SOCIAL STUDIES 7 THE 1775 INVASION OF CANADA



UNIT THREE: PART B NOTES American Invasion of Canada, (American Revolution), Loyalists, Constitution Act, War of 1812

Name ______________________________

Notes include: 1775 Invasion of Canada (Montreal and Quebec), Ch.6 Overview, Video Information Sheet: “A Question of Loyalties”.

THE 1775 INVASION OF CANADA (Notes given in class)

I The Unhappy Thirteen Colonies

~ during the years previous to and following the Quebec Act (1774), the Thirteen Colonies were increasingly

UNHAPPY with the British government. (Even though the Quebec Act was an attempt to compromise between

the 13 colonies, the French , and the First Nations.)

~ they refused to be taxed to keep British troops in the Colonies without their approval ( “No Taxation without

Respresentation”).

~ in 1773 a shipload of tea was dumped into Boston harbour because of high tariffs; Britain responded by

closing the port; Britain enacted new laws “Intolerable” to the Colonies.

~ the American Revolution began with fighting in Lexington, Mass. In 1775.

II Attacks on Montreal and Quebec

~ General George Washington hoped to unite the whole continent against Britain. He want both English and

French people in the colonies to rebel against British rule.

~ he sent an army to two locations: Montgomery led a troop to Montreal (up L. Champlain) and

Arnold led a troop to Quebec through Maine).

~ most Canadiens (ie. French-speaking Canadians) didn’t want to fight and they remained neutral; British merchants

living in Quebec were uncertain too.

~ Gov. Carleton escaped to Quebec while Montreal surrendered to Montgomery’s army.

~ Montgomery marched to Quebec, meeting Arnold’s army, which was severely depleted after the journey.

(of illness, desertion, very poor conditions)

~ it was winter, and many soldiers would be leaving the army at the end of the year, therefore the Americans

had to attack.

~ they ended up attacking in a blinding snowstorm on Dec. 31, 1775; Carleton had been warned of the attack and British troops were able to defeat the Americans, killing Montgomery and wounding Arnold.

~ the American invasion failed (the Americans did not attack Nova Scotia, where the British navy was stationed), and Canada remained separate from the U.S. at this time.

American Revolution, Loyalists, Constitution Act

Notes from blue textbook (pp. 169-187) “The United States Breaks Away”

I Conflict in the Thirteen Colonies

1. Because Britain was in debt after the Seven Years’ War, but wanted to keep

British troops in the Thirteen Colonies, it wanted the people of the Thirteen

Colonies to pay for them.

a) What did the British gov’t do in order to pay these troops?

b) Explain why the Thirteen Colonies refused to do this?

2. Rebellion resulted, and in 1776, what did the United States declare?

3. How long did the American war of independence, or American Revolution, last?

4. The people of the Thirteen Colonies were divided. Those who supported the revolution

were called _____________, while those who remained loyal to Britain were called

____________________________________________.

5. Look at the map on p.172. Note the size of Quebec. Its size was due to the Quebec

Act. Why were neither First Nations nor the Thirteen Colonies happy about this?

6. Read “History Happens” on p. 173. Why did some Loyalists get tarred and feathered?

7. Thousands of people became refugees, forced to leave the Thirteen Colonies because

they supported staying under British rule, or they just did not want to fight. These

included not only those with British ancestors, but also what other three groups of

people?

8. Pp. 175 – 178 present stories of individuals from four groups of Loyalists. Choose one story,

and write a brief summary of it. Begin with the person’s name and identity.

9. Using the map on p.180, draw the arrows showing the Loyalist migration (4). The star represents

New York City.

II Challenges Created by the Loyalist Migration

10. By 1790, many British people now lived in Quebec. Explain why this was a problem for both

the Loyalists and the Canadiens (French Canadians)?

11. The Loyalist migration had a big impact on First Nations. Originally, Britain negotiated treaties

of “_________________________________”, but now with the population growing Britain

began negotiating ___________ treaties. Although First Nations were supposed to agree to

give up their land before settlers moved in, this did not always happen.

12. a) What happened to the Mi’kmaq peoples in Nova Scotia?

b) Why didn’t the British gov’t have to negotiate treatises with them?

13. Many Loyalists settled in what was then still Nova Scotia; these were new settlers, living in a

different geographic area and with different needs from the older established settlers. As a result,

Britain created a new colony called ____________________ in _________ (see top of p.185).

At the same time Cape Breton Island and St. John Island (now P.E.I) were established.

14. In Quebec Britain had the problem of trying to keep both the French and the loyal English

happy. Britain responded with the Constitution Act in what year? _________. List the four

terms of the Act given on p. 185.

VIDEO INFORMATION – CANADA: A PEOPLE’S HISTORY Part 5: A Question of Loyalties (The Quebec Act, American Invasion, American Revolution, Loyalists, Constitution Act)

1. Quebec has become part of the British Empire without losing its French culture. Guy Carleton feels secure; the French Canadians seem content.

2. However, rebellion is brewing. A Montreal merchant, Thomas Walker, who hates British rule, invites Canadians to join the American revolution against Britain.

3. The Roman Catholic Church counsels Roman Catholic parishioners to accept or reject the Revolution?

____________________________________________ Why? _______________________________________

4. Do most Canadians want to involved in the revolution? ___________

I Invasion

1.a) In the summer of 1775, Washington sends two forces to Canada, to which cities? ________________ and ________________________.

b) These forces are led by what two leaders? _________________and ___________________

2. Americans, with some Canadians, lay siege to Fort St. Jean, outside Montreal, capturing it after ____ weeks. A few days later, they take Montreal.

3. Benedict Arnold, en route to Quebec City, must travel _________ miles longer than expected, due to an outdated map. They are in terrible shape, reduced to eating ______________ and ___________________. Only __________ remain of the 1200 men who set out.

4. Governor Guy Carleton does not hold out much hope of saving Quebec.

II The Siege

1. Carleton orders all those who have not joined the militia to ___________________________________________

2. On what day do the Americans attack? ______________________________________

3. The Canadian/British are outnumbered _______ to _______, but the Americans, in blinding snow, never see them.

4. Carleton takes a company of militia around to block the retreat of Arnold’s men. Because Arnold’s men are waiting to meet Montgomery and his men, who never show up, they are doomed.

5. Quebec is saved from American victory.

III The World Turned Upside Down

1. The American Revolution, by 1776 (the year of the Declaration of Independence), has left Americans deeply divided between rebels, who support independence, and British Loyalists.

2. The revolution makes refugees of 100,000 Loyalists. _____________ of them move to Canada.

3. Hannah Ingraham’s mother did not hear form her husband for _______ years, during the seven he fought with the British army.

IV His Majesty’s Loyal Allies

1. The Revolution becomes a civil war, as rebels and Loyalists inflict savageries on each other.

Back in the winter of 1775, ______________________, a Mohawk chief, sailed to England as an emissary for the Six Nations (Mohawks, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Tuscarora, and Seneca tribes). These tribes are afraid of losing their land to growing American populations.

2. Brant’s men fight in many battles for the _________________. In consequence, the rebels, by Washington’s command, lay waste to Aboriginal villages. The remaining peoples must move farther west to begin new settlements.

V Exile

1. In 1781, the British suffer their final defeat in the revolutionary war. Though the battle continues two more years, Loyalists know they must leave.

2. By 1783, New York City is teeming with Loyalist refugees seeking to be evacuated. The majority of them choose to go ______________________________.

VI Nova Scotia

1. The flood of Loyalists landing in Nova Scotia nearly ________________ the population overnight.

2. Many of the 20,000 refugees spend their first winter in ______________.

3. Hannah Ingraham and her family settle in Fredericton, New Brunswick. She never marries, and lives to be _______ years old.

4. Black workers are driven out of Shelbourne, Nova Scotia, by white merchants, when they take menial jobs. In January 1791, black Loyalists join a free colony in _____________________, west Africa. Many former slaves, however, stay in Canada and become landowners and builders, though slavery is not abolished in British North America for another 40 years.

VII The Upper Country

1. By 1791, The Upper Country has the fastest growing population in North America.

2. New Brunswick, separated from Nova Scotia, has already been established. In June 1791, Quebec is divided into two colonies, Upper and Lower Canada, each with its own _________________________________________. American settlers (with no British loyalties) soon begin to arrive in Canada, which for the time being causes no problems, but will within the next fifteen years, when loyalty again becomes a question.

THE WAR OF 1812 (Notes in class) Read red text, pp. 126-127

1. Who declared war?

2. When was war declared?

3. Why was war declared?

a)

b)

Some historians claim the “unofficial” reason for the war the American desire to settle on lands protected for the Aboriginals by the British.

4. How did the war proceed?

The Americans began the war by attacking Upper Canada. At that time the population of the U.S. was ___________________ and Canada only had ______________. Therefore, the Americans were very _______________________________________________ and take over Canada, a “mere matter of __________________”.

Britain supplied ___________________________________ for this war, and they fought alongside many ___________________________________, who were encouraged to fight for Britain by a ___________________________ of the Shawnee nation, ______________. Some Canadians fought, and some settlers in Upper Canada recently from the States became ___________________.

One very capable _______________________ was Sir Isaac Brock, who believed that ____________________________________________________________: the word impossible should not be found in a soldier’s dictionary”. After he led his men to an __________________________________________ at Detroit, he and his army hurried back to the Niagara River, and faced the ____________________________ in the fall of 1812. On Oct. 13, 1812, he and his troops __________________________________ invasion at the Battle of Queenston Heights; hover, Brock himself ____________________________

________________________ of soldiers up a hill.

There were many other battles. York (now Toronto) was ____________________________ in the spring of 1813; there were many _______________________________________ on the Niagara peninsula, and on the east end of Lake Erie; Lake Erie itself was “won” by the Americans in a ________________________________ battle, there was an attempt to take Montreal; Michilimackinac was taken by the British and ______________________________

_________________________ by an act of bold daring; Washington, DC was burned; a completely _____________________________was made by the British as far south as New Orleans, at the same moment as the __________________________________________, far away in Brussels, Belgium.

Neither side was ______________________________; many, many mistakes were made; the war ended finally in the _________________ with a peace treaty.

A result of the War of 1812 was the establishment of the border between Canada and the U.S.A. as far as the present-day Ontario-Manitoba border.

Battles of the War of 1812

Put a red or blue mark beside every battle number. You may also colour the numbers on the map.

RED = British (and/or Canadian) victory

BLUE = American victory

1. Tippecanoe Nov. 1811 14, Chateauguay Oct. 1813

2. Capture of Cuyahoga Packet July 1812 15. Chrysler’s Farm Nov. 1813

3. Fort Mackinac July 1812 16. Buffalo Dec. 1812

4. Fall of Detroit Aug. 1812 17. Longwoods Mar. 1814

5. Brownstown Aug. 1812 18. Lundy’s Lane July 1814

6. Queenston Heights Oct. 1812 19. Capture of Fort Erie July 1814

7. Lacolle Mills Nov. 1812 20. Chippewa July 1814

8. Ogdensburg Dec. 1812 21, Burning of Washington Aug. 1814

9. Frenchtown (River Raison) Jan. 1812 22. Lake Champlain Sept. 1814

10. Sacket’s Harbour May 1813 23. Cook’s Mills Oct. 1814

11. Fort Mieg’s May 1813 24. New Orleans Jan. 1815

12. York (Toronto) April 1813

13. Lake Erie Sept. 1813

Video Information Canada: A People’s History – Part 5 A Question of Loyalties

I “A Mere Matter of Marching”

1. British war ships are seizing American ships bound for Europe, and pressing American seamen into the royal navy.

2. Britain is too distant to attack. Jefferson boasts that taking British North America will be a “mere matter of marching”.

3. General Isaac Brock will have to defend Upper Canada, especially at ____________________ and along the ______________________ frontier.

4. The “unexpected ally” for Brock is ____________________, the Shawnee Chief. The aboriginals are determined never to give up the land of their ancestors.

5. There are only ___________ British troops in Upper Canada, and many recent settlers from America (whose loyalty can’t be trusted). Brock needs the help of the Aboriginals.

6. Brock says the people of Upper Canada have little confidence the war can be won, but he claims, “I, however, speak _____________ and look ___________!”.

7. On ______th June, ____________, President Madison signs a declaration of war against Great Britain.

8. At Fort George (near Niagara), Brock is entertaining American officers. Tomorrow, they will begin trying to kill each other!

II The Detroit Bluff

1. Fort Detroit poses an immediate threat to Upper Canada in August 1812 (because it will provide easy access into Canada). An American army of ______________ men is poised to invade the province. Brock wants to remove this threat; he heads to Detroit with _________ men to take the offensive (ie. rather than waiting for an American attack).

2. Tecumseh has 600 (Aboriginal) men ready to fight.

3. Brock disguises _______ militia men from Upper Canada (ie. these are not soldiers trained for war) as British “Red Coats”, so it looks like they are members of the professional army.

4. On Aug. 16, 1812, Brock’s army marches to the fort.

5. Brick’s army is outnumbered ____ to ____, but they have one big advantage – the Americans are terrified of the Indians.

6. Brock fires at the fort for two hours, and General Hull (leader of the Americans at Detroit) ____________________ without a fight.

7. Detroit is a _____________ victory for Brock and Tecumseh. Best of all, Upper Canada now has hopes the Americans can be beaten.

III Queenston Heights

1. In the fall of 1812, a second American army intends to avenge the fall of Detroit.

2. On Oct. 13, in the early hours of the morning, the two sides are hurling musket balls across the river from each other.

3. On the water ____________ American troops are crossing over to the Canadian side, a fullscale invasion. In a surprise attack, they seize the ______________________.

4. Brock attempts a desperate counter-attack at daybreak, but it fails.

5. The fate of Upper Canada rests in the hands of _____ Mohawk warriors, led by the adopted son of Joseph Brant (John Norton (half Cherokee, half Scottish Métis).

6. Outnumbered _____ to ____, the warriors strike and run, killing many Americans; meantime, Canadian and British troops arrive, break cover, and advance on the Americans, who leave their cannon and run.

7. The American commander ___________________, delivering _________ prisoners. The second American army has fallen.

8. The battle has been costly for both armies. Many American soldiers have fallen; and in the desperate charge at dawn, a sniper had recognize Brock’s uniform and had _____________ him. Britain and Canada have lost a great general; both the British and the American armies give Sir Isaac Brock a 21-gun salute at his burial.

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