Historical Corrections Statistics in the United States ...

[Pages:251]U. S. Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics

Historical Corrections Statistics in the United States, 1850- 1984

U.S. Department of Justice

Bureau of Justice Statistics

Historical Corrections Statistics in the United States,

1850- 1984

BY Margaret Werner Cahalan with the assistance of

Lee Anne Parsons

Westat, Inc. Rockville, Md.

NCJ - 102529

December 1986

U.S. Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics

Steven R. Schlesinger Director

Joseph M. Bessette Deputy Director

Benjamin H. Renshaw Deputy Director

Report of work performed by Westat, Inc.

This report was supported by grant number 84-BJ-CX-005, awarded to Westat, Inc., Rockville, Md., by the Bureau of Justice Statistics under the Omnibus Control and Safe Streets Act of 2968, as amended.

Points of view or opinions stated in this document are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.

BJS authorizes any person to reproduce, publish, translate, or otherwise use all or any part of the copyrighted material in this publication, with the exception of those items indicating that they are copyrighted or reprinted by permission of any source other than Westat, Inc.

Copyright " 1986 by Margaret Cahalan and Lee Parsons Ths report. or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without permission or the authors. Copyrighted material used in this report is done so by permission. Further reproduction is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This report was prepared under Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) Data Analysis Program, Grant Number 84-BJ-CX-0005. I would especially like to thank David Hinners of BJS who served as Project Monitor and provided valuable suggestions, access to unpublished data, helpful review of the work, and firm patience and encouragement. I would also like to thank Patrick Langan, and Lawrence Greenfeld of BJS for overall review and additional information on available reports. Barbara Allen-Hagen of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) and Melissa Sickman of BJS carefully reviewed and provided suggestions for clarification and improvement of the chapter on juvenile facilities.

Lee Parsons had the major responsibility for table preparation. Jody Klein and Scotty Fallah also worked on preparation of the tables. The tables were typed by Donna Williams, Debby McMurray, Eleanor Austin, and Rebecca Downes. Heather Banks and Judy Padilla provided much needed editing of the manuscript and tables.

I was fortunate to have the support of Westat Vice Presidents Lance Hodes and Dave Bayless, both of whom provided extra encouragement and corporate resources for project completion.

I would like to express sincere appreciation for the assistance pro\ided by all these people in the preparation of this report.

I would also like to thank the American Correctional Association for permission to include their tables on military prisons; Northeastern University Press for permission to include information on capital punishment from the work Lena1 Homicide by Bowers, Pierce, and McDevitt; and Donne11 Pappenfort, Tom Young, and Chris Marlow for permission to use information from the University of Chicago School of Social Services Administration's National Survey of Residential Group Care Facilities. Tables included from these sources are printed by permission and are not to be printed elsewhere without permission of the authors or publishers.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION

The Census Bureau, 1 Institutional Population Series, 1 Early Census Institutional Population Reports (1850- 1890), 1 Census Institutional Population Reports of 1904- 1933 (Separate Reports), 2 Census Institutional Population Reports of 1940- 1980 (Combined Reports), 3 Prisoners in State and Federal Prisons and Reformatories Series: 1926-1946, 4 Judicial Criminal Statistics, 4

Health, Education, and Welfare, 5 The Office of Education, 5 The U.S. Children's Bureau, 5

The Justice Department, 5 The Federal Bureau of Prisons, 5 Annual Report of the Attorney General of the United States, 6 Report of the Work of the Federal Bureau of Prisons, 6 Bureau of Prisons Statistical Report, 6 Prisoners in State and Federal Prisons and Reformatories, 6 The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA)/National Criminal Justice Information and Statistics Service (NCJISS), 7 National Prisoner Statistics, 7 The Jail Reports, 7 Children in Custody, 7 Parole and Probation Statistics, 7 The Bureau of Justice Statistics, 8

Structure of the Report, 8

11. CAPITAL PUNISHMENT STATISTICS

Executions, 9 The Legal Status of the Death

Penalty, 12 Regional Comparisons, 12 Number Received Under Sentence of

Death, 17 Removals fro,m the Sentence of

Death, 17 Executions by the Military, by the

Federal Government, and of Women, 22

111. STATE AND FEDERAL PRISON STATISTICS

Summary of Statistics, 27 Persons Present and Received in State and Federal Prisons and Reformatories, 27 Numbers Received, 31 Sentences, 31 Offense Distribution of State and Federal Prisoners, 44 Type of Release, 49 Time Served Before Release, 49 Prior Commitments and Recidivism, 5 3 Demographic and Other Characteristics of State and Federal Prisoners, 64 Facilities and Staff, 64

IV. JAIL STATISTICS

Overview of Reports Available, 73 Census Bureau Reports, 7 3 The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration and Bureau of Justice Statistics Reports, 74

Summary of National Jail Statistics, 74 Number of Persons Present in Jails: 1880-1983, 74 The Relative Use of Jails and the Adjudication Status of Those Present, 75 Jail Commitments and Admissions, 75 Type and Length of Sentence, 83 Offense Distribution of Jail Inmates, 83 Data on Release (Type of Release and Time Served), 88 Characteristics of Jail Prisoners, 88 Prior Commitments, 92 The Number of Jails, 92 Characteristics of Jails and Jail Inmates as Reported in the Surveys of the 1970's and 1980's, 95

V. STATISTICS OF INSTITUTIONS FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

Overview of Available Data, 101 Barnard and the Bureau of Education Reports, 101

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

The Census Bureau Reports, 102

The U.S. Children's Bureau, 103

The Children in Custody Re-

ports, 103

The National Survey of Residential

Group Care Facilities, 103

Summary of National Statistics on

Juvenile Correctional Facilities, 103

The Number and Rate per 100,000

Present, 103

Comparison of Early Series, 107

Comparison of Recent Studies, 107

A Note on the Number of

Facilities, 112

Location of Juveniles in Correctional

Facilities, 112

Commitments to Juvenile Facil-

ities, 117

Type and Length of Sentence, 117

Offense Information, 120

Length of Stay and Type of

Release, 120

Additional Characteristics of the

Youth Present and of the

Facilities, 128

VI. FEDERAL PRISON STATISTICS

Justice Department Statistics on Federal

Prisoners, 143

Persons Present and Received Under

Federal Jurisdiction, 144

Federal Prisoners in Jails, 144

Offense Distribution, 151

Sentence and Length of Time

Served, 160

Type of Release, 160

Recidivism, 160

Demographic Characteristics, 167

VII. PAROLE AND PROBATION STATISTICS

The Legislative Spread of Parole and

Probation, 169

Use of Parole as a Method of

Release, 172

The Use of Probation, 172

The Numbers Present on Probation and

Parole, 172

Organization and Caseload Size, 177

Length of Parole, 177

Parole Outcome, 177

VIII. COMBINED INFORhlATION ON INCARCERATION

Those Present on the Day of the

Survey, 191

The Possibility of Undercounts in the

1923 Census, 191

Military Prisoners, 199

Relative Use, 199

Offense Distribution, 199

Characteristics, 202

APPENDIX A. A SUMMARY OF INSTITUTIONALIZATION RATES AS REPORTEDBYTHECENSUS BUREAU

Data Sources, 207

1850- 1950, 207

1904 to 1933, 209

1940 to 1980, 209

APPENDIX B. PERSONS EXECUTED UNDER STATE AUTHORITY BY STATE BY DECADE

APPENDIX C. MILITARY PRISON TABLES

APPENDIX D. SOURCES

Government Sources of Corrections

Statistics, 135

Non-Government Sources Used, 244

APPENDIX E. SOME THOUGHTS ABOUT CURRENT STATISTICS

TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) List of Tables

Executions per Decade Under Civil Authority and Illegal Lynchings: 1890- 1984, 10

Illegal Lynchings by Race and Offense by Decade: 1880-1962, 11

Abolition of the Death Penalty by Jurisdiction in the United States by the Time of Furman Decision, 13

Regional Comparison of Total Persons Executed Under State Authority by Decade: 1890-1983, 14

Regional Comparison of Nonwhite Persons Executed Under State Authority by Decade: 1890-1984, 15

Illegal Lynchings by State and Race: 1882- 1962, 16

Number of Persons Received Under Sentence of Death: 1904-1984, 18

Number Present Under Sentence of Death on Day of the Survey by Sex, Race, Offense, Age, and Elapsed Time for Years in Which Data Are Available: 1880- 1984, 19

Offenses of Those Received Under Sentence of Death: 1961-1981, 20

Persons Removed from Sentence of Death Other Than by Execution: 1960-1984, 21

Executions by Military: 1983, 23

1930-

Federal Executions in the United States, by Year, Offense, Race, and State: 1930- 1963, 24

Women Executed Under Civil Authority in the United States, by Year, Offense, Race, and State: 1930- 1962, 25

Earliest Census Data on Prisons: 1850- 1870, 28

Persons Present in State and Federal Prisons on the Day of Survey, Census Data: 1880-1980, 29

Persons Present per 100,000 U.S. Population in State and Federal Prisons and Reformatories by Region and State, Census Data: 18801980, 30

Number of Persons Present and Rate per 100,000 U.S. Population in State and Federal Prisons and Reformatories by State and Region, Justice Data: 1950-1984, 32

Comparison Census and Justice Figures for Number Reported Present in State and Federal Correctional Facilities, Available Years: 19501984, 33

Rate per 100,000 Population and Rate per 100,000 Aged 20-44 Present in State and Federal Prisons and Reformatories by Decade: 18801983, Summary Table, 34

Number and Rate per 100,000 Population of Sentenced Prisoners in State and Federal Institutions: 19251982, 35

Number and Rate per 100,000 of State and Federal Prisoners Received from Court: 1904-1983, 36

Number of Prisoners Received from Court in State and Federal Prisons and Reformatories by State by Decade: 1904- 1980, 37

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