Handbook on Battery Energy Storage System

HANDBOOK ON BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM

DECEMBER 2018

ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK

HANDBOOK ON BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM

DECEMBER 2018

AASISAIANNDDEEVVEELLOOPPMMEENNTTBBAANNKK

Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO)

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CONTENTS

Table and Figures

vi

Forewordix

Acknowledgmentsx

Abbreviationsxi

Executive Summary

xiii

1 Energy Storage Technologies

1

1.1 Storage Types

1

1.2 Components of a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)

7

1.2.1 Energy Storage System Components

7

1.2.2 Grid Connection for Utility-Scale BESS Projects

9

1.3 Battery Chemistry Types

9

1.3.1 Lead?Acid (PbA) Battery

9

1.3.2 Nickel?Cadmium (Ni?Cd) Battery

10

1.3.3 Nickel?Metal Hydride (Ni?MH) Battery

11

1.3.4 Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) Battery

11

1.3.5 Sodium?Sulfur (Na?S) Battery

13

1.3.6 Redox Flow Battery (RFB)

13

2 Business Models for Energy Storage Services

15

2.1 Ownership Models

15

2.1.1 Third-Party Ownership

15

2.1.2 Outright Purchase and Full Ownership

16

2.1.3 Electric Cooperative Approach to Energy Storage Procurement

16

2.2 Factors Affecting the Viability of BESS Projects

17

2.3 Financial and Economic Analysis

18

2.3.1 Criteria for the Economic Analysis of BESS Projects

19

2.3.2 Key Assumptions in the Cost?Benefit Analysis of BESS Projects

19

3 Grid Applications of Battery Energy Storage Systems

23

iii

iv

CONTENTS

3.1 Scoping of BESS Use Cases

23

3.2 General Grid Applications of BESS

24

3.3 Technical Requirements

26

3.3.1 Round-Trip Efficiency

26

3.3.2 Response Time

26

3.3.3 Lifetime and Cycling

27

3.3.4 Sizing

27

3.4 Operation and Maintenance

28

3.5 Use Cases

28

3.5.1 Frequency Regulation

28

3.5.2 Renewable Energy Integration

30

3.5.3 Peak Shaving and Load Leveling

32

3.6 Microgrids

34

4 Challenges and Risks

35

4.1 General Challenges

35

4.1.1 Cost Reduction

35

4.1.2 Deployment

36

4.1.3 Incentive Program

36

4.1.4 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

37

4.2 General Risks

38

4.2.1 Poorly Defined and Categorized Systems

38

4.2.2 Unbundling of Operation and Network Development Activities

38

4.2.3 Grid Tariff Applications and Licensing Issues

38

4.2.4 Battery Safety

39

4.3 Challenges of Reducing Carbon Emissions

40

4.4 Battery Recycling and Reuse Risks

42

4.4.1 Examples of Battery Reuse and Recycling

43

4.4.2 Reuse of Electric Vehicle Batteries for Energy Storage

46

4.4.3 Recycling Process

47

5 Policy Recommendations

50

5.1 Frequency Regulation

50

5.2 Renewable Integration

50

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