Women in Pre-modern China



Gender in Pre-modern China

Ahern, Emily M. "The Power and Pollution of Chinese Women." In Studies in Chinese Society, edited by Arthur P. Wolf. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1978, 269-290.

*Altenburger, Roland. The Sword or the Needle: The Female Night-Errant (Xia) in Traditional Chinese Narrative. Peter Lang, 2009.

Bernhardt, Kathryn. Women and Property in China, 960-1949. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.

Birdwhistell, Joanne D. Mencius and Masculinities: Dynamics of Power, Morality, and Maternal Thinking. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2007.

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--- . “Levirate Marriage and the Revival of Widow Chasity in Yüan China,” Asia Major: Third Series 8.2 (1995): 107-147.

--- . Women, Property, and Confucian Reaction in Sung and Yuan China (960-1368). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

--- . “Women and Confucianism from Song to Ming: The Institutionalization of Patrilineality.” In The Song-Yuan-Ming Transition in Chinese History, edited by Paul Jakov Smith and Richard von Glahn. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2003, 212-240.

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--- . “Gendered Power: A Discourse on Female-generated Myth in the Classic on Mountains and Seas.” Sino-Platonic Papers 120 (2002).

Black, Alison H. “Gender and Cosmology in Chinese Correlative Thinking.” In Gender and Religion: On the Complexity of Symbols, ed. Caroline Walker Bynum, Stevan Harrell, and Paula Richman. Boston: Beacon Press, 1989, 166-95.

*Blake, Fred C. “Foot-Binding in Neo-Confucian China and the Appropriation of Female Labor,” Signs 19, no. 3 (1994): 676-712.

Bossler, Beverly Jo. Powerful Relations: Kinship, Status, & the State in Sung China (960-1279). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998.

--- . "A Daughter is a Daughter All Her Life": Affinal Relations and Women's Networks in Song and Late Imperial China,” Late Imperial China 21.1 (2000): 77-106.

--- . "Shifting Identities: Courtesans and Literati in Song China," Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 62.1 (2002): 5-39.

--- . “Gender and Empire: A View from Yuan China.” Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 34:1 (2004): 197-223.

Bray, Francesca. Technology and Gender: Fabrics of Power in Late Imperial China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.

Brown, Miranda. “Sons and Mothers in Warring States and Han China, 453 BCE- 220 CE.” Nannü 5.2 (2003): 137-169.

Cahill, Suzanne E. Transcendence and Divine Passion: The Queen Mother of the West in Medieval China. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1993.

--- . “Smell Good and Get a Job: How Daoist Women Saints Were Verified and Legitimatized during the Tang Dynasty (618-907).” In Presence and Presentation: Women in the Chinese Literati Tradition, edited by Sherry J. Mou. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999, 171-186.

--- . “Discipline and Transformation: Body and Practice in the Lives of Daoist Holy Women of Tang China.” In Women and Confucian Cultures in Premodern China, Korea, and Japan, edited by Dorothy Ko, JaHyun Kim Haboush and Joan R. Piggott. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003, 251-278.

--- . Divine Traces of the Daoist Sisterhood: Records of the Assembled Transcedents of the Fortified Wall City. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2006.

Carlitz, Katherine. “The Social Uses of Female Virtue in Late Ming Editions of the Lienu zhuan.” Late Imperial China 12.2 (1991): 117-48.

--- . “Desire, Danger, and the Body: Stories of Women’s Virtue in Late Ming China.” In Engendering China: Women, Culture, and the State, edited by Christine K. Gilmartin, Gail Hershatter, Lisa Rofel, and Tyrene White. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994, 101-124.

--- . “Shrines, Governing-Class Identity, and the Cult of Widow Fidelity in Mid-Ming Jiangnan,” Journal of Asian Studies 56.3 (1997): 612-640.

Cass, Victoria Baldwin. Dangerous women: warriors, grannies, and geishas of the Ming. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999.

Chan Sin Yee. “Gender and Relationship Roles in the Analects and the Mencius,” Asian Philosophy 10.2 (2000), 115-132.

Chang Kang-i Sun and Haun Saussy, eds. Women Writers of Traditional China: An Anthology of Poetry and Criticism. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.

Chen Jo-shui. "Empress Wu and Proto-Feminist Sentiments in T'ang China." In Imperial Rulership and Cultural Change in Traditional China, edited by Frederick P. Brandauer and Chun-chieh Huang. Seattle: University of Washington, 1994, 77-116.

Ching, Julia. “Sung Philosophers on Women.” Monumenta Serica 42 (1994): 259-274.

Chiu-Duke, Josephine. "The Role of Confucian Revivalists in the Confucianization of T'ang Women," Asia Major: Third Series 8, Part 1 (1995): 51-94.

*Dauncey, Sarah. “Illusions of Grandeur: Perceptions of Status of Wealth in Late Ming Female Clothing and Ornamentation,” East Asian History 25/26 (2003):

De Pee, Christian. “The Ritual and Sexual Bodies of the Groom and Bride in Ritual Manuals of the Sung Dynasty.” In Chinese Women in the Imperial Past: New Perspectives, edited by Harriet T. Zurndorfer. Leiden: Brill, 1999, 53-100.

--- . “Premodern Chinese Weddings and the Divorce of Past and Present,” Positions: East Asia Critiques 9.3 (2001): 559-584.

--- . “Till Death Do US Unite: Texts, Tombs, and the Cultural History of Wedding in Middle-Period China (Eighth through Fourteenth Century),” Journal of Asian Studies 65.4 (2006): 691-712.

Deng Xiaonan, “Women in Turfan during the Sixth to Eighth Centuries: A Look at their Activities Outside the Home.” Journal of Asian Studies 58.1 (1999): 85-103.

Despeux, Catherine & Livia Kohn. Women in Daoism. Magdalena, NM: Three Pines Press, 2003.

*Ding Nai-fei. Obscene Things: Sexual Politics in the Jin Ping Mei. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002.

Du Fangqin and Susan Mann. “Competing Claims on Womanly Virtue in Late Imperial China.” In Women and Confucian Cultures in Premodern China, Korea, and Japan, edited by Dorothy Ko, JaHyun Kim Haboush and Joan R. Piggott. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003, 219-250.

Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. “Women, Marriage, and the Family in Chinese History.” In Heritage of China: Contemporary Perspectives on Chinese Civilization, ed. Paul S. Ropp. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990, 197-223.

--- . The Inner Quarters: Marriage and the Lives of Chinese Women in the Sung Period. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.

--- . “Gender and Sinology: Shifting Western Interpretations of Footbinding, 1300-1890,” Late Imperial China 20.2 (1999): 1-34.

--- . Women and the Family in Chinese History. London: Routledge, 2003.

--- . “Illustrating Chinese Women’s History.” In Overt & Covert Treasures: Essays on the Sources for Chinese Women’s History, Clara Wing-chung He, ed., 217-260. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2012.

Edgerton-Tarpley, Kathryn, “Family and Gender in Famine: Cultural Responses to Diaster in North China, 1876-1879,” Journal of Women’s History 16.4 (2004): 119-147.

Edwards, Louise P. Men & Women in Qing China: Gender in The Red Chamber Dream. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2001.

Epstein, Maram. Competing Discourses: Orthodoxy, Authenticity, and Engendered Meanings in Late Imperial Chinese Fiction. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2001.

Elvin, Mark. “Female Virtue and the State in China,” Past and Present 104 (1984): 111-152.

Ford, Carolyn, “The Afterlife of a Lost Book: Du Ji (The Record of Jealous Women),” in Reading China: Fiction, History, and the Dynamics of Discourse. Essays in Honour of Professor Dudbridge, edited by Daria Berg, 170-199. Leiden: Brill, 2007.

Furth, Charlotte. A Flourishing Yin: Gender in China’s Medical History, 960-1665. Berkeley: University of California, 1999.

Gernant, Karen. Imagining Women: Fujian Folk Tales. New York: Interlink Books, 1995.

Gerritsen, Anne T. “Women in the Life and Thought of Ch’en Ch’üeh: The Perspective of the Seventeenth Century.” In Chinese Women in the Imperial Past: New Perspectives, edited by Harriet T. Zurndorfer. Leiden: Brill, 1999, 223-257.

Glosser, Susan. Chinese Visions of Family and State, 1915-1953. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003.

Goldin, Paul Rakita. “The View of Women in Early Confucianism.” In The Sage and the Second Sex, edited by Chenyang Li. Chicago: Open Court, 133-161.

--- . The Culture of Sex in Ancient China. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2002.

--- . “Ban Zhao in Her Time and in Ours.” In his After Confucius: Studies in Early Chinese Philosophy. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2005.

--- . “The Cultural and Religious Background of Sexual Vampirism in Ancient China. Theology and Sexuality 12.3 (2006): 287-310.

Grant, Beata. "Patterns of Female Religious Experience in Qing Dynasty Popular Literature." Journal of Chinese Religions 23(1995): 29-58.

Guida, Donatella. “The Country of Women as a Metaphor for Disorder: Some Reflections on Three Chinese Novels.” In A Passion for China: Essays in Honour of Paolo Santangelo, for his 60th birthday, ed. Chiu Ling-yeong & Donatella Guida. Leiden: Brill, 2006, 156-169.

Guisso,

Hall, David L. and Roger T. Ames, “Sexism, With Chinese Characteristics.” In The Sage and the Second Sex, edited by Chenyang Li. Chicago: Open Court, 75-95.

Hammond, Charles E. "The Demonization of the Other: Women and Minorities as Weretigers." Journal of Chinese Religions 23 (1995): 59-80.

Hanan, Patrick. Falling in Love: Stories from Ming China. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2006.

Hershatter, Gail. Dangerous Pleasures: Prostitution and Modernity in Twentieth-Century Shanghai. Berkeley: University of California, 1997.

Hinsch, Bret. Passions of the Cut Sleeve: The Male Homosexual Tradition in China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.

--- . “Women, Kinship, and Property as Seen in a Han Dynasty Will.” T’oung Pao 84 (1998): 1-20.

--- . Women in Early Imperial China. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002.

--- . “Reading Lienüzhuan (Biographies of Women) Through the Life of Liu Xiang,” Journal of Asian History 39 (2005): 129-157.

--- . “The Criticism of Powerful Women by Western Han Portent Experts.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 49.1 (2006): 96-121.

--- . “The Composition of the Lienüzhuan: Was Liu Xiang the Author or Editor?” Asia Major Third Series 20, part 1 (2007): 1-24.

--- . Masculinities in Chinese History. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2013.

Clara Wing-chung Ho, ed. Overt and Covert Treasures: Essays on the Sources for Chinese Women’s History. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong Press, 2012.

Ho, Clara Wing-chung, ed. Overt & Covert Treasures: Essays on the Sources for Chinese Women’s History. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2012.

Holmgren, Jennifer. “Myth, Fantasy or Scholarship: Images of the Status of Women in Traditional China (in Current Issues),” The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 6 (1981): 147-170.

--- . “The Economic Foundations of Virtue: Widow-Remarriage in Early and Modern China,” Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 13.1 (1985): 1-27.

--- . “Observations on Marriage and Inheritance Practices in Early Mongol and Yuan Society, with Particular Reference to the Levirate,” Journal of Asian History, 20 (1986): 127-192.

--- . “Imperial Marriage in the Native Chinese and Non-Han State, Han to Ming.” In Marriage and Inequality in Chinese Society, edited by Rubie S. Watson & Patricia Buckley Ebrey. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991, 58-96.

--- . Marriage, Kinship, and Power in Northern China. Brookfield, Vt.: Variorum, 1995.

Hua Hsieh Bao. Concubinage and Servitude in Late Imperial China. Lexington Books, 2014.

Huang, Martin W. Negotiating Masculinities in Late Imperial China. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2006.

Hsiung, Ping-chen. A Tender Voyage: Children and Childhood in Late Imperial China. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2005.

Huntington, Rania. "Foxes and Sex in Late Imperial Chinese Narrative," Nan nü 2.1 (2000): 78-128.

--- . Alien Kind: Foxes and Late Imperial Chinese Narrative. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003.

Idema, Wilt. “Male Fantasies and Female Realities: Chu Shu-chen and Chang Yü-niang and their Biographers.” In Chinese Women in the Imperial Past: New Perspectives, edited by Harriet T. Zurndorfer. Leiden: Brill, 1999, 19-52.

--- . Personal Salvation and Filial Piety: Two Precious Scroll Narratives of Guanyin and her Acolytes. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2008.

--- . Heroines of Jiangyong: Chinese Narrative Ballads in Women’s Script. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2008.

Idema, Wilt and Beata Grant, eds. The Red Brush: Writing Women of Imperial China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2004.

Jay, Jennifer W. "Imagining Matriarchy: "Kingdoms of Women" in Tang China," Journal of the Oriental American Society 116.2 (1996): 220-229.

Kam Louie. Theorising Chinese Masculinity: Society and Gender in China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Kelleher, Theresa. “Confucianism.” In Women in World Religions, edited by Arvind Sharma. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1987, 135-59.

Kennedy, Thomas L. tr. Tesitmony of a Confucian Woman: The Autobiography of Mrs. Nie Zeng Jifen 1852-1942. Athens and London: University of Georgia Press, 1993.

Kinney, Anne Behnke. Representations of Childhood and Youth in Early China. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004.

--- . “The Mao Commentary to the Book of the Odes.” In Overt & Covert Treasures: Essays on the Sources for Chinese Women’s History, Clara Wing-chung He, ed., 61-112. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2012.

Knapp, Keith N. “Confucianism and Women.” In the RoutledgeCurzon Encyclopedia of Confucianism. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003, 161-162.

--- . Selfless Offspring: Filial Children and Social Order in Medieval China. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2005.

Ko, Dorothy. “Pursuing Talent and Virtue: Education and Women’s Culture in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-century China,” Late Imperial China, 13.1 (June 1992): 9-39.

--- . Teachers of the Inner Chambers: Women and Culture in Seventeenth-Century China. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994.

--- . Every Step a Lotus: Shoes for Bound Feet. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.

--- . Cinderella’s Sisters: A Revisionist History of Footbinding. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.

Ko, Dorothy, JaHyun Kim Haboush and Joan R. Piggott, eds. Women and Confucian Cultures in Premodern China, Korea, and Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003.

Kohn, Livia. "The Mother of the Tao," Taoist Resources 1.2 (Winter 1989): 37-113.

Lai, Sufen Sophia. “From Cross-Dressing Daughter to Lady Knight-Errant: The Origin and Evolution of Chinese Women Warriors.” In Presence and Presentation: Women in the Chinese Literati Tradition, edited by Sherry J. Mou. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999, 77-108.

--- . “Father in Heaven, Mother in Hell: Gender Politics in the Creation and Transformations of Mulian’s Mother.” In Presence and Presentation: Women in the Chinese Literati Tradition, edited by Sherry J. Mou. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999, 187-214.

Lam, Joseph S. C. “The Presence and Absence of Female Musicians and Music in China.” In Women and Confucian Cultures in Premodern China, Korea, and Japan, edited by Dorothy Ko, JaHyun Kim Haboush and Joan R. Piggott. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003, 97-122.

*Larsen, Jeanne. Brocade River Poems: Selected Works of the Tang Dynasty Courtesan Xue Tao. Princeton University Press,

Lee, Jen-der. “The Life of Women in the Six Dynasties,” Journal of Women and Gender Studies 4 (1993): 47-80.

--- . "Infanticide and Child Abandonment from Han to Sui," Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica 66.3 (1995):747-812.

--- . "Childbirth in Late Antiquity and Early Medieval China," Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica 67.3 (1996):533-654.

--- . "The Death of a Princess: Codifying Classical Family Ethics in Early Medieval China." In Presence and Presentation: Women in the Chinese Literati Tradition, edited by Sherry J. Mou. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999, 1-38.

--- . “Wet Nurses in Early Imperial China.” Nannü 2.1: 1-39.

--- . “Gender and Medicine in Tang China.” Asia Major ( Third Series) 16.2

--- . “Childbirth in Early Imperial China.” Nannü 7.2 (2005): 216-286.

--- . “Ishinpo and its Excerpts from Chanjing: A Japanese Medical Text as a Source for Chinese Women’s History.” In Overt & Covert Treasures: Essays on the Sources for Chinese Women’s History, Clara Wing-chung He, ed., 185-216. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2012.

Lee, Lily Xiao Hong. The Virtue of Yin: Studies on Chinese Women. Broadway, Australia: Wild Peony, 1994.

Levering, Miriam L. "Lin-chi (Rinzai) Ch'an and Gender: The Rhetoric of Equality and the Rhetoric of Heroism." In Buddhism, Sexuality, and Gender, edited by Jose Ignacio Cabezon. Albany: SUNY Press, 1992, 137-158.

Leung, Angela Ki Che. “Women Practicing Medicine in Premodern China.” In Chinese Women in the Imperial Past: New Perspectives, edited by Harriet T. Zurndorfer. Leiden: Brill, 1999, 101-134.

--- ed. Medicine for Women in Imperial China. Leiden: Brill, 2006.

Levy, Howard S. Warm-soft Village. Tokyo: Dai Nippon Insatsu, 1964.

Li Chenyang, ed. The Sage and the Second Sex: Confucianism, Ethics, and Gender. Chicago: Open Court, 2000.

Li Ching-Chao: Complete Poems. Translated by Kenneth Rexroth & Ling Chung. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1980.

Lindruff, Katheryn M. & Karen S. Rubinson, eds., Are All Warriors Male? Gender Roles on the Ancient Eurasian Steppe. Altamira Press, 2008.

*Lo Yuet Keung, “Conversion to Chastity: A Buddhist Catalyst in Early Imperial China,” Nan Nü 10 (2008): 22-56.

Lu Weijing. “Uxorilocal Marriage among Qing Literati,” Late Imperial China 19.2 (1998): 64-110.

--- . True to Her Word: The Faithful Maiden Cult in Late Imperial China. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2008.

Man, Eva Kit Wah. “Discourses on Female Bodily Aesthetics and Its Early Revelations in The Book of Songs.” In Overt & Covert Treasures: Essays on the Sources for Chinese Women’s History, Clara Wing-chung He, ed., 113-130. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2012.

Mann, Susan. “The Education of Daughters in the Mid-Ch’ing Period.” In Education and Society in Late Imperial China, 1600-1900, edited by Benjamin A. Elman and Alexander Woodside. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994, 19-49.

--- . Precious Records: Women in China’s Long Eighteenth Century. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1997.

--- . The Talented Women of the Zhang Family. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007.

Mann, Susan and Yu-Yin Cheng, editors. Under Confucian Eyes: Writings on Gender in Chinese History. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.

McMahon, Keith. Misers, Shrews, and Polygamists: Sexuality and Male-Female Relations in Eighteenth-century Chinese Fiction. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1995.

*--- . Polygamy and Sublime Passion: Sexuality in China on the Verge of Modernity. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2009.

--- . Women Shall Not Rule: Imperial Wives and Concubines in China from Han to Liao. Rowman & Littlefield Books, 2013.

Meng, Liuxi (Louis). Poetry as Power: Yuan Mei’s Female Disciple Qu Bingyun (1767-1810). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006.

Milcinski, Maja. “The Notion of Feminine in Asian Philosophical Traditions,” Asian Philosophy 7.3 (1997): 195-205.

Min Jiayin, editor. The Chalice & The Blade in Chinese Culture: Gender Relations and Social Models. Beijing: China Social Sciences Publishing House, 1995.

Mou, Sherry J. editor. Presence and Presentation: Women in the Chinese Literati Tradition. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999.

--- . “Writing Virtues with Their Bodies: Rereading the Two Tang Histories’ Biographies of Women.” In her Presence and Presentation: Women in the Chinese Literati Tradition. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999, 109-148.

--- . Gentlemen’s Prescriptions for Women’s Lives: A Thousand Years of Biographies of Chinese Women. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, Inc. 2004.

Mungello, D.E. Drowning Girls in China: Female Infanticide Since 1650. Rowman & Littlefield, 2008.

Ning Chia. “Women in China’s Frontier Politics: Heqin.” In Presence and Presentation: Women in the Chinese Literati Tradition, edited by Sherry J. Mou. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999, 39-76.

Nylan, Michael. “Golden Spindles and Axes: Elite Women in the Achaemenid and Han Empires.” In The Sage and the Second Sex, edited by Chenyang Li. Chicago: Open Court, 2000, 199-222.

Paderni, Paola. “Between Constraints and Opportunities: Widows, Witches, and Shrews in Eighteenth Century China.” In Chinese Women in the Imperial Past: New Perspectives, edited by Harriet T. Zurndorfer. Leiden: Brill, 1999, 258-257.

Paul, Diana. “Empress Wu and the Historians: A Tyrant and Saint of Classical China.” In Unspoken Worlds: Women’s Religious Lives in Non-Western Cultures, edited by Falk and Gross. San Francisco: Harper Collins, 1980.

--- . Women in Buddhism: Images of the Feminine in the Mahayana Tradition. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985.

Pearce, Scott. “Nurses, Nurslings, and New Shapes of Power in the Mid-Wei Court.” Asia Major: Third Series, Part I, 22 (2009): 287-309.

Peterson, Barbara Bennett, editor. Notable Women of China: Shang Dynasty to the Early Twentieth Century. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2000.

Raphals, Lisa. Sharing the Light: Representations of Women and Virtue in Early China. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998.

--- . “Gendered Virtue Reconsidered: Notes from the Warring States and Han.” In The Sage and the Second Sex, edited by Chenyang Li. Chicago: Open Court, 2000, 223-247.

--- . "A Woman Who Understood the Rites," in Confucius and the Analects: New Essays, edited by Bryan W. Van Norden. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002, 275-302.

--- . “How the History of Women in Early China Intersects with the History of Science in Early China.” In Overt & Covert Treasures: Essays on the Sources for Chinese Women’s History, Clara Wing-chung He, ed., 35-60. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2012.

Reed, Barbara E. "The Gender Symbolism of Kuan-yin Bodhisattva." In Buddhism, Sexuality, and Gender, edited by Jose Ignacio Cabezon. Albany: SUNY Press, 1992, 159-180.

Robertson, Maureen. “Voicing the feminine: constructions of the gendered subject in lyric poetry by women of medieval and late imperial China,” Late imperial China 13.1 (1992): 63-110.

Ropp, Paul S. “The Seeds of Change: Reflections on the Condition of Women in the Early and Mid Ch’ing.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 2.1 (1976): 5-23.

--- . “Passionate Women: Female Suicide in Late Imperial China—Introduction,” Nan Nü 3.1 (2001): 3-21.

--- . Articulated Ladies: Gender and the Male Community in Early Chinese Texts. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001.

Rosenlee, Li-hsiang Lisa. Confucianism and Women: A Philosophical Interpretation. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2007.

Rothschild, N. Harry. Wu Zhao: China’s Only Woman Emperor. New York: Pearson Longman, 2008.

Schafer, Edward H. “Notes on T’ang Geisha,” in issues #2, #4, #6, #7 of his Schafer’s Sinological Papers. See instructor to look at this work.

--- . The Divine Woman; dragon ladies and rain maidens in T'ang literature. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1973.

Seaman, Gary. "The Sexual Politics of Karmic Retribution." In The Anthropology of Taiwanese Society, edited by Emily Martin Ahern and Hill Gates. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1981, 381-396.

Spade, Beatrice. “The Education of Women in China during the Southern Dynasties.” Journal of Asian History (1979) 13.1: 15-41.

Swann, Nancy Lee. Pan Chao: Foremost Woman Scholar of China. New York: Russell & Russell, 1932.

Szonyi, Michael. “The Cult of Hu Tianbao and the Eighteenth-Century Discourse of Homosexuality,” Late Imperial China 19.1 (1998): 1-25.

Theiss, Janet M. Disgraceful Matters: The Politics of Chastity in Eighteenth-century China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004.

T’ien Ju-k’ang. Male Anxiety and Female Chastity: A Comparative Study of Chinese Ethical Values in Ming-Ch’ing Times. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1988.

Tung, Jowen R. Fables for the patriarchs : gender politics in Tang. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2000.

Volpp, Sophie "Classifying Lust: The Seventeenth-century Vogue for Male Love," Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 61.1 (2001): 77-118.

Wagner, Marsha L. “Maids and Servants in Dream of the Red Chamber: Individuality and the Social Order.” In Expressions of Self in Chinese Literature, edited by Robert E. Hegel and Richard C. Hessney. New York: Columbia University Press, 1985, 251-281.

Wang, Robin R. Images of Women in Chinese Thought and Culture: Writings from the Pre-Qin Period through the Song Dynasty. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Company, 2003.

--- . “Dong Zhongshu’s Transformation of yin-yang theory and Contesting of Gender Identity.” Philosophy East and West 55.2 (2005): 209-231.

--- . “Virtue 德 (de), Talent 才 (cai), and Beauty 色 (se): Authoring a Full-fledged Womanhood in the Lienüzhuan 列女傳 (Biographies of Women).” In Confucian Cultures of Authority, edited by Peter D. Hershock and Roger T. Ames. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2006, 93-116.

Waltner, Ann. Getting an Heir: Adoption and the Construction of Kinship in Late Imperial China. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 1990.

Wang, Richard. Ming Erotic Novellas: Genre, Consumption and Religiosity in Cultural Practice. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 2011.

Widmer, Ellen. “Gazetters and the Talented Women.” In Overt & Covert Treasures: Essays on the Sources for Chinese Women’s History, Clara Wing-chung He, ed., 261-278. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2012.

Wilms, Sabine. “’Ten Times More Difficult to Treat’: Female Bodies in Medical Texts from Early Imperial China. Nannü 7.2 (2005): 182-215.

Wolf, Margery. The House of Lim: A Study of a Chinese Farming Family. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, Inc. 1968.

--- . Women and the Family in Rural Taiwan. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1972.

--- . "Women and Suicide in China," in Women in Chinese Society, edited by Margery Wolf and Roxane Witke. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1975, 111-142.

*Woo, Terry Tak-ling. “Emotions and Self-Cultivation in the Nü Lunyu (Women’s Analects),” Journal of Chinese Philosophy 36.2 (2009): 334-347.

Wu Cuncun. Homoerotic Sensibilities in Late Imperial China. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004.

Wu Hung, "Private Love and Public Duty: Images of Children in Early Chinese Art." In Chinese Views of Childhood, edited by Anne Behnke Kinney. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1995, 79-110.

Xiong, Victor. Ji – Entertainers in T’ang Chang’an.” In Presence and Presentation: Women in the Chinese Literati Tradition, edited by Sherry J. Mou. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999, 149-170.

Xu Changling & Furong Zhuren. Of Women by Women: Two Erotic Novellas from Ming China, translated by Lenny Hu & R.W.L Guisso. Peter Lang, forthcoming.

Yao Ping, “Good Karmic Connections: Buddhist Mothers in Tang China,” Nannü 10.1 (2008): 57-85.

--- . “Women in Portraits: An Overview of Epitaphs from Early and Medieval China.” In Overt & Covert Treasures: Essays on the Sources for Chinese Women’s History, Clara Wing-chung He, ed., 157-184. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2012.

Yi Jo-lan. “Social Status, Gender Division and Institutions: Sources Relating to Women in Chinese Standard Histories.” In Overt & Covert Treasures: Essays on the Sources for Chinese Women’s History, Clara Wing-chung He, ed., 131-156. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2012.

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