Chapter 14—World War I and Its Aftermath (1914-1920)



Chapter 14—World War I and Its Aftermath (1914-1920)

Chapter 14 Section 1----The United States Enters World War I

I. Woodrow Wilson’s Diplomacy (pp. 448-449)

A. Wilson was opposed to imperialism & believed democracy was necessary to keep the nation stable & prosperous

B. Mexico

1. 1911---Mexican Revolution—Huerta was the new leader

2. President Wilson refused to recognize the new government & prevented weapons from reaching Huerta

3. 1914—Wilson sent Marines to Veracruz to overthrow Huerta

a. Anti-American riots broke out

b. International mediation placed Carranza as Mexico’s new President

4. Pancho Villa, opposed to Carranza, raided Columbus, New Mexico & killed a number of Americans.

a. Gen. Blackjack Pershing sent in to capture Pancho Villa

b. Pershing failed to capture Villa & was sent home because of World War I

5. Wilson’s Mexico policy damaged U.S. foreign relations

II. The Outbreak of World War I (pp. 449-452)

A. Causes of World War I

1. Alliance System----

a. Triple Alliance—Germany, Austria-Hungary, & Italy

b. Triple Entente---Great Britain, France, & Russia

2. Nationalism---Intense pride for one’s homeland

a. self-determination—idea that people who belong to a nation should have their own country & government

b. Balkan area—“Powder Keg”—Serbs, Croats, & Bosnians, etc.

1. different national groups were seeking independence

3. Militarism---Build up of military weapons (naval weapons)

4. Imperialism---one country dominating another

5. Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo

a. Immediate cause of World War I

b. July 28, 1914—World War I Begins—Set off chain reaction

B. German Plan

1. Massive invasion of France via Belgium & then take on the Eastern Front

2. Failed!!---

a. British declared war on Germany because of the invasion of Belgium

b. Russian troops mobilized quicker than expected

c. Trench Warfare—3 year stalemate on the Western front

d. Central Powers had greater success on the Eastern front by capturing territory & many prisoners

C. Allies---France, Russia, Great Britain, & later Italy fought for the Triple Entente

D. Central Powers—Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, & Bulgaria

III. American Neutrality (pp. 452-453)

A. Wilson declared America Neutral

1. Most Americans favored the Allied side

2. British used propaganda to gain American support

3. Companies in the U.S, had strong ties to the Allied countries

IV. Moving Toward War (pp. 453-455)

A. British Blockade of Germany---British would not allow neutral parties to ship food to Germany

1. German Response: Germany used U-Boats to sink any boat in the water around Great Britain without a warning

a. Lusitania---British Passenger liner sunk by the Germans which killed 128 Americans

2. Sussex Pledge—German promise to stop sinking merchant ships because they wanted to keep the U.S. out of the war longer

1 Zimmermann Telegram (1917)

3. German telegram to Mexico to ally itself with Germany & in return Mexico would regain territory it had lost earlier to the U.S.

4. Telegram was intercepted by British intelligence & leaked to the American newspapers

B. Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare (Feb. 1917)

1. sunk 4 U.S. merchant ships

2 April 6, 1917---U.S. declared war on Germany

Chapter 14 Section 2----The Home Front

I. Building Up the Military (pp. 456-457)

A. Selective Service Act of 1917---

2. required men between 21 & 30 years old to register for the draft (2.8 million drafted & 2 million volunteered)

3 U.S. Army was Segregated

1. Blacks served under white officers

2. Blacks faced discrimination & prejudice

1 Women in the Military

1. World War I was the first war in which women officially served

2. Navy used women as clerks, radio operators, electricians, etc

3. Army—refused to enlist women, but hired them as temporary employees to fill clerical positions

4. Army nurses were the only women in the military to go overseas during the war

II. Organizing Industry (pp. 457-458)

A. War Industries Board (1917)—Bernard Baruch

1. created to coordinate the production of war materials

2 Food Administration---Herbert Hoover

2. responsible for increasing food production while reducing consumption

3. Plant “Victory Gardens”---people raise their own food in order to leave more for the troops

3 Fuel Administration---Harry Garfield

4. encouraged people to conserve coal & oil

5. Daylight Savings Time was introduced to conserve energy

B. Paying For The War:

1. Raise Income Tax Rates

2. placed new taxes on corporate profits

3. Sold Liberty & Victory Bonds

a. Americans loaning the government money that would be repaid with interest in a specified number of years

III. Mobilizing the Workforce (page 459)

A. National War Labor Board (1918)—regulated labor-management

1. For wage increases, 8 hour workday, right to organize unions & to collective bargain the labor leaders agreed not to strike during the war

B. Women began working in factories & manufacturing jobs

1. After the war women returned to their previous jobs or left the workforce

C. Great Migration---Blacks left the South & moved to Northern cities for jobs because the war stopped the flow of immigrants to America

D. Mexicans moved northward for jobs

1. labor for ranchers & farmers

2. moved to the city for wartime factory jobs

3. faced discrimination & hostility from Americans

IV. Ensuring Public Support (pp. 459-461)

A. Committee on Public Information (CPI)—George Creel

1. provided propaganda to rally citizen support for all aspects of the war effort

2. Ex: “Four-Minute” Speeches—urged people to buy bonds, etc

a. Patriotic addresses to the public (movie theaters,etc)

B. Legislation Passed to Fight Anti-war Activities:

1. Espionage Act of 1917—established penalties & prison terms for anyone aiding the enemy

2. Sedition Act of 1918----Illegal to criticize the President or the government

C. Schenck v the United States (1919

1. Supreme Court limited an individual’s freedom of speech if the words spoken constituted a “clear and present danger”

4 Suspicions of disloyalty led to mistreatment of German Americans

Chapter 14 Section 3--------A Bloody Conflict

Combat in World War I (pp. 464-466)

A. Trench Warfare---used as a means of protection from modern weapons

2. “No man’s Land”---Space between the opposing trenches

a. soldiers would charge the enemy & would be made easy targets—Inefficient move---many killed

5 New Technology used to break through enemy lines

1. Poison Gas (Germans)—caused vomiting, blindness, & suffocation—Battle of Ypres

2. Tanks (Battle of Somme)---British introduced

a. Very slow & cumbersome, mechanically unreliable

b. Did not have enough of them to make a big difference

3. Airplanes---dropped small bombs & engaged in air battles

4. Machine guns

The Americans and Victory (pp. 466-468)

B. “Doughboys”—American soldiers—Boosted the morale of the Allied Forces

C. Convoy System---Proposed Admiral William Sims

1. Merchant ships & troop transports were gathered into groups & brought across the Atlantic by warships

2. Result: reduction in shipping losses & ensured that American troops would get to Europe safely

2 Russia Leaves the War

3. Bolshevik Revolution (1917)---Lenin replaces the old government with a Communist Government

4. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk---removed German armies from Russian lands in exchange for territory (Eastern Front Closed)

3 Battle of the Argonne Forest

5. Ferdinand Foch—Supreme Allied Commander ordered an Allied Counter attack

6. Gen. Blackjack Pershing led American forces on a massive attack causing the Germans to lose battle after battle (Many killed on both sides)

D. November 11, 1918—Armistice is signed (Ceasefire)

I. A Flawed Peace (pp. 468-469)

A. “Big Four” meet in Paris

1. Wilson---United States---

a. “14 Points”—Wilson’s plan for peace

b. Key Point was #14—League of Nations be created to preserve peace & prevent future wars

2. Clemenceau—France

3. Lloyd George---Great Britain

4. Orlando—Italy

***The Europeans leaders felt the 14 Points was too lenient toward Germany & they wanted Germany to be punished***

B. Treaty of Versailles

1. Germany stripped of its armed forces—No conscription

2. Germany to pay for reparations (war damages)

3. Germany to accept guilt for World War I

4. Nine new countries created

5. Creation of a League of Nations

6. Alsace-Lorraine returned to France

7. Mandate System created

4 U.S. Senate rejects Treaty of Versailles

8. Reservationists—Henry Cabot Lodge

a. supported the League of Nations, but wanted to add amendments that would preserve the nation’s freedom to act independently

9. Irreconcilables----Vote no because they felt that it would engage the U.S. into war (entangling alliance)

***League of Nations created but without the United States being a member***

Chapter 14 Section 4-----The War’s Impact

I. An Economy in Turmoil (pp. 471-473)

A. Inflation Increased causing cost of living to go up

B. Strikes increased after World War I

1. Seattle General Strike---over 60,000 people on strike

2. Boston Police Strike---75% of the Police were on strike

a. Governor Calvin Coolidge called in the National Guard to regain control

b. Coolidge fired the strikers & replaced them with a new police force---“no right to strike against public safety by anybody, anywhere, anytime”

3. Steel Strike—over 350,000 steelworkers

a. failure hurt the steel union until 1937

II. Racial Unrest (page 473)

A. 1919 –caused by the return of American soldiers seeking jobs who were in competition with Blacks who moved northward during World War I

III. The Red Scare (pp. 473-475)

A. Communists seen as disloyalty & unpatriotic behavior

B. 1919 strikes led people to believe that the Communists might take control (Red Scare)

C. FBI Created (General Intelligence)---J. Edgar Hoover

1. Palmer Raids---Raids on various radical organizations

a. Focused on immigrants who were deported out of the country

D. Americans linked radicalism with immigrants & led Congress to limit immigration

IV. An End to Progressivism (page 475)

A. Warren Harding elected President in 1920

1. “Return to Normalcy”---return to simpler times before Progressive reforms

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