2008 AP® UNITED STATES HISTORY FREE-RESPONSE …



2008 AP® UNITED STATES HISTORY FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS

UNITED STATES HISTORY

SECTION II

Part A

(Suggested writing time—45 minutes)

Percent of Section II score—45

Directions: The following question requires you to construct a coherent essay that integrates your interpretation of Documents A-J and your knowledge of the period referred to in the question. High scores will be earned only by essays that both cite key pieces of evidence from the documents and draw on outside knowledge of the period.

1. To what extent and in what ways were the actions of the federal government responsible for the increasing social and political tensions between the North and South prior to the Civil War?

Use the documents and your knowledge of the time period 1820 - 1861 in constructing your response.

Document A

| |

|Source: The diary of John Quincy Adams, 1820. |

| |

|The division in Congress and the nation is nearly equal on both sides. The argument on the free side is, the moral and political duty|

|of preventing the extension of slavery in the immense country from the Mississippi River to the South Sea. The argument on the slave |

|side is, that Congress have no power by the Constitution to prohibit slavery in any State, and the zealots say, not in any Territory.|

|The proposed compromise is to admit Missouri, and hereafter Arkansas, as states, without any restriction upon them regarding slavery,|

|but to prohibit the future introduction of slaves in all Territories of the United States north of 36º 30’ latitude. I told these |

|gentlemen that my opinion was, the question could be settled no otherwise than by a compromise. |

Document B

| |

|Source: South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification, 1832. |

| |

|We, therefore, the people of the State of South Carolina in Convention assembled, do declare and ordain…That the several acts and |

|parts of acts of the Congress of the United States, purporting to be laws for the imposing of duties and imposts on the |

|importation of foreign commodities…and, more especially…[the tariff acts of 1828 and 1832]…are unauthorized by the Constitution of|

|the United States, and violated the true meaning and intent thereof, and are null, void, and no law, nor binding upon this State, |

|its officers or citizens; and all promises, contracts, and obligations made or entered into, or to be made or enter into, with |

|purpose to secure the duties imposed by the said acts, and all judicial proceedings which shall be hereafter had an affirmance |

|thereof, are and shall be held utterly null and void. |

Document C

| |

|Source: John C. Calhoun’s speech to Congress, 1850. |

| |

|It was caused by the legislation of this Government, which was appointed, as the common agent of all, and charged with the |

|protection of the interests and security of all. The legislation by which it has been effected, may be classed under three heads. |

|The first is, that series of acts by which the South has been excluded from the common territory belonging to all the States as |

|members of the Federal Union- which have had the effect of extending vastly the portion allotted to the Northern section, and |

|restricting within narrow limits the portion left to the South. The next consists of adopting a system of revenue and |

|disbursements, by which an undue proportion of the burden of taxation has been imposed upon the South, and an undue proportion of |

|its proceeds appropriated to the North; and the last is the system of political measure, by which the original character of the |

|Government has been radically changed… |

Document D

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|Source: Speech to the Senate by William H. Seward of New York, 1850. |

| |

|But, sir, if I could overcome my repugnance to compromises in general, I should object to this one, on the ground of the inequality |

|and incongruity of the interests to be compromised. Why, sir, according to the views I have submitted, California ought to come in, |

|and must come in, whether slavery stands or falls in the District of Columbia, whether slavery stands or falls in New Mexico and |

|Eastern California and even whether slavery stands or falls in the slave States. |

Document E

| |

|Source: Fugitive Slave Law notice, 1851. |

| |

|[pic] |

Document F

| |

|Source: Letter to Congress from Senators and Representatives, 1854. |

| |

|As Senators and Representatives in the Congress of the United States it is our duty to warn our constituents, whenever imminent |

|danger menaces the freedom of our institutions or the permanency of the Union… |

|We arraign this bill as a gross violation of a sacred pledge; as a criminal betrayal of precious rights; as part and parcel of an |

|atrocious plot to exclude from a vast unoccupied region immigrants from the Old World and free laborers from our own states, and |

|convert it into a dreary region of despotism, inhabited by masters and slaves…This immense region, occupying the very heart of the |

|North American Continent, and larger, by thirty-three thousand square miles, than all of the existing free States- including |

|California…this immense region the bill now before the Senate, without reason and without excuse, but in flagrant disregard of sound |

|policy and sacred faith, purposes to open to slavery. |

Document G

| |

|Source: Lincoln—Davis, 1860. |

| |

|[pic] |

Document H

| |

|Source: Railroad Growth, 1840—1860. |

| |

|[pic] |

Document I

| |

|Source: The Crittenden Compromise, 1860. |

| |

|Whereas serious and alarming dissensions have arisen between the northern and southern states, concerning the rights and security of |

|the rights of the slaveholding States, and especially their rights in the common territory of the United States; and whereas it is |

|eminently desirable and proper that these dissensions, which now threaten the very existence of this Union, should be permanently |

|quieted and settled by constitutional provision, which shall do equal justice to all sections, and thereby restore to all the people |

|that peace and good-will which ought to prevail between all the citizens of the United States: Therefore, |

| |

|Resolved by the Senate and House of Representative of the United States of America in Congress assembled, (two thirds of both Houses |

|concurring,) That the following articles be, and are hereby, proposed and submitted as amendments to the Constitution of the United |

|States, which shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of said Constitution, when ratified by conventions of three-fourths|

|of the several States: |

Document J

| |

|Source: Secession Exploded, 1861. |

| |

|[pic] |

Beginning in the 1820’s, the growing differences between the North and South in Antebellum America were becoming increasingly evident. The southern region distinguished itself as an agrarian society, while the northern states focused on developing an industrialized economy. Although the federal government attempted to ease the growing tensions between the regions, it was ultimately unable to reconcile the North and South and preserve the Union as Civil War became inevitable amidst the resulting cultural and social differences adopted by each individual region.

The first political issue to require intervention by the federal government came with the Missouri crisis in which Missouri attempted to gain admittance to the Union as a slave state. This aroused conflict in the Senate and House of Representatives, however, because admitting a slave state would create an imbalance in which the Southern states would have an unfair advantage. Therefore, the northern members of the House refused to authorize the entry. In turn, those within the Senate who supported Missouri’s request prevented Maine from entering the Union as a free state. In order to restore harmony, Senator Henry Clay proposed a compromise in which both states would be granted statehood, with Missouri as slave state and Maine as a free state. While this compromise temporarily preserved political balance, it set a precedent of the number of free states matching that of slave states, thereby leaving a legacy of rivalry within the Legislative branch between the northern and southern delegates. This clash would present itself again, in the years to come as the question of slavery would become a pressing issue at the prospect of new territorial expansion. With the newly acquired Mexican territories, the first matter to be decided was whether to allow or prohibit slavery. The resolution came with the Compromise of 1850, suggested by Henry Clay, in which California would enter the Union as a free state, the territories would employ popular sovereignty, the boundary dispute between New Mexico and Texas would be settled, and the slave trade would be abolished in the District of Columbia, but not slavery itself. The final element of the Compromise was the Fugitive Slave Law, which was meant to appease the South as it allowed slaves to be captured and forcefully returned to their masters. Despite Clay’s intentions to please both the North and South, northerners’ refusal to abide by the slave law made it ultimately ineffective in solving the problem. The concept of popular sovereignty was first tested in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska. In a compromise composed by Stephen A. Douglas, it was suggested that Nebraska be admitted to the Union as a slave state with Kansas admitted as a free state because the land and climate were not adequate to maintain slavery. In adhering to the precedent of state admissions and maintaining the balance of Northern and Southern power, the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed, and peace seemed attainable. However, corruption would prevent this possibility as elections in Kansas were fixed to allow slavery, despite popular disapproval, following such disastrous events as Bleeding Kansas. Therefore, Northern and Southern social tensions were revived, and the dispute continued. One of the final attempts to settle this conflict before the outbreak of war came with the Crittenden Compromise proposed by Senator John J. Crittenden of Kentucky. He suggested that the line established by the Missouri Compromise be extended to the border of California and that slavery be enforced where it was already established. However, the newly elected President Lincoln encouraged Republicans to reject the Compromise based on his platform to oppose any extension of slavery. Thus, the Crittenden Compromise was destined to follow the trend of ultimate failure as previous compromises before it, displaying the weakness of the federal government and its inability to settle the conflict of slavery. The various compromises in fact had the adverse effect of increasing the likeliness of war in the immediate years to come.

As expansionism became increasingly popular, the conflicts instigated between the northern and southern regions began to move westward. The future of slavery rested upon the proposed Wilmot Proviso, created by David Wilmot, who hoped to shelter the West from the growing tensions of the North and the South about similar issues. The Wilmot Proviso banned slavery in any new territories gained from Mexico, which in turn, created a sense of disorder and rivalry between the House and the Senate. Antislavery advocates helped pass the proviso in the House, only to be met with rejection in the Senate, which was dominated by proslavery delegates. The escalating tensions amounting to the Wilmot Proviso initially began with Polk’s expansionist program, leading to the annexation of Texas as well as the Mexican-American War. Controversy began with Texas’ request to enter the Union, yet it was rejected for several years due to President Jackson’s fear of sparking a war with Mexico. Therefore, Texas remained an independent republic for several years, during which time the United States was engaged in war with Mexico, despite Jackson’s attempts to prevent such a result. When the question of its statehood was re-presented after the war, the federal government granted Texas entrance to the Union as a slave state, angering anti-slavery supporters and those who wished to maintain the balance of slave and free states. While the decision of the federal government to let Texas enter the Union was likely an attempt to compensate the South for such injustices as the Tariff of Abominations, the intended appeasement really intensified the ongoing conflict over the issue of slavery between the North and South. Popular sovereignty soon became the best method of deciding the position on slavery of the newly acquired territories. In allowing the residents of the new territories to decide for themselves, the federal government hoped that the involvement of the people would help to diminish the chaos and protests created by the issue. While this was greatly appreciated by many, southerners who promoted the spread of slavery into the west would not support a method that left room for the possibility of additional free states in the Union, and therefore, it was not an effective solution. The federal government tried yet again to reconcile with the hostile South in 1853 with the Gadsden Purchase, when the land of present-day southern Arizona and New Mexico was acquired with the intention of building a southern transcontinental railroad. However, intentions proved meaningless as the federal government would soon see the North as a more profitable region to begin their internal improvements.

As this time period also bore witness to the rising notion of Manifest Destiny in America, it was only natural for industrialism to follow. As citizens of the growing United States looked to expand westward, the idea of creating a National Road became a reality with its completion in 1839, thereby giving those formerly confined to the East a route to trade and hopeful prosperity in the west. This decision of the federal government was generally helpful to all American citizens, and may have been a step toward unity had it not then decided to pursue industrialization with the production of railroads. Understanding that connection to the west allowed for greater access to resources and financial greater opportunity, the federal government dramatically increased funding for railroads. However, this spending was unevenly distributed, for Northern states were granted far more federal support than the South because its industrial economy was expected to yield greater profits. This preferential treatment created hostility between the North and South as southerners were angered by the perceived favor of the federal government, and the popular theory emerged that the welfare of the South was no longer the interest of the government. These fears persisted after the passing of the Tariff of 1824, which clearly indicated the status of favor held by the North. With the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832, the Southern states were heavily taxed so as to benefit those in the North, while doing nothing to assist those in the South from which the money came. In their anger, these tariffs were called the Tariffs of Abominations to express the adamant objections felt by those in the South. The actions of the federal government mirrored the social conflict prevalent in America, and greatly contributed to the eventual threats of secession by the Southern states as they began to see leaving the Union as the only solution. Shortly following the imposition of these harsh tariffs, the people of South Carolina would lead the South in boldly declaring their discontentment.

As the people of the Southern states grew increasingly agitated with the tariffs enacted by the federal government, South Carolina sought to advance states’ rights by declaring the Tariff of Abominations null and void. In declaring their right to decide for themselves whether to follow a nationally imposed tariff or not, the state challenged the authority of the federal government. South Carolina then went as far as to threaten to secede should federal officials try to collect the taxes. In response, Congress enacted the Force Bill of 1833 which stated that military force could be used in South Carolina to enforce the tariffs. While on the surface the Force Bill was intended to preserve the Union at all costs, the federal government also wanted to remind the South of its power and strength. The Bill was successful in preventing a secession crisis, but it also showed the federal government’s readiness to take military action against any southern state threatening to secede. Not only did this arouse fear in southern minds, it further convinced them that the government no longer cared for their well-being, thereby increasing southern hostility. It grew to such a level that John C. Calhoun felt the need to address congress and outline the offenses committed against the South hoping to encourage the federal government to treat the North and South equally. Unfortunately, the federal government was unwilling to alter its methods of handling the threat of secession, and its continuation of favorable treatment of the North, along with the election in which Abraham Lincoln became president, made Civil War the only possible outcome. The ceaseless dispute between the regions brought sectionalism to its devastating conclusion. In the years to come, Jefferson Davis would challenge President Lincoln as the leader of the newly seceded Confederate States of America, and it would soon become clear that measures of violence would need to be taken in order to preserve the remains of a once prosperous union.

With the northern and southern regions becoming increasingly divided due to their established reputations, the significance of the issue of slavery gradually began to escalate, influencing the western region of the United States as well as the direction in which the country would be run. While the federal government attempted to harmonize the nation with numerous compromises, its efforts were unable to surpass the insurmountable tensions and conflicts, resulting in a divided nation and eventually, a civil war.

AP® UNITED STATES HISTORY

2008 Scoring Guidelines

Question 1—Document Based Question

To what extent and in what ways were the actions of the federal government responsible for the increasing social and political tensions between the North and South prior to the Civil War? Use the documents and your knowledge of the time period 1820 - 1861 in constructing your response.

The 8-9 Essay (Superior):

• Contains a strong, well developed thesis that demonstrates an understanding of the effect of the federal government’s actions in its attempt to alleviate tensions between the North and the South

• Supports the thesis with a wide range of evidence from the time period of 1820 to 1861

• Effectively uses a substantial number of documents (DBQ)

• Supports the thesis with substantial and relevant outside information

• Is clearly organized and well-written

• May contain minor errors

The 5-7 Essay (Competent):

• Contains a clear thesis which addresses the question to a certain extent

• Evidence provided is more descriptive than analytical

• Uses some documents effectively (DBQ)

• Supports thesis with some relevant outside information

• Shows evidence of acceptable organization and writing; language errors do not interfere with comprehension of the essay

• May contain errors that do not seriously detract from the quality of the essay

The 2-4 Essay (Flawed):

• Contains a limited, confused, and/or poorly developed thesis

• Deals with the question in a simplistic, superficial manner

• Merely paraphrases, quotes, or briefly cites the documents (DBQ)

• Contains little outside information, or information that is generally inaccurate or irrelevant

• May be poorly organized and/or written

• May contain major errors

The 0-1 Essay (Poor):

• Lacks a thesis, or simply restates the question

• Exhibits inadequate or incorrect understanding of the question

• Contains little or no understanding of the documents or ignores them completely (DBQ)

• Is so poorly organized or written that it inhibits understanding

• May contain substantial factual errors

The “--” Essay (Unacceptable):

• Blank or completely off task

AP® UNITED STATES HISTORY

2008 SCORING GUIDELINES

Question 1 Outside Information

Missouri Compromise – 1820

Tallmadge Amendment

Monroe Doctrine – 1823

Tariff of 1824

“Corrupt bargain” – 1824

Tariff of 1828 (Black Tariff, Tariff of Abominations)

“Nullification Theory” – 1828

The South Carolina Exposition and Protest – 1828

Revolution of 1828

Webster – Hayne Debate – 1830

Nat Turner’s Rebellion – 1831

Ordinance of Nullification – 1832

Proclamation to the People South Carolina – 1832

Force Bill of 1833

Second Bank of the United States

Jackson’s “pet-bank”

Rechartering Bill – 1836

Specie Circular of 1836

Gag – rule – 1836

Panic of 1837

Completion of the National Road – 1839

Independent Treasuring Act of 1840

Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842

Texas annexation – 1845

Mexican-American War – 1846-1848

Wilmot Proviso – 1846

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – 1848

Compromise of 1850

Fugitive Slave Act – 1850

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty – 1850

Gadsden Purchase – 1853

Kansas-Nebraska Act – 1854

Bleeding Kansas – 1856

Sack of Lawrence – 1856

Pottawtomic Massacre – 1856

Sumner-Brooks incident – 1856

Panic of 1857

Lincoln-Douglas debates – 1858

Freeport Doctrine – 1858

John Brown’s Raid at Harpers Ferry – 1859

Crittenden Compromise – 1860

South Carolina secedes – 1860

Presidential election of 1824

Presidential election of 1828

Presidential election of 1832

Presidential election of 1836

Presidential election of 1840

Presidential election of 1844

Presidential election of 1848

Presidential election of 1852

Presidential election of 1856

Presidential election of 1860

Jacksonian Presidency – 1829-1837

Kitchen Cabinet

Clay’s American System

States’ Rights

Two-Party System

Whigs

Liberty Party

American (Know-Nothing) Party

Anti-Masonic Party

“Fire-eaters”

Republican Party

Democratic Party

Patronage

Spoils System

Laissez-faire economics

Manifest Destiny

Ostend Manifesto

Great American Desert

Free-soil movement

Industrialization

Railroads

Squatter sovereignty

Popular sovereignty

Indian Removal Act – 1830

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia – 1831

“Trial of Tears” – 1832

Treaty of New Echota – 1835

Bureau of Indian Affairs – 1836

Abolitionism

American Anti-Slavery Society

Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Underground Railroad

Marshall Court

Taney Court

Cohens v. Virginia – 1821

Gibbons v. Ogden – 1821

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia – 1831

Worcester v. Georgia – 1832

Charles River Bridge Co. v. Warren Bridge Co. – 1837

Mayor of New York v. Miln – 1837

Briscoe v. Bank of Kennedy – 1837

Commonwealth v. Hunt – 1842

Ableman v. Booth – 1859

Dred Scot v. Stanford – 1857

John Quincy Adams

Nicholas Biddle

James G. Birney

John Breckinridge

John Bell

Albert Brown

John Brown

James Buchanan

John C. Calhoun

Lewis Cass

Henry Clay

William Crawford

John J. Crittenden

Jefferson Davis

Stephen A. Douglas

Frederic Douglass

Milliard Fillmore

Colonel John Fremont

James Gadsden

William Lloyd Garrison

Grimke sisters

William Henry Harrison

Harriet Jacobs

Andrew Jackson

Abraham Lincoln

Major Stephen Long

John Marshall

James Monroe

Franklin Pierce

James Polk

General Winfield Scott

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Roger B. Taney

Zachary Taylor

Sojourner Truth

Harriet Tubman

John Tyler

Martin van Buren

Daniel Webster

Theodore Dwight Weld

David Wilmot

AP® UNITED STATES HISTORY

2008 SCORING GUIDELINES

Question 1 Document Information and Inferences

Document A: The diary of John Quincy Adams, 1820

Document Information:

• Issue of slavery has divided Congress equally

• Adams proposes that the issue of slavery will only be solved through compromise

• Free side (North) opposes the extension of slavery on moral grounds

• Slave side (South) argues that Congress does not have constitutional authority to prohibit slavery

• Proposed compromise calls for Missouri and Arkansas to enter the Union without any restrictions regarding slavery, and to prohibit slavery in the states north of 36(30’ latitude

Document Inferences:

• Widespread demand for popular sovereignty to help alleviate the conflict of slavery in new states

• These proposals established the Missouri Compromise, which set a precedent to balance the power in Congress between free and slave states

• Tensions in Congress instigated fears of possible separation in the Union resulting from the issue of slavery

Potential outside information triggered by document:

Henry Clay’s American System Henry Clay’s Missouri Compromise

Henry Clay’s Compromise of 1850 James Monroe’s presidency

Document B: South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification, 1832

Document Information:

• South Carolina convention declares that certain tariff acts of Congress are unconstitutional

• The state thereby declares that they have the right to null and void these acts

• The citizens of South Carolina are not obligated to adhere to these restrictions

Document Inferences:

• Congress enacted several restrictions on importations and deportations

• The tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were known as the Tariff of Abominations

• The Tariff of Abominations were seen to favor the North more than the South

• Many southern states believed that the threat of secession was the only means of combating the acts of Congress

• Congress and President Jackson likely reacted to the Ordinance with anger and firm rejection

Potential outside information triggered by document:

Andrew Jackson Force Bill of 1833

John C. Calhoun Railroads

The South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828) The Great Webster-Hayne Debate (1830)

Document C: John C. Calhoun’s speech to Congress, 1850

Document Information:

• Calhoun outlines the ways in which Congress has been favorable towards the North

• Congress has granted approval for more northern territory while restricting southern state entrances

• South more heavily taxed for northern expenses

• Speaker blames the federal government for Southern neglect

Document Inferences:

• The North had a greater impact on the economy that the South

• Southerners were hostile towards the biased actions of the federal government

• The nation was more focused on industrialism and less on agriculture

• South was excluded from the benefits and privileges that the North received at the South’s expense, thus creating tension in Congress

Potential outside information triggered by documents:

Railroads Tariff of Abominations

The Missouri Compromise (briefly) South Carolina

The Whig Party

Document D: Speech to the Senate by William H. Seward of New York, 1850

Document Information:

• Seward states that he disapproves of this compromises for good reason and not simply because he dislikes compromises in general

• Seward expresses his belief that California should be admitted to the Union regardless of all else

• He believes that the compromise suggested is unfairly favoring one side more than the other

Document Inferences:

• The Senate will only admit California under certain other conditions

• The entrance of California is vital to the preservation of the Union

• The Senate wants to appease both slavery and non-slavery advocates to avoid further conflict and preserve the Union

• Tension seemed to reach its peak due to intense disagreement over the slavery issue

Potential outside information triggered by documents:

Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act

Mexican-American War Free Soil/ Popular Sovereignty

Election of 1848 James K. Polk

Zachary Taylor

Document E: Fugitive Slave Law notice, 1851

Document Information:

• Warning to slaves that policeman and watchmen now have the power to act as slave catchers

• The mayor and local councilmen have legalized the capture of slaves in Boston

• Local authorities have already captured numerous slaves

Document Inferences:

• The Fugitive Slave Law has been passed

• Abolitionists are attempting to undermine the severity of the law

• The majority of northerners contested the law and tried not to enforce it

• Slave Catchers are coming to the North to gather illegal slaves

• Slaves are fleeing to the North more frequently now that the Fugitive Slave Law entails more severe consequences

Potential outside information triggered by documents:

Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Law

Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin William Lloyd Garrison

The Grimke Sisters Harriet Tubman

The Underground Railroad Frederick Douglas

Theodore Dwight Weld American Antislavery Society

Document F: Letter to Congress from Senators and Representatives, 1854

Document Information:

• Senators and Representatives in Congress argue that the proposal to allow slavery in the new territories is threatening the welfare of the Union

• They say that the government is taking away equal opportunities for immigrants to prosper

• They believe it is against citizens’ rights to allow slavery in the territory

Document Inferences:

• These may be northern Senators and Representatives

• They fear that slavery will spread and give more power to the South within Congress

• Slavery is interfering with the expansion of job opportunities

• This proposal may halt the spread of industrialism westward

• To allow slavery in this region may influence other states to allow slavery as well, which would create imbalance between slavery and free states

Potential outside information triggered by documents:

Kansas-Nebraska Act Popular Sovereignty

The Sumner Incident “Bleeding Kansas”

Document G: Lincoln—Davis, 1860

Document Information:

• Lincoln and Davis threaten to tear a map of the United States

• Davis says there can be no peace without separation of the union

• Lincoln says there can be no peace without abolition

Document Inferences:

• Davis wants to break away from the union if slavery is abolished in the South

• Lincoln feels that abolishing slavery is the only possible way to keep the Union from separating

• “General Mac” wants to preserve the Union to prevent a possible war

• This is likely one of the final attempts to preserve the Union and keep the country from going to war

Potential outside information triggered by documents:

The Confederate States of America Lincoln-Douglas Debates

The Secession Crisis General Lee

General MacArthur Jefferson Davis

Abraham Lincoln

Document H: Railroad Growth, 1840—1860

Document Information:

• The railroad production of the North and South increased from 1840 to 1860

• The Northern production increased at a greater rate than the South

• Railroad growth increased tremendously in 1860

• Large imbalance between the North and South in amounts of railroads

Document Inferences:

• The government spent more on the production of railroads in the North because it was more beneficial to the American economy

• Southerners were angered at the preferential treatment towards the North

• The East and West are finally being connected as railroad production increases dramatically

• Tensions may have been at their highest in 1860 due to the large imbalance in railroad production

Potential outside information triggered by documents:

Industrialization Abraham Lincoln

The National Road The Gadsden Purchase

James Gadsden

Document I: The Crittenden Compromise, 1860

Document Information:

• The Senate and House of Representatives are assembled to say that there is a need for a constitutional amendment to finally settle the disputes about slavery in the Union

• They argue that the issues threaten the preservation of the Union

• Two-thirds of the House and Senate agree that the Amendment should be added to the Constitution

Document Inferences:

• This is the final possible solution to keep the Union together

• The common agreement in the legislative branch indicates that a war is inevitable unless the slavery issue is quickly resolved

• Attempts to persuade the southern states of America not to secede from the Union

Potential outside information triggered by documents:

Senator John J. Crittenden The Crittenden Compromise

Missouri Compromise (briefly) The Republican/Democratic Parties

Document J: Secession Exploded, 1861

Document Information:

• A canon labeled “DEATH TO TRAITORS” blows up the seceding southern states

• All or most of the Southern states have finally seceded

• North is prepared to go to war to reclaim them

Document Inferences:

• Any past measures to resolve the conflict between the North and South have ended in Civil War

• Likely drawn by a northern artist

• Southerners are “evil” and responsible for the separation of the Union

• Northerners are more equipped than the Southerners to fight a war

• This may be meant to encourage and reassure the North of their advantages in the upcoming Civil War

Potential outside information triggered by documents:

Nullification Crisis Abraham Lincoln

John C. Calhoun Harper’s Ferry

Jefferson Davis

Document Based-Question Bibliography

Document A: Mayer, Holly A. and David E. Shi. For the Record. Second Edition, Volume 1.

New York and London: Norton, 2004. Pg 296.

Document B: Brody, David, Lynn Dumenil, and James A. Henretta. Documents to Accompany

AMERICA’S HISTORY. Sixth edition, Volume 1. New York: Boston. Yazausa, 2008.

Pg. 271.

Document C: Inger, Irwin and Robert R. Tomes. American Issues. Fourth edition, Volume I. New Jersey: Person Education, 2005. Pg 329.

Document D: Johnson, Paul E, James M. McPherson, and John M. Murrin. Documents Package

to Accompany Liberty, Equality Power. Third edition, Volume 1. Wadsworth: U.S., 2002

Pg. 239.

Document E: The Authentic History Center. 24 April 1851. “Artifacts and Images of The Era of

Manifest Destiny”. 14 March 2008.

Document F: Inger, Irwin and Robert R. Tomes. American Issues. Fourth edition, Volume I. New Jersey: Person Education, 2005. Pg. 335.

Document G: The Authentic History Center. 1860. “Artifacts and Images of the Era of Manifest

Destiny.” 7 March 2008. .

Document H: APUSH Weblinks and Primary Source Documents. “Figure 12.5 Railroad Growth.” 14 March 2008. . 1. scroll down, click 8. Beginnings of Industrialization 2. scroll a little more than half way down. click 1840-60 Railroad growth-chart.



Document I: Epperson, James F. The Crittenden Compromise. 18 December 1860. 14

March 2008.

Document J: Wiswell, William. The Library of Congress. 1861. ”Secession Exploded.” 7 March 2008.

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