DON’T KNOW

[Pages:696]DON'T KNOW MUCH ABOUT?

H I S T O RY

EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT AMERICAN HISTORY BUT NEVER LEARNED

KENNETH C. DAVIS

To my children, Jenny and Colin

CONTENTS

P R E FA C E T O T H E R E V I S E D E D I T I O N ix

I N T R O D U C T I O N xi

AU T H O R ' S N O T E xxiii

CHAPTER 1

Brave New World

1

CHAPTER 2

Say You Want a Revolution

47

CHAPTER 3

Growth of a Nation: From the Creation of the Constitution to Manifest Destiny

107

CHAPTER 4

Apocalypse Then: To Civil War and Reconstruction

183

CHAPTER 5

When Monopoly Wasn't a Game: The Growing Empire from Wild West to World War I

253

CHAPTER 6

Boom to Bust to Big Boom: From the Jazz Age and the Great Depression to Hiroshima

319

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Contents

CHAPTER 7

Commies, Containment, and Cold War: America in the Fifties

397

CHAPTER 8

The Torch Is Passed: From Camelot to Hollywood on the Potomac

437

CHAPTER 9

From the Evil Empire to the Axis of Evil

533

A F T E RW O R D 589

APPENDIX 1

The Bill of Rights and Other Constitutional Amendments

595

APPENDIX 2

Is the Electoral College a Party School? A Presidential Election Primer

618

APPENDIX 3

U.S. Presidents and Their Administrations

624

Selected Readings 631 Acknowledgments 657 Searchable Terms 659

About the Author Also by Kenneth C. Davis

Credits Cover Copyright About the Publisher

PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION

When Don't Know Much About? History first appeared in 1990, it was simply meant to serve as a fresh new take on American history. Busting myths with a dose of humor and real stories about real people, the book was conceived as an antidote to the dull, dreary textbooks we suffered through in high school or college. Nobody was more surprised than I was when the book spent 35 weeks on the New York Times Best-seller list and became an "antitextbook" that has sold 1.3 million copies. If nothing else, this little book proved that Americans don't hate history--they just hate the dull version they got when they were growing up.

With the same question-and-answer style, this updated, revised, and greatly expanded edition brings history right up to Bill Clinton's impeachment and the bizarre 2000 election. Incorporating new discoveries, revelations, and theories about America's past, this revised edition elaborates on such long-standing American controversies as the Jefferson-Hemings affair, the Hiss and Rosenberg cases, and the IranContra adventure. There are also many new questions, many of them resulting from readers' questions to me over the years.

For history buffs and history-phobes, longtime fans and a new generation still in the dark about America's past, this book provides "Everything You Need to Know About American History." And more!

Kenneth C. Davis AUGUST 2002

INTRODUCTION

Back in the early 1960s, when I was growing up, there was a silly pop song called "What Did Washington Say When He Crossed the Delaware?" Sung to the tarantella beat of an Italian wedding song, the answer went something like "Martha, Martha, there'll be no pizza tonight."

Of course, these lyrics were absurd; everybody knew Washington ate only cherry pie.

On that December night in 1776, George might have told himself that this raid on an enemy camp in Trenton, New Jersey, better work. Or else he might be ordering a last meal before the British strung him up. But as the general rallied his ragged, barefoot troops across the icy Delaware, one of his actual comments was far more amusing than those fanciful lyrics. Stepping into his boat, Washington--the plainspoken frontiersman, not the marbleized demigod--nudged 280pound General Henry "Ox" Knox with the tip of his boot and said, "Shift that fat ass, Harry. But slowly, or you'll swamp the damned boat."

According to Patriots, A. J. Langguth's fascinating history of the Revolution, that is how Knox himself reported the story after the war. I certainly never heard that version of the crossing when I was in school. And that's too bad, because it reveals more of Washington's true, earthy nature than all the hokey tales about cherry trees and nonexistent prayer vigils in Valley Forge. And that's the point of this book: much of

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Introduction

what we remember about our history is either mistaken or fabricated. That is, if we remember it at all.

For all too many Americans who dozed through American History 101, the Mayflower Compact might as well be a small car. Reconstruction has something to do with silicone implants. And the Louisiana Purchase means eating out at a Cajun restaurant. When the first edition of this book appeared more than twelve years ago, several writers had just enjoyed remarkable success by lambasting Americans' failure to know our past. Americans were shown to be know-nothings in the books Cultural Literacy and The Closing of the American Mind.

Well, we're probably not as dumb as those books would have us. But the sad truth is clear: we are no nation of scholars when it comes to history. Just as I was writing the first edition of this book, a highly publicized example of our "historical illiteracy" appeared. It was a 1987 survey of high school juniors that exposed astonishing gaps in what these seventeen-year-olds knew about American history and literature. A third of the students couldn't identify the Declaration of Independence as the document that marked the formal separation of the thirteen colonies from Great Britain. Only 32 percent of the students surveyed could place the American Civil War in the correct half century.

Sadly, I must say that things have not improved much--if at all--in the past fifteen or twenty years. Every few years, it seems, another survey comes along that blasts the historical ineptness of American students. Part of the problem may be that those juniors who didn't do so well in 1987 may be teachers now!

But why dump on the kids? While there are constant warnings issued about the yawning gaps in the education of American students, another question looms larger. Would most of their parents or older brothers and sisters do any better? Most thirty-seven-year-olds or fortyseven-year-olds might not pass a similar pop quiz. Comedian Jay Leno routinely proves this on Tonight with his "Jaywalk" segments in which adults demonstrate that they are incapable of answering the simplest questions about history. When Bill Clinton went to Normandy as president for a D-Day observance, even he had to be tutored on what had happened there. So don't ask for whom the gap yawns. The gap yawns for thee.

The reason for these historical shortcomings is simple. For most of

Introduction

xiii

us, history was boring, and a great many Americans were taught by a football coach who got dropped into the history class to give him something to fill out his day. Many of us also learned about the past from textbooks that served up the past as if it were a Hollywood costume drama. In schoolbooks of an earlier era, the warts on our Founding Fathers' noses were neatly retouched. Slavery also got the glossy makeover--it was merely the misguided practice of the rebellious folks down South until the "progressives" of the North showed them the light. American Indians were portrayed in textbooks in the same way they were in Hollywood Westerns. Women were pretty much left out of the picture entirely with the exception of a mythical Betsy Ross or a lovely Dolley Madison rescuing the White House china.

Truth isn't so cosmetically perfect. Our historical sense is frequently skewed, skewered, or plain screwed up by myths and misconceptions. Schools that packaged a tidy set of simplistic historical images are largely responsible for fostering these American myths. There has always been a tendency to hide the less savory moments from our past, the way a mad aunt's photo gets pulled from the family album.

On top of that, the gaping chasms in our historical literacy have been reinforced by images from pop culture. Unfortunately, highly fictionalized films, such as Oliver Stone's JFK or Disney's Pocahontas, make a much greater impression on millions of people than a carefully researched, historically accurate, but numbingly dull, documentary. Occasionally there are films like Glory or Saving Private Ryan that can stimulate interest in history they way few textbooks or teachers can. Since this book was first written, there has also been an explosion of cable television programming, including the History Channel, Discovery, and The Learning Channel, that offers excellent documentaries. But for the most part, mainstream movies and network television have magnified the myths and makeovers. It is important to understand that looking past these myths is revealing. The real picture is far more interesting than the historical tummy-tuck. And truth is always more interesting than propaganda.

Somebody will surely read this and say, "So what?" Why bother with history anyway? What difference does it make if our kids know what the Declaration says--or doesn't say? Why does it matter if most people think Watergate is just old news?

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