Handbook on Battery Energy Storage System
HANDBOOK ON BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM
DECEMBER 2018
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
HANDBOOK ON BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM
DECEMBER 2018
AASISAIANNDDEEVVEELLOOPPMMEENNTTBBAANNKK
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO)
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Some rights reserved. Published in 2018. ISBN 978-92-9261-470-6 (print), 978-92-9261-471-3 (electronic) Publication Stock No. TCS189791-2 DOI:
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CONTENTS
Table and Figures
vi
Forewordix
Acknowledgmentsx
Abbreviationsxi
Executive Summary
xiii
1 Energy Storage Technologies
1
1.1 Storage Types
1
1.2 Components of a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)
7
1.2.1 Energy Storage System Components
7
1.2.2 Grid Connection for Utility-Scale BESS Projects
9
1.3 Battery Chemistry Types
9
1.3.1 Lead?Acid (PbA) Battery
9
1.3.2 Nickel?Cadmium (Ni?Cd) Battery
10
1.3.3 Nickel?Metal Hydride (Ni?MH) Battery
11
1.3.4 Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) Battery
11
1.3.5 Sodium?Sulfur (Na?S) Battery
13
1.3.6 Redox Flow Battery (RFB)
13
2 Business Models for Energy Storage Services
15
2.1 Ownership Models
15
2.1.1 Third-Party Ownership
15
2.1.2 Outright Purchase and Full Ownership
16
2.1.3 Electric Cooperative Approach to Energy Storage Procurement
16
2.2 Factors Affecting the Viability of BESS Projects
17
2.3 Financial and Economic Analysis
18
2.3.1 Criteria for the Economic Analysis of BESS Projects
19
2.3.2 Key Assumptions in the Cost?Benefit Analysis of BESS Projects
19
3 Grid Applications of Battery Energy Storage Systems
23
iii
iv
CONTENTS
3.1 Scoping of BESS Use Cases
23
3.2 General Grid Applications of BESS
24
3.3 Technical Requirements
26
3.3.1 Round-Trip Efficiency
26
3.3.2 Response Time
26
3.3.3 Lifetime and Cycling
27
3.3.4 Sizing
27
3.4 Operation and Maintenance
28
3.5 Use Cases
28
3.5.1 Frequency Regulation
28
3.5.2 Renewable Energy Integration
30
3.5.3 Peak Shaving and Load Leveling
32
3.6 Microgrids
34
4 Challenges and Risks
35
4.1 General Challenges
35
4.1.1 Cost Reduction
35
4.1.2 Deployment
36
4.1.3 Incentive Program
36
4.1.4 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
37
4.2 General Risks
38
4.2.1 Poorly Defined and Categorized Systems
38
4.2.2 Unbundling of Operation and Network Development Activities
38
4.2.3 Grid Tariff Applications and Licensing Issues
38
4.2.4 Battery Safety
39
4.3 Challenges of Reducing Carbon Emissions
40
4.4 Battery Recycling and Reuse Risks
42
4.4.1 Examples of Battery Reuse and Recycling
43
4.4.2 Reuse of Electric Vehicle Batteries for Energy Storage
46
4.4.3 Recycling Process
47
5 Policy Recommendations
50
5.1 Frequency Regulation
50
5.2 Renewable Integration
50
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