Liberal Studies Concept Words Module 1 Personal ...

Liberal Studies Concept Words Module 1 Personal Development and Interpersonal Relationships

Personal Growth

Physiological Change Sex drive, reproductive organs become mature

Psychological Emotional upheaval, last stage of cognitive development (possess the ability of

changes

logical inference, multi-perspective thinking, desire autonomy and independent)

Self Concept

Overall idea of a person on abilities and characteristics

Advantage of having an accurate self-concept:

Seek aspirations and bravely face challenges

Narrow the difference between ideal self and actual self

(the smaller the difference, the more positive one's self-evaluation and self-

acceptance)

Abraham

5 levels, only if one level is satisfied, one will pursue a higher level of needs

Maslow's

Physiological needs: Fulfil basic physical needs (clothing, accoomodation,

Hierarchy of

food)

Needs

Safety: A safe and stable life (employment, wealth, health, security etc.)

Love and belonging: love and accepted and a sense of belonging (family,

friendship)

Esteem: Positive self-evaluation, gain recognition and respect from others,

worthiness (achievement, confidence, praise by others)

Self-actualisation (develop potentials, achieve goals and ideal self (morality,

helping others)

Five building

Security: respected, protected, subjective feeling of safety

blocks of self- Selfhood: Being unique, acceptance of appearance, ability and personality

esteem

Affiliation: Being accepted and recognized as part of a group

Competence: A feeling of success and accomplishment, aware of one's

strength and weakness

Mission: Having clear goals and willing to bear consequence of one's

decisions

Erik Erikson's

Life can be divided into 8 stages, with a particular crisis to be solved

Psychosocial

Crisis: Turning Point of life to either go forward or backward in development

Theory of Human Adolescent: Identity v.s. role diffusion (drifting form of identity)

Development

Identity

Sense of self, uniqueness, humanity and self-definitions

Identity cycle Identity foreclosure: NO identity exploration+ commitment

(James E.

Identity diffusion: No identity exploration+ NO commitment

Marcia)

Identity Moratorium: Identity exploration + NO commitment

Identity achievement: Identity exploration+ commitment

Identity formation: diffusionMoratoriumAchievement

In face of a new crisis (new job): Shifting between Moratorium and achievement

Parenting style

Conformity (Peer relationship) Bandwagon Effect

Role Role expectation

Socialization Norms Life skills

Authoritative:

Demanding+Responsive

Identity MoratoriumIdentity achievement

Authoritarian:

Demanding+ Unresponsive

Identity foreclosure

Permissive:

Undemanding+ responsive

Identity diffusion

Uninvolved:

Undemanding+ unresponsive

Identity diffusion

An individual may be subject to the influence and invisible pressure from a

group. His thought and behavior tend to resemble the majority within a group.

(in search of sense of affiliation)

Position given by the society; understood from socialization

May encounter role conflict: where roles in different interpersonal relationships

conflict with each other

Assumptions on the designated behavioral pattern and attitude of a person based

on his role, including one's

Right

Duty

Civil awareness: Identity as a member of society and participate in social

awareness

Learning process carried out through mass media and during interpersonal

interactions to learn social norms and values

Agents of socialization: family/peers/school/mass media

Restrictions and standards to people's views and behaviors

Explicit norms (Rules and Laws)

Implicit norms (customs, habits, moralities)

Goal Setting:

SMART goal setting method: (specific, measurable, achievable, rewardable,

time-limited)

Clear goal setting method (challenging, legal, ecologically sound,

appropriate, responsible)

Break big goals into smaller goals (long-term goals short term

goalsdaily goals)

Time management goals

Prioritize tasks by classifying according to importance and urgency

Emotional Management

ABC(DE) theory

A: activating event

B: belief

C: consequence

D: disputations to challenge irrational beliefs

E: effective beliefs replace irrational ones

Identity ABC and reflect on the belief in the event

Think from another perspective and change negative beliefs to a positive one

Coping with adversity (resilience and adaptability towards adversity)

Use the "LEAD" procedure to respond to adversity

L: Listen

E: Explore

A: anaylse

D: DO

Values

Individualism

Consumerism

Materialism

Altruism

It refers to the principle of assisting the others voluntarily without any desire for

reward. Active participation in community affairs is a form of altruistic behavior.

Egualitarianism It is a concept from the West that states people of any gender, age, religion

background have own the same rights and opportunities.

Teenagers who have this mindset are likely to develop discontent on their parents

as they believe they have the right to decide for themselves since their rights

should not be exploited due to their age and ability.

Utilitarianism

Utilitarianism is the value held by many Hong Kong parents (people) that return

and utility determines what we ought to do.

Interpersonal relationship

Parent-child relationship

Generation gap Arise as a result of being raised in different social environments and having

different life experiences. A difference in thoughts, attitude, behavior, values

Digital divide

Difference in opportunities and abilities in using devices caused by difference in

age, educational level, and economic conditions. People who are affluent can

enjoy convenience and superiority brought by information technology, while

people poor in information can't enjoy advantages, leading to the divide.

Shift from

Teenagers want to be regarded as an independent and free from parent's

dependency to

interference in making their own decision and developing their logical thinking.

autonomy

Interpersonal conflicts

Manifesting

Actions taken according to intension of conflicts

conflicts

Competition

Avoiding

Damaging outcomes

Accommodating

Collaborating Compromising

Constructive outcomes

Mediator

Example: Courts

Objective+Fair

Come up with a decision to resolve the dispute

Arbitrator

Example: Parents

Fair+objective+accepted by both parties

Assist in helping both parties to reach an agreement

Advisors

Example: psychological counsellors

Analyse different solutions to the problem

Effective

Verbal and Non-verbal communication

communication Includes an encoder, message and decoder

Empathy

Empathy is the capacity to understand or feel what another person is experiencing

from within the other being's frame of reference, i.e., the capacity to place oneself

in another's position.

points (Dr. Fredrick Cheng)

PERSONALLY

Self-concept (self-acceptance / self evaluation) self-esteem(security/selfhood/affiliation/competence/mission/ideal self v.s.real

self) Maslow's Hierarchy of needs (physiological needs/safety/love and belonging,

esteem /self-actualization) Life skills (time-management skills ((IMPORTANCE+URGENCY)), SMART, Clear goal-

setting method, emotional management (ABC theory), resilience and adaptability against adversities) Identity (Eric Erickson: Crisis: Identity v.s. role diffusion) Identity foreclosure, identity diffusion, identity moratorium, identity achievement (identity exploration+ commitment) identity cycle

Interpersonal aspect:

interpersonal networks, peer relationships, communication skills (empathy, non-

verbal communication), peer effects, Bandwagon Effect, altruism interpersonal conflicts (latent conflict(values, self-evaluation, role-expectations)

Perceived conflict, intension-evaluation (competition, collaborating, avoiding, accommodating, compromising), manifest conflict, conflict aftermath (constructive or damage); solutions (arbitrators, mediators, advisors)

Socially:

Role expectation (+socialization)role steroeotypes (expectation gap) Role conflict Materialism, consumerism (conspicuous consumption / emotional consumption), Moral standards (cost-benefit analysis/ values and perceptions:

benevolence(kindness), righteousness(willing to help others), propriety(Compliance with the etiquette), wisdom(distinguish rights and wrongs), faith(value for personal credit), filial piety, forgiveness) Social norms (explicit norms v.s. implicit norms)

Family:

parenting style (authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, uninvolved (demanding+ responsive), family harmony, generation gap, dependency v.s. autonomy

Agents of socialization

Education system (spoon-feeding education), all-round development (leadership / community participation / critical thinking), media literacy (misleading of media/ analytical ability)

Low self esteem problem faced by Hong Kong kids

(1) Sense of competence: low self-care abilities/low resilience (2) Sense of security: accustomed to family protection/helplessness and fear (3) Sense of mission: Rely on others to make decision/lack individual decision-making ability

Problem of bad interpersonal relationships faced by Hong Kong kids:

(1) Social: unable to fulfill expectations of society/criticism by people in society (2) Family: reliance/exceedingly high role expectation/expectation-reality gap (3) Peers: self-centred/refuse to compromise/interpersonal conflicts

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