Foundations of Education
[Pages:556]Foundations of Education
TENTH EDITION
Foundations of Education
Allan C. Ornstein
St. John's University
Daniel U. Levine
Emeritus, University of Missouri at Kansas City and University of Nebraska at Omaha
Houghton Mifflin Company Boston New York
Executive Publisher: Patricia Coryell Senior Sponsoring Editor: Shani Fisher Marketing Manager: Amy Whitaker Development Editor: Julia Giannotti Project Editor: Aimee Chevrette Art and Design Manager: Jill Haber Cover Design Manager: Anne S. Katzeff Senior Photo Editor: Jennifer Meyer Dare Senior Composition Buyer: Chuck Dutton New Title Project Manager: James Lonergan Marketing Assistant: Samantha Abrams
Cover: Lovett School, Atlanta, Georgia. Architect: Shepley Bulfinch Richardson Abbott. ? Peter Mauss/Esto
Part opener credits: Part One, ? Kevin Dodge / Corbis; Part Two, AP Images; Part Three, ? Jeff Greenberg / The Image Works; Part Four, ? Will and Deni McIntyre / Corbis; Part Five, ? Bob Daemmrich / The Image Works; Part Six, ? Michael Reynolds / EPA / Corbis.
Copyright ? 2008 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2007935640
Instructor's examination copy ISBN-10: 0-547-00473-7 ISBN-13: 978-0-547-00473-0
For orders, use student text ISBNs ISBN-10: 0-618-90412-3 ISBN-13: 978-0-618-90412-9
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BRIEF CONTENTS
PART ONE: Understanding the Teaching Profession 1
Chapter 1 Motivation, Preparation, and Conditions for the Entering Teacher 2 Chapter 2 The Teaching Profession 30
PART TWO: Historical and Philosophical Foundations 53
Chapter 3 World Roots of American Education 54 Chapter 4 Pioneers of Modern Teaching 92 Chapter 5 Historical Development of American Education 122 Chapter 6 Philosophical Roots of Education 159
PART THREE: Political, Economic, and Legal Foundations 199
Chapter 7 Governing and Administering Public Education 200 Chapter 8 Financing Public Education 225 Chapter 9 Legal Aspects of Education 248
PART FOUR: Social Foundations 289
Chapter 10 Culture, Socialization, and Education 290 Chapter 11 Social Class, Race, and School Achievement 321 Chapter 12 Providing Equal Educational Opportunity 353
PART FIVE: Curricular Foundations 393
Chapter 13 The Purposes of Education 394 Chapter 14 Curriculum and Instruction 413
PART SIX : Effective Education: International and American Perspectives 445
Chapter 15 International Education 446 Chapter 16 School Effectiveness and Reform in the United States 471
Glossary 509
Index I-1
CONTENTS
Preface xv
PART ONE: Understanding the Teaching Profession 1
CHAPTER 1 Motivation, Preparation, and Conditions for the Entering Teacher 2
Choosing a Career in Teaching 3 Motivations for Choosing Teaching 3 The Challenge of Teaching All Students 3 From Preservice to Practice: Considerations 4 Teaching Force Diversity: A Growing Concern 4 Overview 1.1: Ways to Improve Your Employment Prospects 6
Supply/Demand and Salaries 6 Job Opportunities 6 Pay Scales and Trends 8
Preparing Teachers 10 Certification 10 Taking Issue: Alternative Certification 13 Trends in Preservice Education 14 Adequacy of Preparation Programs 15
Prospective Teachers: Abilities and Testing 16 Teacher Abilities 16 Testing Teachers 17
Job Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction 18 Teacher Satisfaction 18 State and District Standards and Teacher Stress 19 Coping with Stress 20
Reforming Schools by Improving Teacher Qualifications and Functioning 20
National Reports 20 Technology @ School: An Internet Location for
Prospective Teachers 21 The No Child Left Behind Act 22 The NBPTS and the INTASC 24 Holmes and Other Groups 24 Reactions to the National Reforms 25
School Reform and Teacher Empowerment 26
Outlook for Teaching 27
CHAPTER 2 The Teaching Profession 30
Is Teaching a Profession? 31 A Defined Body of Knowledge 32 Controlling Requirements for Entry and Licensing 33 Autonomy in Deciding About Spheres of Work 34 High Prestige and Economic Standing 34
Trends Toward Professionalism 36 The Scope of Collective Bargaining 36 Professional Practice Boards 36 Mediated Entry 37 Video Case: Teacher Accountability: A Student Teacher's Perspective 38 Staff Development 39 Technology @ School: Professional and Development Opportunities on the World Wide Web 40 Merit Pay 40 School-Based Management 41 Taking Issue: Merit Pay 42 Video Case: Teaching as a Profession: Collaboration with Colleagues 43
Teacher Organizations 43 From Preservice to Practice: The SBDM Team 44 Overview 2.1: Comparison of the National Educations Assodiation (NEA) and the American Federation of Teachers (AFT) 45 National Education Association (NEA) 45 American Federation of Teachers (AFT) 46 Specialized Professional Organizations 47 Religious Education Organizations 47 Parent-Teacher Groups 47 Overview 2.2: Major Specialized Professional Organizations for Teachers 48 Overview 2.3: Professional Organizations Students Can Join 49 Organizations for Prospective Teachers 49
viii Contents
PART TWO: Historical and Philosophical Foundations 53
CHAPTER 3 World Roots of American Education 54
Education in Preliterate Societies 55 From Preservice to Practice: Connecting the Past and the Present 56
Education in Ancient Chinese Civilization 56 Confucian Education 57 Overview 3.1: Key Periods in Educational History 58 China's Contribution to World and Western Education 61
Education in Ancient Egypt 62 Religious and Secular Concerns 62 Egypt's Historical Controversies 63
The Hebraic Tradition in Education 63 Education in Ancient Greek and Roman Civilizations 65
The Sophists 67 Socrates: Education by Self-Examination 68 Taking Issue: Universal Truth or Cultural Relativism? 69 Plato: Eternal Truths and Values 70 Aristotle: Cultivation of Rationality 71 Isocrates: Oratory and Rhetoric 73 Education in Ancient Rome 73 The Greek and Roman Contributions to
Western Education 75
Islam, Arabic Learning, and Education 75 Medieval Culture and Education 77
Aquinas: Scholastic Education 78 The Medieval Contribution to Western Education 79
Renaissance Classical Humanism 79 Overview 3.2: Major Educational Theorists to A.D. 1600 80 Erasmus: Critic and Humanist 81 Overview 3.3: Significant Events in the History of Western Education to A.D. 1650 82 The Renaissance Contribution to Western Education 84
The Religious Reformation and Education 84 Luther: Protestant Reformer 86 The Reformation's Contribution to Western Education 87
The Enlightenment's Influence on Education 87
CHAPTER 4 Pioneers of Modern Teaching 92
Comenius: The Search for a New Method 93 Principles of Teaching and Learning 94 Education and Schooling 95 Influence on Educational Practices Today 95
Rousseau: Educating the Natural Person 95 Overview 4.1: Educational Pioneers 96
Principles of Teaching and Learning 98 Education and Schooling 99 Influence on Educational Practices Today 99 Video Case: Elementary School Language Arts: Inquiry
Learning 99
Pestalozzi: Educator of the Senses and Emotions 100
Principles of Teaching and Learning 100 Education and Schooling 101 Influence on Educational Practices Today 101
Herbart: Systematizing Teaching 102 Principles of Teaching and Learning 102 Education and Schooling 102 Influence on Educational Practices Today 102
Froebel: The Kindergarten Movement 103 Principles of Teaching and Learning 103 Education and Schooling 104 Influence on Educational Practices Today 104
Spencer: Social Darwinist and Utilitarian Educator 105
Principles of Teaching and Learning 105 Education and Schooling 106 Influence on Educational Practices Today 106
Dewey: Learning Through Experience 106 Principles of Teaching and Learning 107 Taking Issue: Dewey's Learning by Experience 108 Education and Schooling 108 Influence on Educational Practices Today 109
Addams: Socialized Education 109 Principles of Teaching and Learning 110 Education and Schooling 110 Influence on Educational Practices Today 111
Montessori: The Prepared Environment 111 Principles of Teaching and Learning 111 Education and Schooling 112 Influence on Educational Practices Today 112
Piaget: Developmental Growth 113 Principles of Teaching and Learning 113 Education and Schooling 114 From Preservice to Practice: A New Lesson 115 Influence on Educational Practices Today 116
Freire: Liberation Pedagogy 116 Principles of Teaching and Learning 116 Education and Schooling 117 Influence on Educational Practices Today 117 Technology @ School: Building Your Philosophy of Technology in Education 118
Thinking About Pioneers in Education as Historical Mentors 118
Contents ix
CHAPTER 5 Historical Development of American Education 122
The Colonial Period 123 New England Colonies 123 Overview 5.1: Significant Events in the History of American Education 124 Middle Atlantic Colonies 126 Southern Colonies 127 Colonial Education: A Summary View 128
The Early National Period 128 Franklin: The Academy 129 Jefferson: Education for Citizenship 129 Taking Issue: Schools and American Culture 130 Benjamin Rush: Church-Related Schools 131 Webster: Schoolmaster of the Republic 131
The Movement Toward Public Schooling 132 The Common School 132 Mann: The Struggle for Public Schools 133 Normal Schools and Women's Education 134 Catharine Beecher: Preparing Women as Teachers 134 The One-Room School 135 Technology @ School: Studying the One-Room School 136 The McGuffey Readers 136
The Development of American Secondary Schools 137
The Academy: Forerunner of the High School 137 The High School 137 Secondary-School Organization 139 The Development of Educational Technology 140 Video Case: Multimedia Literacy: Integrating Technology into
the Middle School Curriculum 141
The American College and University 141
Education in a Culturally Diverse Society 142 African Americans 142 Native Americans 145 Latino Americans 146 Asian Americans 148 From Preservice to Practice: Some Differing Viewpoints 149 Arab Americans 151
Historical Trends 152 The Immigration Controversy 152 A Persistent Issue: Teaching About Evolution 152 Gender Equity 153 Educating Students with Disabilities 154 The U.S. Department of Education 154 Reducing School Violence 154 War on Terrorism 154
CHAPTER 6 Philosophical Roots of Education 159
Special Terminology 161 Overview 6.1: Philosophies of Education 163
Idealism 164 Key Concepts 164 The Basic Questions 165 Implications for Today's Classroom Teacher 166
Realism 166 Key Concepts 167 The Basic Questions 168 Implications for Today's Classroom Teacher 169
Pragmatism 169 Key Concepts 170 The Basic Questions 171 Video Case: Middle School Science Instruction: Inquiry Learning 171 Technology @ School: The Debate over Standardized Testing 172 Implications for Today's Classroom Teacher 172
Existentialism 173 Key Concepts 173 The Basic Questions 174 Implications for Today's Classroom Teacher 175 An Existentialist School: Summerhill 175
Postmodernism 176 Key Concepts 177 The Basic Questions 178 Implications for Today's Classroom Teacher 179
Educational Theories 180 Overview 6.2: Theories of Education 180
Essentialism 181 The Basic Questions 182 Implications for Today's Classroom Teacher 183
Perennialism 183 The Paideia Proposal 185 The Basic Questions 185 Implications for Today's Classroom Teacher 185 Taking Issue: Education: Child Centered or Subject Matter? 186
Progressivism 187 Key Concepts 188 The Basic Questions 188 Implications for Today's Classroom Teacher 190
Critical Theory 191 Key Concepts 191 The Basic Questions 192 Implications for Today's Classroom Teacher 193
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