Meiosis and Mendel Study Guide A - images.pcmac.org

[Pages:14]Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________ Meiosis and Mendel

Study Guide A

Answer Key

SECTION 1. CHROMOSOMES AND MEIOSIS

1. somatic/body cells; germ cells/gametes 2. reproductive 3. 46 4. mother 5. father 6. autosomes 7. X 8. Y 9. female 10. Y 11. fuse 12. Germ 13. haploid 14. sex chromosome 15. Mitosis 16. Meiosis 17. a; b; e

SECTION 2. PROCESS OF MEIOSIS 1. sister chromatid 2. homologous 3. Refer to Figure 2.3 for visual answers. prophase I 4. metaphase I 5. anaphase I 6. telophase I 7. prophase II 8. metaphase II 9. anaphase II 10. telophase II 11. anaphase I should be circled; anaphase II should be boxed. 12. Sperm cell :DNA; Egg: DNA, organelles, molecular building blocks 13. female 14. Refer to Figure 2.4 for visual answers. 15. birth or formation 16. meiosis; broken down

SECTION 3. MENDEL AND HEREDITY 1. inheritance 2. Mendel 3. traits 4. b 5. c 6. a 7. quickly; mate 8. dominant; both dominant and recessive phenotypes. 9. genes 10. i, two copies; ii, one copy 11. genes 12. genetics

SECTION 4. TRAITS, GENES, AND ALLELES

1. gene; protein 2. gene; locus 3. homozygous; heterozygous 4. genes; alleles 5. Images should be similar to the Visual

Vocab on the first page of Section 4. Students will label Gene A, Gene A, Gene B, and Gene b. 6. Genotype: b and c; Phenotype: a and d 7. dominant; recessive 8. environment 9. TT 10. recessive 11. dominant 12. Tt 13. dominant 14. allele 15. heterozygous; recessive

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Study Guide A

Meiosis and Mendel

Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________

Study Guide A continued

SECTION 5. TRAITS AND PROBABILITY

1. The "A a" pairs located above the grid and to the left of the grid should be circled.

2. AA, Aa, and aa 3. meiosis; homologous 4. genotype; phenotype 5. 1:2:1 6. 3:1 7. c 8. AB; Ab 9. 9:3:3:1 10. average; exact 11. multiply 12. recessive; unknown 13. allele pairs

SECTION 6. MEIOSIS AND GENETIC VARIATION

1. meiosis; random 2. new combinations of alleles 3. advantage; increases 4. duplicated 5. Refer to Figure 6.2 for visual answers. 6. Box 1: Each cell should contain one large

duplicated chromosome and one small duplicated chromosome. One sister chromatid on each chromosome should appear to have undergone crossing over. Box 2: Each cell should contain one large chromosome and one small chromosome. The exact combination of chromosomes will depend on how the students divided the chromosomes. 7. Yes; a 8. Yes; c 9. No; b 10. crossing over 11. genetic linkage

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Study Guide A

Meiosis and Mendel

Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________ Section 1: Chromosomes and Meiosis

Study Guide A

KEY CONCEPT Gametes have half the number of chromosomes that body cells have.

VOCABULARY

somatic cell

autosome

gamete

sex chromosome

homologous chromosome sexual reproduction

fertilization diploid haploid meiosis

MAIN IDEA: You have body cells and gametes.

Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

1. The two major groups of cell types in the human body are called ______________ and ______________.

2. The gametes are located in the _____________ organs. 3. The number of chromosomes in a typical human body cell is _______.

MAIN IDEA: Your cells have autosomes and sex chromosomes.

Fill in the Concept Map below to summarize what you know about chromosomes.

46 chromosomes in half

4.

human body cells

come

include

from

include

5.

sex chromosomes

6.

include

include

7.

8.

consist of 22 homologous pairs

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Meiosis and Mendel

Section 1: Chromosomes and Meiosis

Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________

Study Guide A continued

Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement.

9. A person with two X chromosomes is female / male. 10. The X / Y chromosome carries the fewest number of genes.

MAIN IDEA: Body cells are diploid; gametes are haploid.

Circle the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

11. During fertilization, the nuclei of the egg and sperm fuse / separate. 12. Germ / Somatic cells are haploid. 13. The haploid / diploid chromosome number in humans is 23. 14. Each human gamete has one autosome / sex chromosome.

Read the descriptions in the table below and then decide which column should be labeled Mitosis and which column should be labeled Meiosis.

15.

16.

Makes diploid cells.

Makes haploid cells.

Makes genetically identical cells.

Makes genetically unique cells.

Happens throughout an organism's life. Happens at specific times in an organism's life.

Involved in asexual reproduction.

Involved in sexual reproduction.

Vocabulary Check

17. Circle all of the following statements that are true for homologous chromosomes. a. One is from the mother and one is from the father. b. They are a pair of chromosomes. c. They are fertilized gametes. d. They have the same genes, but they differ in length and appearance. e. They have the same genes, length, and overall appearance.

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Meiosis and Mendel

Section 1: Chromosomes and Meiosis

Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________ Section 2: Process of Meiosis

Study Guide A

KEY CONCEPT During meiosis, diploid cells undergo two cell divisions that result in haploid cells.

VOCABULARY gametogenesis sperm

egg polar body

MAIN IDEA: Cells go through two rounds of division in meiosis.

Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement.

1. After a chromosome is replicated, each half is called a sister chromatid / polar body.

2. Two chromosomes that are very similar and carry the same genes are called somatic / homologous chromosomes.

In the space below, sketch the phases of meiosis I and II and write the name of each phase below it. Use Figure 2.3 to help you.

Meiosis I

3.

4.

5.

6.

Meiosis II

7.

8.

9.

10.

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Study Guide A

Meiosis and Mendel Section 2: Process of Meiosis

Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________

Study Guide A continued

11. In the diagram on the previous page, circle the phase in which homologous chromosomes separate, and put a box around the phase in which sister chromatids separate.

MAIN IDEA: Haploid cells develop into mature gametes.

12. The sperm cell and the egg both contribute to an embryo. Place a check mark in the appropriate boxes below to indicate what each gamete contributes to the embryo.

Sperm cell

Egg

DNA

Organelles

Molecular building blocks

13. Where are polar bodies made, in the male or in the female? ___________________

14. Complete the diagram of gametogenesis in the boxes below. Use Figure 2.4 to help you.

Sperm Formation

Egg Formation

Vocabulary Check

Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

15. Genesis comes from a Greek word that means "to be born." Therefore, gametogenesis is the _____________ of gametes.

16. Polar bodies are cells produced by ______________ in the female body. They contain little more than DNA and are eventually _______________.

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Study Guide A

Meiosis and Mendel Section 2: Process of Meiosis

Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________ Section 3: Mendel and Heredity

Study Guide A

KEY CONCEPT Mendel's research showed that traits are inherited as discrete units.

VOCABULARY trait genetics

purebred cross

law of segregation

MAIN IDEA: Mendel laid the groundwork for genetics.

Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

1. Genetics is the study of biological _________________ patterns and variation in organisms.

2. A man named Gregor ___________________ did early work that is the basis for much of our current understanding of genetics.

3. Mendel's views on inheritance differed from the views of many scientists of his time. Mendel recognized that _____________ are inherited as discrete units.

MAIN IDEA: Mendel's data revealed patterns of inheritance.

In designing his experiments, Mendel made three important choices that helped him see patterns of inheritance. The table below describes these choices and gives an example of how he put each choice into action. Match each choice with its example in the table.

Mendel's Choices

Example

4. Use of purebred plants

a. He removed the stamens and fertilized the pistil with pollen from a pea plant of his choice.

5. Study of "either-or" b. He experimented with self-pollinating, purebred pea

traits

plants.

6. Control over breeding c. He looked at traits that did not have intermediate characteristics such as pea shape, pea color, flower color, pod shape, pod color, flower position, and plant height.

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Study Guide A

Meiosis and Mendel Section 3: Mendel and Heredity

Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________

Study Guide A continued

Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement.

7. Mendel used pea plants, because they reproduce quickly / slowly, and he could control how they grow / mate.

8. Mendel bred flowers resulting in F1 generation with dominant / recessive phenotype. He then allowed the F1 generation offspring to self-pollinate. This resulted in an F2 generation with dominant phenotypes only / both dominant and recessive phenotypes.

9. Mendel concluded that traits are inherited as "discrete units." Today, we call these discrete units gametes / genes.

10. Mendel's law of segregation has two conclusions: i. Organisms inherit one copy / two copies of each gene, one from each parent. ii. Genes segregate during gamete formation, so organisms donate one copy / two copies of each gene in their gametes.

Vocabulary Check

Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement.

11. Segregation means "separation." In Mendel's law of segregation, it is the gametes / genes that are segregated, or separated.

12. "Purebred" means a line of organisms that has uniform genetics / phenotype.

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Study Guide A

Meiosis and Mendel Section 3: Mendel and Heredity

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