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McKay, et. al. 11e, Chapter 13 – Study Guide

Reformations and Religious Wars (ce 1500-1600)

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“When a coin in coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs” - Johann Tetzel

CHAPTER SUMMARY

A great religious upheaval called the Protestant Reformation ended in the centuries-long religious unity of Europe and resulted in a number of important political changes. In the sixteenth century, cries for reform were nothing new, but this time they resulted in revolution. There were a number of signs of disorder within the church, pointing to the need for moral and administrative reform. For example, it was the granting of indulgences that propelled Martin Luther into the movement for doctrinal change in the church. Luther had comes to the conclusion that salvation could not come by good works or indulgences, but only through faith. This was to be one of the fundamental tenets of Protestantism and one of the ideas that pushed Luther and the German nobility to revolt against not only Rome but Rome’s secular ally, the Holy Roman Emperor.

It is important to recognize that Luther’s challenge to the authority of the church and to the Catholic unity in Europe invited and supported an attack on the emperor by the German nobility. The pope and the emperor, as separate powers and allies, represented religious and political unity and conformity in Germany. Thus, the victory of Luther and the nobility was a victory for decentralized authority. It meant the collapse of Germany as a unified power in Europe. This is one reason Catholic France usually supported the German Protestants in their quarrel with Rome.

Outside of Germany the Protestant reformer Calvin has a greater impact on Europe than Luther. Calvin’s harsh and dogmatic religion spread from Geneva into northern Europe, England, and Scotland. It was England, in fact, that eventually became the political center of Protestantism. Initiated by Henry VIII, the English Protestant Reformation was at first motivated by the personal and political interests of the king himself. The type of Protestantism eventually adopted by the Church of England was much more moderate- and closer to Catholicism- than that of Scotland.

With the Council of Trent of 1545-1563, the papacy, finding the Habsburgs unable to convince dissidents to return to the church, laid a solid basis for the spiritual renewal of the Catholic Church.

All in all, Protestantism developed and spread for economic and political reasons as well as religious ones. In the end, Protestantism meant greater spiritual freedom for some individuals, but spiritual disunity and disorganization for Europe as a whole. In England, Scotland, the Scandinavian countries, and elsewhere, it contributed to the power of the nation and thus meant a further political division of Europe, while in Germany it slowed down the movement toward nationhood.

THE EARLY REFORMATION (14.1)

Before you read:

1. An indulgence was a document sold for profit by the Catholic Church which was intended to forgive all of a person’s sins. True or False

2. The word Protestant comes from this period of history referring to those who protested the abuses and corruption of the Catholic Church. True or False

While you read:

1. What were some of the signs of disorder within the early sixteenth-century church? What impact did church wealth have on the condition of the church?

     

2. What circumstances prompted Martin Luther to post his Ninety-five Theses?

     

3. Describe the practice of indulgence selling. What authority did Luther question and on what argument did he base his position?

     

4. Why were people attracted to Luther’s ideas? What circumstances allowed Protestant thought to flourish during this time?

     

After you read:

|1. |According to Luther, salvation comes through |

| |strict adherence to church law. |

| |good works and penance. |

| |faith alone. |

| |purchase of indulgences. |

|2. |Martin Luther's first response to the demands made by the Swabian peasants of their lords was |

| |a call to the nobles to crush the peasants. |

| |a call for the peasants to rebel. |

| |sympathy for the peasants. |

| |a call for the confiscation of Catholic nobles' estates. |

|3. |Luther and Zwingli disagreed on which of the following issues? |

| |priestly celibacy |

| |the authority of Scripture |

| |the Eucharist |

| |monasticism |

Living in the Past – Uses of Art in the Reformation (13.1)

1. What does Cranach’s woodcut suggest about Protestants who had a different interpretation than Luther’s about the Lord’s Supper?

     

2. In what way does the artist of the Jesuit image suggest the people are eager for the Catholic message? How might this painting stimulate piety?

     

THE REFORMATION AND GERMAN POLITICS (13.2)

Before you read:

1. Examine Map 13.1 – describe the territory of the Holy Roman Empire in terms of its physical and cultural geography. What do you believe are the unifying characteristics of the territory? What are some of the challenges of keeping this territory together?

     

While you read:

1. What decisions allowed the Habsburg Dynasty to become an international power?

     

2. Why did the Catholic forces struggle during the religious wars? What factors made it difficult for them to contain the spread of Protestantism?

     

After you read:

|1. |By 1555 the Protestant Reformation had spread to all but |

| |France. |

| |England. |

| |Scandinavia. |

| |Spain. |

|2. |As a result of the Peace of Augsburg (1555), the people of Germany |

| |remained Catholic. |

| |were able to practice the religion of their choice. |

| |converted to Lutheranism. |

| |became either Lutheran or Catholic depending on the preference of their prince. |

THE SPREAD OF PROTESTANT IDEAS (14.3)

Before you read:

1. “Divorced, beheaded, died – divorced, beheaded, survived.”= The fates of King Henry VIII’s wives. True or False

2. The English Reformation occurred not because of religious doctrine, but because of dynasty.

True or False

While you read:

1. What were the causes and results of the English Reformation?

     

2. How does Queen Elizabeth manage to reign during a time of sharp religious difference in England?

     

3. Who was John Calvin and what are the unique aspects of his reforming beliefs?

     

4. Why is ethnicity cited as the decisive factor for determining the religion of peoples in Eastern Europe during the Reformation?

     

After you read:

|1. |Under Presbyterian form of church government in Scotland, the church is governed by |

| |Bishops. |

| |the king of Scotland. |

| |a council of ministers. |

| |an elder, similar in the power to the pope. |

|2. |The Pilgrimage of Grace attested to |

| |the continued strength of Catholicism in southern Europe. |

| |the popularity of John Calvin. |

| |popular opposition in northern England to Henry VIII's Reformation. |

| |popular support of Luther in his conflict with the pope. |

|3. |The dissolution of the English monasteries |

| |resulted from Henry VIII's desire to confiscate their wealth. |

| |resulted in a more equitable distribution of land. |

| |deeply disturbed the English upper classes. |

| |was the result of rebellious activities by the monks. |

THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION (13.4)

Before you read:

1. Rosaries are loops of beads designed to help Catholics count a set sequence of prayers that became more common during the Catholic Reformation. True or False

2. Primary patrons of Baroque Art were members of Protestant churches who wished to convey drama and emotion through lavish decorations and shimmering frescos in places of worship. True or False

Mapping the Past (Map 13.2)

1. Which countries were the most religiously diverse in Europe? Which were the least diverse?

     

2. Where was the first arena of religious conflict in 16th century Europe, and why did it develop there and not elsewhere?

     

While you read:

1. What were the achievements of the Council of Trent?

     

2. What were the goals and methods of the Ursuline order of nuns and the Society of Jesus (aka Jesuits)?

     

After you read:

|1. |The Catholic Reformation, which started as a response to the Protestant Reformation, |

| |sought to reform the liturgy of the Catholic church. |

| |sought to restore the conciliar movement. |

| |sought to initiate institutional reform. |

| |sought to spread the Catholic church to the New World. |

|2. |The overriding goal of the Catholic religious orders established in the sixteenth century was |

| |to install institutional reform. |

| |reconciliation with Protestantism. |

| |to raise the moral and intellectual level of clergy and people. |

| |to uplift the spiritual condition of both clergy. |

RELIGIOUS VIOLENCE (13.5)

Before you read:

1. Women number prominently among accusers and witnesses as well as among those accused of witchcraft.

True or False

2. Religious tension in France occurred primarily between Catholics and Calvinists known as Huguenots.

True or False

While you read:

1. What were the causes and consequences of the French civil war of 1559 to 1589? Was the war chiefly a religious or political event?

     

2. What were the origins and the outcome of the war between the Netherlands and Spain in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries?

     

3. What do the witch hunts tell us about social attitudes toward women?

     

After you read:

|1. |In order to pay for the Habsburg-Valois wars, the French monarchs |

| |instituted taxes on the nobility. |

| |sold many Renaissance masterpieces. |

| |sold public offices. |

| |confiscated monastic lands. |

|2. |The seven northern provinces of the Netherlands formed the __________ and in 1581 declared their independence from Spain. |

| |Union of Utrecht |

| |League of Amsterdam |

| |Federation of the North |

| |nation of Holland |

DOCUMENT POINT OF VIEW ANALYSIS

Document Based Questions (DBQs) essays are designed to test your ability to work with and understand historical documents. One aspect in writing the essay is your ability to take into account both the sources of the documents and the authors’ points of view.

The prompt of this essay is:

Analyze the causes of and the responses to the peasants’ revolts in the German states, 1524–1526.

Using the space below, write a few sentences which analyze the following document for point of view:

Source: Caspar Nützel, Nürnberg town councilor, letter to Duke Albert of Prussia, August 5, 1525.

May God grant that the peace be preserved. It is indeed true that the poor, blind, and ignorant peasants have overstepped the mark with their unseemly behavior. No reasonable person could deny how unreasonably, unchristian, indeed, how excessively the authorities have torn out the hair of their subjects, whom they should aid, defend, and rule rather than fleece.

     

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Chapter Timeline

--1500

--1525

--1550

--1575

--1600

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