg laying parasites are present
• does not indicate levels of migrating larvae (much more damaging)
Describe the following parts of the respiratory system (4)
|Nasal Cavities |air passages lined with mucus membrane |
| |separated from the mouth by the hard palate and (farther back) the soft palate |
|Nasal Turbinates |very thin curling bones inside the nasal passages |
| |covered with mucus membrane |
| |helps trap dust (MH 431) |
| |large surface area helps to warm incoming air before it reaches the lungs |
|Epiglottis |flap that covers the glottis (opening into the windpipe) when the horse swallows |
|Alveoli |small air sacs only one cell in thickness |
| |like bunches of grapes at the end of the bronchioles |
| |carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged through the wall of the alveoli into the many |
| |blood vessels of the lungs ( “gaseous exchange (MH 431) |
TOPIC – B
Student’s Guide
Part I – Disease -- Fundamentals
Purpose
1. Know the three primary routes of entry of disease
2. Know the difference between a contagious and an infectious disease
3. Know the difference between a viral and a bacterial disease
4. Know the disease processes including shock, fever, dehydration, inflammation, edema and arthritis
Routes of disease entry
|Routes of entry | |
| | |
|VN 397 | |
|Why is this useful | |
| | |
|VN 400 | |
Contagious vs. infectious
| |Description |Examples |
|Contagious |KYH |KYH |
| | | |
|MH 345 | | |
|KYH 74 | | |
| |MH |MH |
|Infectious |KYH |KYH |
| | | |
|MH 345 | | |
|KYH 74 | | |
| |MH |MH |
Bacterial vs. viral
| |Description |Examples |
|Virus | | |
| | | |
|KYH 75 | | |
|Bacteria | | |
| | | |
|KYH 72 | | |
|VN 398 | | |
Other terminology
|Infection | |
|KYH 72 | |
|Communicable | |
|Virulence/ | |
|pathogenicity | |
|VN 397 | |
|aerobic | |
|anaerobic | |
Disease processes
|What is a “disease process”| |
|USAB 353 | |
|Why know what they are? | |
| | |
|USAB 353 | |
|What are the six disease | |
|processes? | |
| | |
|USAB 354 | |
Shock
|Notes | |
| | |
|USAB 354 | |
|Signs | |
| | |
|USAB 354 | |
|Causes | |
| | |
|USAB 354 | |
|Treatment | |
| | |
|USAB 354 | |
Fever
|Notes | |
| | |
|USAB 354 | |
|Causes | |
|USAB 354 | |
|Symptoms | |
| | |
|USAB 354 | |
|Treatment | |
| | |
|USAB 354 | |
Dehydration
|Notes | |
| | |
|USAB 355 | |
|Causes | |
| | |
|USAB 355 | |
|KYH 116/117 | |
|Symptoms | |
| | |
|USAB 355 | |
|KYH 117 | |
|Treatment | |
| | |
|USAB 355 | |
Inflammation
|Notes | |
| | |
|USAB 355 | |
|Process | |
| | |
|USAB 355 | |
|Purpose | |
| | |
|USAB 356 | |
|Causes | |
| | |
|USAB 355 | |
|Symptoms | |
| | |
|USAB 356 | |
|Problems with excessive | |
|inflammation | |
|USAB 356 | |
|Causes of excessive | |
|inflammation | |
|USAB 356 | |
|Treating | |
| | |
|USAB 356 | |
Edema
|Notes | |
|USAB 356 | |
|Causes | |
| | |
|USAB 356 | |
|Symptoms | |
| | |
|USAB 356 | |
|Treatments | |
| | |
|USAB 356 | |
Arthritis
|Notes | |
| | |
|USAB 357 | |
| |Two types |
|Symptoms | |
|USAB 357 | |
|Types | |
|Traumatic | |
| |Treatment |
|USAB 357 | |
|Septic | |
| |Symptoms |
|USAB 357 | |
| |Treatment |
|Degenerative | |
| |Process |
|USAB 357 | |
| |Treatment |
Part II –Disease -- Specifics
Purpose
1. Know the cause, symptoms, treatments and system affected for various diseases including botulism, strangles, roaring, rhinopneumonitis, CEM, EIA, rabies, Equine Encephalomyletis and EVA
Botulism USAB 358
|Notes | |
| | |
|USAB 358 | |
|System affected | |
| | |
|USAB 358 | |
|Cause | |
| | |
|USAB 358 | |
|Symptoms | |
| | |
|USAB 358 | |
|Prevention | |
| | |
|USAB 358 | |
|Treatment | |
| | |
|USAB 358 | |
Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA/Swamp fever)
|Notes | |
|USAB 359 | |
|VN 430 | |
|System affected | |
|Cause | |
|Symptoms | |
| | |
|USAB 359 | |
|VN 430 | |
|Prevention | |
| | |
|USAB 359 | |
|VN 430 | |
|Treatments | |
|USAB 359 | |
|VN 430 | |
Equine Encephalomyletis (sleeping sickness, EEE, WEE, VEE) USAB 359
|Notes | |
| | |
|USAB 359 | |
|System affected | |
| | |
|USAB 359 | |
|Cause | |
| | |
|USAB 359 | |
|Symptoms | |
| | |
|USAB 359 | |
|VN 431 | |
|Prevention | |
| | |
|USAB 359 | |
|VN 431 | |
|Treatments | |
| | |
|VN 431 | |
Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA, pinkeye)
|Notes | |
| | |
|USAB 360 | |
|System affected | |
| | |
|USAB 360 | |
|Cause | |
| | |
|USAB 360 | |
|Symptoms | |
| | |
|USAB 360 | |
|Prevention | |
| | |
|USAB 360 | |
Rabies USAB 362
|Notes | |
| | |
|USAB 362 | |
|System affected | |
| | |
|USAB 362 | |
|Cause | |
| | |
|USAB 362 | |
|Symptoms | |
| | |
|USAB 362 | |
|Prevention | |
| | |
|USAB 362 | |
|Treatments | |
| | |
|USAB 362 | |
Strangles (distemper)
|Notes | |
| | |
|USAB 362 | |
|VN 411 | |
|KYH 76 | |
|System affected | |
| | |
|USAB 362 | |
|Cause | |
| | |
|USAB 362 | |
|Symptoms | |
| | |
|USAB 362 | |
|VN 411 | |
|KYH 76 | |
|Prevention | |
| | |
|USAB 362 | |
|VN 414 | |
|Treatments | |
| | |
|USAB 362 | |
|VN 414 | |
|KYH 78 | |
Roaring USAB 362
|Notes | |
| | |
|USAB 362 | |
|KYH 107/8 | |
|System affected | |
|USAB 362 | |
|Cause | |
| | |
|USAB 362 | |
|KYH 107 | |
|NZ2 238 | |
|Symptoms | |
| | |
|USAB 362 | |
|KYh 108 | |
|Things it can be confused | |
|with | |
| | |
|KYH 108 | |
|Prevention | |
| | |
|KYH 108 | |
|Treatments | |
| | |
|USAB 362 | |
Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis (EVR)
|Notes | |
| | |
|USAB 360 | |
|KYH 86 | |
|System affected | |
| | |
|USAB 362 | |
|Cause | |
| | |
|USAB 362 | |
|Symptoms | |
| | |
|USAB 362 | |
|KYH 86 | |
|Prevention | |
| | |
|USAB 362 | |
|VN 426 | |
|Treatments | |
| | |
|USAB 362 | |
|KYH 87 | |
Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM, Taylorella equigenitalis) VN 420
|Notes | |
| | |
|VN 420 | |
|KYH 81 | |
|System affected | |
| | |
|VN 420 | |
|Cause | |
| | |
|VN 420 | |
|Symptoms | |
| | |
|VN 420 | |
|Prevention | |
| | |
|VN 420 | |
|Treatments | |
| | |
|VN 420 | |
| | |
| |Stallions |
Part III – Supplies and Techniques
Purpose
1. Know how to administer various medications
2. Know the names and uses of various drugs
Administering medication
|Methods of administering | |
|(7) | |
| | |
|MH 348 | |
|KYH 195 | |
|VN 477-482 | |
Medication Notes
|Notes | |
| | |
|USAB 363 | |
|Guidelines for using | |
|medications safely | |
Terminology and drug types
|Note | |
| | |
|USAB 364 | |
|anti-pyretic | |
|USAB 366 | |
|analgesic | |
|narcotic | |
|steroids | |
|Non-narcotic, non-steroidal| |
|Analgesics |Examples |
|Non-steroidal | |
|anti-inflammatories | |
|(NSAIDS | |
NSAIDs
|Notes | |
| | |
|USAB 366 | |
|Use | |
| | |
|USAB 366 | |
|Problems | |
| | |
|USAB 366 | |
|Example | |
| | |
|USAB 366 | |
Tranquilizers USAB 364
|Notes | |
| | |
|USAB 364 | |
|Use | |
| | |
|USAB 364 | |
|Results/precautions | |
| | |
|USAB 364 | |
|Examples | |
| | |
|USAB 364 | |
Antibiotics
|Notes | |
| | |
|USAB 368 | |
|Use | |
| | |
|USAB 368 | |
|Results/precautions | |
| | |
|USAB 368 | |
|Examples | |
| | |
|USAB 368 | |
Specific drugs and medications
|Drug |Type |Action |Administration |Cautions |Use |
|Acepromazine (PromAce, | | | | | |
|Promazine Granules) | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
|USAB 364 | | | | | |
|Xylazine (Rompun) | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
|USAB 365 | | | | | |
|Dormosedan | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
|USAB 365 | | | | | |
|Banamine (Flunixin | | | | | |
|Meglumine) | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
|USAB 365 | | | | | |
|Dipyrone | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
|USAB 366 | | | | | |
|Torbugesic | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
|USAB 366 | | | | | |
|Phenylbutazone (bute, | | | | | |
|probute) | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
|USAB 366 | | | | | |
|Aspirin | | | | | |
|USAB 367 | | | | | |
|Ketoprofen (Ketofen) | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
|USAB 367 | | | | | |
|Dexamethazone (azium) and| | | | | |
|other corticosteroids | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
|USAB 367 | | | | | |
Part IV – Parasite Control
Purpose
1. Know the principles of parasite control in the horse/herd
2. Know the names of recent drugs for parasite control and discuss their use and rotation
3. Know the term “fecal count” and how it relates to parasite management
|Notes | |
|Components of a good | |
|control system | |
| | |
|USAB 345 | |
|Considerations for a good | |
|control system | |
| | |
|USAB 345 | |
Deworming
|Schedule | |
|USAB 345 | |
|MH 357 | |
|Choosing a product | |
| | |
|USAB 345 | |
|MH 357 | |
|Administering dewormers (3)| |
| | |
|USAB 348 | |
Rotation of wormers
|Notes | |
| | |
|USAB 348 | |
|MH 357 | |
Testing for Parasites
|Fecal parasite count | |
| | |
|USAB 349 | |
|Scheduling | |
| | |
|USAB 349 | |
Reducing Exposure to Internal Parasites
|Notes | |
|USAB 349 | |
|Basic Principles | |
|USAB 349 | |
|Recommendations | |
| | |
|USAB 349 | |
Deworming Products
|Drug |Brand Name |Form |Effective Against |Comments |
|Dichlorvos |Cutter | | | |
| |Dichlorvos | | | |
| |Horse Wormer | | | |
|Febentel |Rintal | | | |
| |Combotel | | | |
| |Negabot-Plus | | | |
|Fenbendazole |Panacure | | | |
|Telmin, | | | | |
|Telmin B | | | | |
|Ivermectin |Equalvan | | | |
| |Equimectrin | | | |
| |Zimectrin | | | |
|Piperazine |Piperazine 17% or 34% | | | |
| |Peperazing water wormer | | | |
| |Pipfuge | | | |
| |Pip-Pop 320 | | | |
|Oxfendazole |Benzelmin | | | |
| |Benzelmin plus | | | |
|Oxibendazole |Anthelcide | | | |
| |Eq | | | |
| |Equipar R | | | |
|Pyrantel Pamoate |Imathal | | | |
| |Strongid | | | |
|Pyrantel Tartrate |Banminth | | | |
| |Purina Horse and Colt Wormer | | | |
| |Strongid C | | | |
|Thiabendazole |Equizole | | | |
| |Equizole A | | | |
|Trichlorfon |Combot Liquid | | | |
| |Combot Paste | | | |
| |Negabot Paste | | | |
| |Telmin B | | | |
| |Benexelmin Plus | | | |
| |Combotel | | | |
| |Dyrex | | | |
|Moxidectrin |Quest |Gel |Large and small strongyles |Extreme caution should be used when administering the product to foals, |
| |Quest gel |Paste |Encysted cyathostomes |young and miniature horses, as overdosage may result in serious adverse |
|Information from Quest | | |Ascarids |reactions. |
|label not a required | | |Pin worms |Do not use in horses or ponies intended for food. |
|reading source | | |Hair worms |For animals 4 months of age or older |
| | | |Large mouth stomach worms |Transient depression, ataxia and recumbency may be seen when very young |
| | | |Bots |or debilitated animals are treated. Reproductive safety studies |
| | | | |demonstrate a wide margin of safety when the product is used in the |
| | | | |treatment of estrual and pregnant mares and breeding stallions |
Part V – Systems
Purpose
1. Know the primary parts, functions and diseases of the respiratory, circulatory, lymphatic,, nervous and urinary systems
2. Know the functions/purpose of the skin
Circulatory System
|Function (3) | |
| | |
|USAB 230 | |
|Blood | |
|Components (3) | |
| | |
|USAB 230 | |
|Types of blood (2) | |
|USAB 230 | |
|Vessels | |
|USAB 230 | |
|Arteries | |
|Veins | |
|Capillaries | |
|The Heart | |
|USAB 229 | |
|Chambers | |
|USAB 230 | |
|Flow | |
|Conditioning the heart | |
|USAB 232 | |
|Diseases of the lymphatic | |
|and circulatory system | |
| | |
|USAB 230 | |
|VN 68 | |
Lymphatic System USAB 231
|Notes | |
| | |
|USAB 231 | |
|VN 66/7 | |
|Function (4) | |
| | |
|MH 431 | |
|Lymph | |
| | |
|USAB 230 | |
|Lymph vessels | |
| | |
|USAB 230 | |
|Lymph nodes | |
| | |
|USAB 230 | |
|MH 43 | |
Respiratory System USAB 233
|Function | |
| | |
|USAB 233 | |
|MH 341 | |
|Breathing | |
| | |
|USAB 235 | |
|Notes | |
| | |
|USAB 235 | |
|Diseases | |
| | |
|USAB 236 | |
Upper Respiratory Tract
|Nostrils | |
| | |
|USAB 233 | |
|Nasal Cavities | |
| | |
|USAB 233 | |
|Nasal Turbinates | |
| | |
|USAB 234 | |
|MH 431 | |
|Sinuses | |
| | |
|USAB 234 | |
|Pharynx (throat) | |
| | |
|USAB 234 | |
|Larynx (voice box) | |
| | |
|USAB 234 | |
|KYH 107 | |
|Epiglottis | |
| | |
|USAB 234 | |
|Trachea(windpipe) | |
| | |
|USAB 234 | |
Lower Respiratory Tract
|Lungs | |
| | |
|USAB 234 | |
|Bronchi | |
| | |
|USAB 234 | |
|Alveoli | |
| | |
|USAB 235 | |
|Pleura | |
| | |
|USAB 235 | |
|Diaphragm | |
| | |
|USAB 235 | |
Urinary System USAB 240
|Function (4) | |
| | |
|USAB 240 | |
|Kidneys | |
| | |
|USAB 235 | |
|Ureters | |
| | |
|USAB 236 | |
|Urinary bladder | |
| | |
|USAB 236 | |
|Urethra | |
| | |
|USAB 236 | |
|Notes | |
| | |
|USAB 236 | |
Nervous System
|Function (3) | |
| | |
|USAB 242 | |
|Central Nervous System | |
| | |
|USAB 242 | |
|Peripheral Nerves | |
| | |
|USAB 242 | |
|Autonomic Nervous System | |
| | |
|USAB 243 | |
|Nerve cells and their | |
|function | |
| | |
|USAB 243 | |
|Notes | |
| | |
|USAB 243 | |
|Diseases | |
| | |
|USAB 243 | |
The Skin USAB 249
|Notes | |
| | |
|USAB 249 | |
|Function (8) | |
| | |
|USAB 249 | |
|Layers (3) | |
| | |
|USAB 249 | |
|Structures it contains (5) | |
| | |
|USAB 249 | |
|Hair coat function (4) | |
| | |
|USAB 250 | |
|Diseases and conditions | |
|that affect the skin | |
| | |
|USAB 250 | |
Part VI – Anatomy
Purpose
1. Know and discuss the location and function of main anatomical features of the skeleton, arteries and muscles.
Skeletal System
|Functions (3) | |
| | |
|USAB 223 | |
|Bones | |
|USAB 224 | |
|Function (6) | |
|Cartilage | |
| | |
|USAB 225 | |
|Function (3) | |
|Joints | |
|USAB 224 | |
|Types | |
|Structure | |
|Parts of the Axial Skeleton| |
|(3) | |
| | |
|USAB 225 | |
|Appendicular Skeleton | |
|USAB 225 | |
|Diseases of the skeletal | |
|system | |
Muscular System
|Muscles | |
| | |
|USAB 227 | |
|Muscle Types (3) | |
| | |
|USAB 226 | |
|Tendons | |
| | |
|USAB 227 | |
|Fascia | |
| | |
|USAB 227 | |
Major Muscle Groups (USAB 227-229)
| |Muscle |Location |Function |
|Muscles of Head and Neck |Masseter | | |
| | | | |
|USAB 227 | | | |
| |Brachiocephalus | | |
| |Rhomboid and Splenius | | |
| |Trapezius | | |
|Back and Trunk Muscles |Longissimus dorsi | | |
| | | | |
|USAB 227 | | | |
| |Latissimus dorsi | | |
| |Internal and external obliques | | |
| |Abdominals (abdominal obliques and | | |
| |rectus abdominus) | | |
| |Iliopsoas | | |
|Hindquarter Muscles |Vastus | | |
| | | | |
|USAB 228 | | | |
| |Gluteal muscles | | |
| |Quadriceps group | | |
| |Hamstring group | | |
| |Achilles tendon | | |
|Foreleg Muscles |Triceps | | |
| | | | |
|USAB 229 | | | |
| |Extensor muscles of lower leg | | |
| |Flexor muscles of the lower leg | | |
Part VII – Pre-purchase Exam
Purpose
1. Know some of the things a veterinarian will consider in an pre-purchase exam
Pre-purchase examination (VN 663)
|Notes | |
| | |
|VN 663 | |
Common conditions rendering a horse unfit for purchase (VN 663)
| |Potential Conditions |
|Defects of eye | |
|Defects of wind | |
|Defective limb action | |
|Existing diseases or | |
|effects of disease or | |
|accident | |
|Blemishes | |
|Vices and bad habits | |
|Defective conformation | |
TOPIC – B
Homework
1. What are three routes of disease entry (3)
2. Which is more easily carried in the air – virus or bacteria and why.(1)
3. What are the six disease processes (6)
4. What are five methods of administering drugs (5)
5. What is a fecal count including what it does and does not show (3)
6. Describe the following parts of the respiratory system (4)
Nasal cavities
Nasal turbinates
Epiglottis
Alveoli
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