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A SUMMARY OF THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR (16181648)?CAUSES:Omission of Calvinism from Peace of Augsburg (1555); Calvinists demanded inclusionProtestants continued to seize Catholic lands (after 1552, defying Peace of Augsburg)Emperor Ferdinand II wanted to increase power over the German statesProtestant princes and Catholic princes had formed opposing alliancesBohemians wanted to increase independence in the EmpireEmperor Ferdinand II wanted to destroy Protestantism in the EmpireEmperor Ferdinand II wanted to increase the power of the Austrian HabsburgsGerman princes wanted to decrease the power of the Emperor while increasing their own independence and powerSpanish Habsburgs wanted to link their territories togetherSpanish Habsburgs wanted to reclaim the Dutch Netherlands (revolution begun 15??)France and many other nations wanted to limit the power of the Habsburgs, Spanish and Austrian, in Europe and the AmericasDenmark and Sweden wanted to protect Lutheranism and gain power in Northern Europe and on the Baltic SeaDutch Netherlands wanted to cement independence and limit Spanish power in Europe and the AmericasCOURSE:Bohemian Period (1618-1625)Bohemians rejected Ferdinand II as Emperor in favor of Calvinist Frederick V, prince of the Palatinate; Ferdinand II was denied the vote needed to become EmperorBohemians threw Emperor’s representatives out of a window in Prague – the “Defenestration of Prague” – to show their rejectionArmy of Frederick V was defeated at the Battle of the White Mountain, 1620, by the combined Habsburg armiesSpain occupied BohemiaFerdinand II’s claim as Emperor was upheld by vote of the electorsBohemia was made CatholicDanish Period (1625-1629)Austrian Habsburg army of Ferdinand II invaded north German states to destroy Protestantism and independence of local Protestant rulersKing Christian IV of Denmark (reigned 1588-1648) led Danish army into northern German states against the Empire’s armyHabsburg Empire easily defeated DenmarkEmperor Ferdinand II ordered the reclamation of all Catholic lands lost since 1552 and began to establish a stronger Habsburg Empire in northern German statesSwedish Period (1629-1635)King Gustavus Adolphus (Gustavus II of Sweden, reigned 1611-1632), led the Swedish army into northern German states against the Empire’s army and defend Protestantism and independence of German princesMoney from France under Cardinal Richelieu supported Sweden and Protestant causeUnited Provinces (Dutch Netherlands) army supported SwedenSweden defeated Empire’s army at the Battle of Breitenfeld, 1530Sweden pursued the Empire’s army driving it southGustavus Adolphus was killed in the Swedish victory at the Battle of LützenSwedish army withdrew from the warFrench Period (1635-1648)France, under the leadership of Cardinal Richelieu, entered the warThirty Years’ War became an expansion of the war between France and SpainFrench army drove Spanish and Austrian armies back across German statesBattle of Rocroi, 1643, was the first defeat of the Spanish army in over a centuryWar was ended finally by negotiated Peace of Westphalia, setting pattern for the futureCONSEQUENCES:Peace of Westphalia (1648)Calvinism was granted equal rights with Catholicism and LutheranismGerman states (365 separate) were each recognized as sovereign and independentUnited Provinces of the Dutch Netherlands was recognized as sovereign and independentSwitzerland was recognized as sovereign and independentFrance gained territories of Metz, Toulon, and Verdun and the province of AlsaceSweden gained western Pomerania and the bishopric of BremenGeneral overview of resultsFrance emerged is the greatest power in EuropeSweden emerged as the greatest power on the BalticPope rejected the Treaty; the Pope’s rejection was ignored showing the decline of the power of the PapacyAustrian Habsburg power was limited within the Holy Roman EmpireOffice of the Holy Roman Emperor was only ceremonial without real power in the German states of the EmpireIndependence of German states would keep German states divided until 1870Over one-third of the population of the Holy Roman Empire died during the Thirty Years’ War due to war, famine and diseaseReligious toleration began to emerge: rulers were reluctant to force religious beliefs on peopleOther Results and commentsWar between France and Spain continued until 1659 ending with French victoryPeace of the Pyrenees (1659) gave France the land in the Pyrenees and in FlandersPeace of the Pyrenees (1659) brought marriage between Louis XIV of France and Maria Theresa, the Spanish infanta, initiating French claims to Spanish lands and throneHabsburg domination of Europe was endedAustrian Habsburgs would expand southeast in direction of Hungary and the Balkans against the Ottoman Empire instead of into the states of the Holy Roman EmpirePortugal regained its independence from Spain (lost in 15??) by revolution in 1640Spanish power was broken and Spain would go into declineFrance under Louis XIV was now Europe’s greatest powerBourbons (ruling house of France) and Habsburgs (ruling house of Austria) would clash over the succession to the Spanish throne in 1701 causing the next major European War: War of the Spanish Succession, 1701-1714England remained out of the Thirty Years’ War due to its conflict between monarchy and Parliament (English Civil War 1642-1649) ................
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