PDF Topics in the History of Neuroscience

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Topics in the History of Neuroscience

PSYO/NESC 4587 [Dalhousie University, Faculty of Science]

HSTC 4301.03 [King's College History of Science and Technology]

Winter (Jan-April) 2016

Tuesdays & Thursdays 4:00-5:30 pm Room = Dunn 221C CHANGE

Professor: Richard E. Brown

E-mail: rebrown@dal.ca

LSC Room # 3335

Office hours: Tuesday and Thursday 2:00-4:00 PM or by appointment

Course website on BBLEARN (OWL). Contact Jackie Benedict [Jacqueline.Benedict@dal.ca]

This course examines the history of the attempts to find the neurobiological basis for human thought and behaviour. This will involve the examination of the theories, methods and experimental data, which have attempted to link neural activity with thought and behaviour. Historical documents and web-based resources will be used to examine original sources.

Assignments. The course will consist of lectures by the professor and student presentations. Students will be expected to do the readings each week and write 3 short reports throughout the term (10 marks each), which will be presented to the class. Students will also present 3 long papers to the class as Power point presentations (3 x 20 marks) and participate in class discussions (10 marks). The final "term paper" will be an essay or website created by each student on one aspect of the history of Neuroscience (50 marks).

Grades. Three short reports @10 marks each Three presentations @20 marks each Class discussion participation Website/Term paper For a total grade out of

= 30 = 60 = 10 = 50

150 marks.

Grades are assessed on the Faculty of Science scale: 80%; 85%; 90% = A-, A, A+ 70%; 73%; 77% = B-, B, B+ 55%; 60%; 65% = C-, C, C+ 50% = D Below 50% = F.

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Background readings in Neuroscience.

Because some students in the History of Science program may not have a background in neuroscience, the following background reading will be useful.

Two small booklets introducing Neuroscience.

Brain Facts: a primer on the brain and nervous system. Published by the Society for Neuroscience. 96 pages. Available on-line. []

Neuroscience: the Science of the Brain. Published by the British Neuroscience Association and the European Dana Alliance for the Brain. 60 pages. Download from the Internet.

Some introductory Neuroscience textbooks.

Bear, M.F., Connors, B.W., and Paradiso, A.P. 2016. Neuroscience: Exploring the brain. (4th edition). Philadelphia: Lippincott. This book is an excellent introduction to neuroscience.

Purves, D., Augustine, G.J., Fitzpatrick, D., Hall, W.C., LaMantia, A.-S. and White, L.E. 2012. Neuroscience, 5th edition. Sinauer Associates.

Diamond, M.C., Scheibel, A.B., and Elson, L.M. 1985. The human brain coloring book. New York. Barnes and Noble Books. A fun way to learn neuroanatomy.

Nolte, J. 2009. The human brain, Sixth edition. St. Louis, Mosby. An introduction to functional neuroanatomy. .

Some background references in the History of Neuroscience

Afifi, A.K. & Bergman, R.A. 1998. Functional neuroanatomy, New York: McGraw-Hill. The margins of this text are filled with historical facts about the origins of neuroanatomical structures and discoveries.

Brazier, M.A.B. 1988. A History of Neurophysiology in the 19th Century, New York: Raven Press.

Burrell, B. 2004. Postcards from the brain museum: The improbable search for meaning in the matter of famous minds. New York: Broadway books. (356 pages)

Clarke, E. and Dewhurst, K. 1972. An Illustrated History of Brain Function, Berkeley: University of California Press.

Clarke, E. and O'Malley, C.D. 1968. The Human Brain and Spinal Cord, Berkeley: University of California Press.

Finger, S. 1994. The Origins of Neuroscience: A History of Explorations into Brain Function. New York: Oxford University Press. (462 pages).

Finger, S. 2000. Minds behind the brain: A history of the pioneers and their discoveries. New York: Oxford University Press. (364 pages)

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Glickstein, M. 2014. Neuroscience: A historical introduction. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.

Gross, C.G., 1998. Brain, Vision, Memory. Tales in the History of Neuroscience, Cambridge MA, MIT Press.

Marshall, L.H. & Magoun, H.W. 1998. Discoveries in the Human Brain, Totowa, Humana Press.

Martensen, R.L., 2004. The Brain Takes Shape. An Early History, New York: Oxford University Press.

Millon, T. 2004. Masters of the Mind. Exploring the Story of Mental Illness from Ancient Times to the New Millennium, Hoboken (NJ): Wiley.

Rose, F.C. and Bynum, W.F. 1982. Historical Aspects of the Neurosciences. A Festschrift for Macdonald Critchely. New York: Raven Press.

Sebastian, A. 2000. Dates in Medicine. A Chronological Record of Medical Progress Over Three Millennia, New York: Parthenon.

Shepherd, G.M., 1991. Foundations of the Neuron Doctrine, New York: Oxford University Press.

Shepherd, G.M. 2010. Creating modern neuroscience: The revolutionary 1950's. Oxford University Press.

Swanson, L.W. 2015. Neuroanatomical terminology: A lexicon of classical origins and historical foundations. Oxford University Press.

Squire, L. (editor). 1996-2014. The history of neuroscience in autobiography, 8 volumes. Published by the Society for Neuroscience. Each volume details the lives and discoveries of 14-16 eminent neuroscientists.

Swartz, B.E. and Goldenshon, E.S. 1998. Timeline of the history of EEG and associated fields, Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 106:173-176.

van Hemmen, J. L. & Sejnowski, T. 2006. 23 Problems in Systems Neuroscience. Oxford University Press.

Wickins, A.P. 2015. A history of the brain: From stone age surgery to modern neuroscience. New York: Psychology Press. (389 pages).

What if you wanted to buy a book for this course? The top 3 would be:

1. Wickins, A.P. 2015. A history of the brain: From stone age surgery to modern neuroscience. New York: Psychology Press. (389 pages). This book seems to have been written for this course.

2. Finger, S. 2000. Minds behind the brain: A history of the pioneers and their discoveries. New York: Oxford University Press. (364 pages) Biographical chapters in the history of neuroscience.

3. Finger, S. 1994. The Origins of Neuroscience: A History of Explorations into Brain Function. New York: Oxford University Press. (462 pages). An encyclopedic history of neuroscience.

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Course outline 2016

Class 1. Tues. 5 January 2016. Course outline. Why study the History of Neuroscience? The vanishing history of Neuroscience. The History of Neuroscience in Milan, Italy.

Readings:

Brown, R.E. 2014. Why study the history of neuroscience? Unpublished MS. [unwritten!]

Brown R.E. 2014. The vanishing history of neuroscience. Unpublished MS. [unwritten!]

Oxford University History of Neuroscience [History of medical sciences] website []

1.1. Santoro, G., Wood, M.D., Merlo, L., Anastasi, G.P., Tomasello, F., German?, A. 2009. The anatomic location of the soul from the heart, through the brain, to the whole body, and beyond: A journey through western history, science and philosophy. Neurosurgery 65: 633?643.

1.2. Kandel, E.R. and Squire, L.R. 2000. Neuroscience: Breaking down scientific barriers to the study of brain and mind. Science 290: 1113-1120.

1.3. Langmoen, IA and Apuzzo, MLJ. 2007. The brain on itself: Nobel laureates and the history of fundamental nervous system function. Neurosurgery 61, 891?908.

1.4. Kelenmann, H. and Wade, N. 2014. A short history of European neuroscience from the late 18th to the mid 20th century. 10 pages. FENS website: []

Class 2. Th. 7 Jan. 2016. The History of Neuroscience in Florence, Italy. Leonardo da Vinci: Renaissance Neuroscientist. A Leonardo Tour of Italy.

Original sources.

The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci by Jean Paul Richter (1883)

Leonardo wrote backwards in Italian. His book on Human Anatomy was never published and all we have are the pages of figures and jottings that survived from his notebooks. Many of these have been translated and published. This is the first time that the Da Vinci notebooks have appeared on the Internet with all of the images in context. This electronic edition is based on the Project Gutenberg etext, with extensive additional material.

Readings:

2.1. Del Maestro, R.F. 1998. Leonardo da Vinci: the search for the soul. Journal of Neurosurgery 89: 874?887.

2.2. Pevsner, J. 2002. Leonardo da Vinci's contributions to neuroscience. Trends in Neurosciences 25: 217-220.

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2.3. Kemp, M. and Pagiavla, M. 2014. Inventory/The master's shelf. Culture: A quarterly journal of art and culture, issue 52 Celebration, pages 15-19.

2.4. Veltman. K. H. 1992. Leonardo da Vinci: Studies of the human body and principles of anatomy. Published in German as: Leonardo da Vinci Untersuchungen zum menschlichen K?rper. In: Gepeinigt, begehrt, vergessen. Symbolik und Sozialbezug des K?rpers im sp?ten Mittelalter und in der fruhen Neuzeit, ed. Klaus Schreiner, Bad Homburg: Werner Reimers Stiftung, 1992, pp. 287-308. [from the internet]

2.5. Gross, C.G. 1997. Leonardo da Vinci on the brain and eye. The Neuroscientist, 3, 347-354.

Class 3. Tues. 12 Jan. 2016. Leonardo da Vinci. Student presentations.

Three students will be asked to present their papers each week (10 or 20 mark papers). See study questions for class 3.

Class 4. Th. 14 Jan. 2016. Neuroscience in the ancient world 1: The ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks. Neuroscience in ancient India and China.

Original sources.

The Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus: Hieroglyphic Transliteration, Translation And Commentary V1 Hardcover ? May 23, 2010 by James Henry Breasted (Editor) This scarce antiquarian book is a facsimile reprint of the original.

The Edwin Smith Papyrus: Updated Translation of the Trauma Treatise and Modern Medical Commentaries Hardcover ? October 31, 2012 by Gonzalo M. Sanchez and Edmund S. Meltzer (Author)

This volume contains the original text, complete transcription into hieroglyphs, transliteration, English translation, philological apparatus and copiously illustrated medical commentaries for the 48 clinical cases of the Edwin Smith Papyrus, as well as extensive bibliographical resources, and a lucid introduction exploring the importance of the document, the history of previous scholarship, and distinctive aspects of the current edition. It offers an authoritative treatment of the Egyptian text, which clarifies the meaning of many passages from the papyrus and points the way to their correct medical interpretation.

The Edwin Smith Papyrus is the first comprehensive trauma treatise in the history of medicine. Not only is it the source of numerous anatomical and functional concepts of the nervous system, it is the basis for the development of modern objective clinical thinking, establishing the foundations of modern medicine more than a thousand years before Hippocrates.

The volume features an impressive array of medical material that reveals the precise conditions described by the ancient physician and explores the Egyptian contribution to modern diagnostics, clinical practice, and methodology. This publication sets the standard in the presentation of ancient medical documents. It also includes the previously unpublished translation of the papyrus by Edwin Smith himself.

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Readings:

4.1. Wilkins, R.H. 1964. Neurosurgical classic-XVII. Edwin Smith surgical papyrus. Journal of Neurosurgery, March 1964: 240?244.

4.2. Stiefel, M., Shaner, A., and Schaefer, S.D. 2006. The Edwin Smith papyrus: the birth of analytical thinking in medicine and otolaryngology. Laryngoscope 116: 182-188.

4.3. Hart, G.D. 1965. Asclepius, God of medicine. Canadian Medical Association Journal 92: 232236.

4.4. Debernardi, A., et al. 2010. Alcmaeon of Croton. Neurosurgery 66: 247-252.

4.5. Doty, R.W. 2007. Alkmaion's discovery that brain creates mind: a revolution in human knowledge comparable to that of Copernicus and of Darwin. Neuroscience 147: 561-568.

4.6. Crivellato, E. and Ribatti, D. 2007. Soul, mind, brain: Greek philosophy and the birth of neuroscience. Brain Research Bulletin 71: 327?336.

4.7. Demetrios J. Sahlas,D.J. 2001. Functional neuroanatomy in the Pre-Hippocratic Era: Observations from the Iliad of Homer. Neurosurgery 48: 1352-1357.

4.8. Hippocrates: On head wounds. Edited and translated by Maury Hanson, 1999. Berlin.

4.9. Martin, G. 2000. Was Hippocrates a beginner at trepanning and where did he learn? Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 7: 500-502.

4.10. Panourias, IG., Skiadas, PK, Sakas, DE, and Marketos, SG. 2005. Hippocrates: A pioneer in the treatment of head injuries. Neurosurgery, 57: 181-189.

4.11. Retief, FP and Cilliers, L. 2008. The nervous system in antiquity. South African Medical Journal 98(10): 768-772.

4.12. Subbarayappa, B.V. 2001. The roots of ancient medicine: An historical outline. J. Biosci. 26: 135144. Covers Egyptian, Greek, Arabic, Indian and Chinese medicine.

4.13. [India] Mishra S, Trikamji B, Singh S, Singh P, Nair R. 2013. Historical perspective of Indian neurology. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 16: 467-477.

4.14. [China] Hong, F.F. 2004. History of medicine in China. McGill Journal of Medicine 8: 79-84.

4.15. [China]. Han, J-S. 2008. Special issue entitled "Neuroscience in China". Cell Molec Neurobiol. 28: 1-155.

Class 5. Tues. 19 Jan. 2016. Neuroscience in the ancient world 2: Aristotle. Alexandria.

Readings: 5.1. Barnes, J. 1984. The complete works of Aristotle. Volume 1. Princeton University Press.

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5.2. Gross. C.G. 1995. Aristotle on the brain. The Neuroscientist 1: 245-250.

5.3. Clarke, E. and Stannard, J. 1963. Aristotle and the anatomy of the brain. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 18:130-48.

5.4. Crivellato, E. and Ribatti, D. 2007. A portrait of Aristotle as an anatomist: Historical article. Clinical Anatomy 20: 477?485.

5.5. Chapman PH. 2001. The Alexandrian Library: crucible of a renaissance. Neurosurgery 49: 1-13.

5.6. Serageldin I. 2013. Ancient Alexandria and the dawn of medical science. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract. 2013: 395-404.

5.7. Acar F, Naderi S, Guvencer M, T?re U, Arda MN. 2005. Herophilus of Chalcedon: a pioneer in neuroscience. Neurosurgery 56: 861-867.

5.8. Wiltse LL and Pait TG. 1998. Herophilus of Alexandria (325-255 B. C.). The father of anatomy. Spine 23: 1904-1914.

BOOK: Heinrich Von Staden 1989. Herophilus: The art of medicine in early Alexandria. [King's College R126 H373 V66 2004]

Class 6. Th. 21 Jan. 2016. Neuroscience in the ancient world 3: Roman Empire and Galen. Byzantium.

6.1. Gross, C.G. 1998. Galen and the squealing pig. Neuroscientist 4: 216-221.

6.2. Shoja MM, Tubbs RS, Ghabili K, Griessenauer CJ, Balch MW, Cuceu M. 2015. The Roman Empire legacy of Galen (129-200 AD). Childs Nerv Syst. 31(1): 1-5.

6.3. Riese, W. 1968. The structure of Galen's diagnostic reasoning. Bull. N. Y. Acad. Med. 44: 778-791.

6.4. Totelin, L.M.V. 2012. And to end on a poetic note: Galen's authorial strategies in the pharmacological books Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 43: 307?315.

6.5. Stavros J. Baloyannis. The Neurosciences in the Byzantine era

6.6. Missios S, Bekelis K, Roberts DW. 2014. Neurosurgery in the Byzantine Empire: the contributions of Paul of Aegina (625-690 AD). J Neurosurg. 120: 244-249.

6.7. Economou, NT and Lascaratos, J. 2005. The Byzantine physicians on epilepsy. J Hist Neurosci. 14: 346-352.

BOOK. Margaret Tallmadge May. 1968. Galen: On the usefulness of the parts of the body. 2 Volumes. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 802 pages.

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BOOK. Duckworth, W.L.H. 1962. Galen: On anatomical procedures. The later books. Cambridge University Press, 279 pages.[Book IX ch 6 to book XV]

BOOK. Rocca, J. 2003. Galen on the brain. Leiden: Brill. 313 pages.

BOOK. Finger, S. 2000. Minds behind the brain. Oxford University Press. [Ch.4. Galen]

Class 7. Tues. 26 Jan. 2016. Surgical tools. Trephaning and early brain surgery. Medicinal plants.

Readings:

7.1. Bliquez LJ. 2015. The tools of Asclepius: Surgical instruments in Greek and roman times. Studies in Ancient Medicine 43: IX-XXXV, 1-439.

7.2. Bliquez LJ. 1982. Roman surgical instruments in the Johns Hopkins University Institute of the History of Medicine. Bull Hist Med. 56(2):195-217.

7.3. Bliquez LJ. 1982. The tools of Asclepius: The surgical gear of the Greeks and Romans. Veterinary Surgery 11: 150-156.

7.4. Anonymous. 1916. Primitive Trephining. The British Medical Journal, Vol. 2, No. 2900 (Jul. 29, 1916), pp. 150-151

7.5 West, J. F. 1879. Trephaning for traumatic epilepsy. The British Medical Journal, Vol. 2, No. 987 (Nov. 29, 1879), pp. 865-866

7.6. Clower, W.T. and Finger, S. 2001. Discovering trepanation: The contribution of Paul Broca. Neurosurgery 49: 1417?1425.

7.7. Finger, S. and Clower, W.T. 2001. Victor Horsley on "Trephining in Pre-historic Times" Neurosurgery 48: 911?918.

7.8. Papagrigorakis, M.J., Toulas, P., Tsilivakos, M.G., Kousoulis, A.A., Skorda, D., Orfanidis, G., and Synodinos, P.N. 2014. Neurosurgery During the Bronze Age: A Skull Trepanation in 1900 BC Greece World Neurosurg. 81: 431-435.

7.9. Gross C G. 1989. A hole in the head. Neuroscientist 5: 263-269.

7.10. Tullo, E. 2010. Trepanation and Roman medicine: a comparison of osteoarchaeological remains, material culture and written texts. Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh 40: 165171.

7.11. Jamila, F. and Mostafa, E. 2014. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by people in Oriental Morocco to manage various ailments. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 154: 76-87.

7.12. Petrovska, BB. 2012. Historical review of medicinal plants' usage. Pharmacognosy Review 6(11): 1-5.

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