History of Western Philosophy - NTSLibrary

BERTRAND RUSSELL A HISTORY OF WESTERN PHILOSOPHY And Its Connection with Political and Social

Circumstances from the Earliest Times to the Present Day SIMON AND SCHUSTER, NEW YORK

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED INCLUDING THE RIGHT OF REPRODUCTION IN WHOLE OR IN PART IN ANY FORM COPYRIGHT, 1945 , BY BERTRAND RUSSELL PUBLISHED BY

SIMON AND SCHUSTER, INC. ROCKEFELLER CENTER, 1230 SIXTH AVENUE NEW YORK 20, N. Y. Fourth Printing

MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY AMERICAN BOOKSTRATFORD PRESS, INC., N. Y.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface by Author

ix Introduction xiii

BOOK ONE. ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY Part I. The Pre-Socratics

3 Chapter I. The Rise of Greek Civilization

3 Chapter II. The Milesian School

24 Chapter III. Pythagoras

29 Chapter IV. Heraclitus

38 Chapter V. Parmenides

48 Chapter VI. Empedocles

53 Chapter VII. Athens in Relation to Culture

58 Chapter VIII. Anaxagoras

61 Chapter IX. The Atomists

64 Chapter X. Protagoras

73 Part II. Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle

82 Chapter XI. Socrates

82 Chapter XII. The Influence of Sparta

94 Chapter XIII. The Sources of Plato's Opinions

Chapter XXIII. Aristotle's Physics 203

Chapter XXIV. Early Greek Mathematics and Astronomy 208

Part III. Ancient Philosophy after Aristotle 218

Chapter XXV. The Hellenistic World 218

Chapter XXVI. Cynics and Sceptics 228

Chapter XXVII. The Epicureans 240

Chapter XXIX. Stoicism 252

Chapter XXIX. The Roman Empire in Relation to Culture 270

Chapter XXX. Plotinus 284

BOOK TWO. CATHOLIC PHILOSOPHY Introduction

301 Part I. The Fathers

308 Chapter I. The Religious Development of the Jews 308 Chapter II. Christianity During the First Four Centuries

324 Chapter III. Three Doctors of the Church

334 Chapter IV. Saint Augustine's Philosophy and Theology

352 Chapter V. The Fifth and Sixth Centuries

366 Chapter VI. Saint Benedict and Gregory the Great

375 Part II. The Schoolmen

388 Chapter VII. The Papacy in the Dark Ages

388 Chapter VIII. John the Scot

400 Chapter IX. Ecclesiastical Reform in the Eleventh Century

407 Chapter X. Mohammedan Culture and Philosophy

419 -vi-

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