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Costs and benefits for emerging AsiaEducation and training:High school achievement in Singapore and Hong Kong is envied by governments around the world, including the UK. Throughout Asia, education has improved in recent decades, albeit unevenly (illiteracy remains a problem in rural India and Bangladesh for instance). Around 2500 universities in China, India and South Korea award millions of graduate degrees each year. China alone awarded 30,000 PhDs in 2012, and Asian countries now play a leading role in quaternary sector research in biotechnology and medical science.Infrastructure, the build environment and unplanned settlements:Alongside economic take-off, infrastructure development has taken place, bringing modern motorways, high-speed railways and airports to major cities including Jakarta. There is a growing trend for extreme high-rise development in city centre ‘hotspots’ in many Asian cities, including Hong Kong, Singapore and Shanghai. Often these developments are accompanied by the loss of recreational spaces and older, unplanned neighbourhoods. Beijing’s traditional hutongs (narrow lanes) are now all but lost. Mumbai’s Dharavi slum is a cramped and chaotic place that is home to families who live on little more than ?200 a month. It is also the location of a thriving recycling industry worth as much as ?700 million a year and employing 250,000 people. However, city authorities are determined to replace the Dharavi slum with modern flats.Social problems for deindustrialised regionsDuring the 1970s, many European and American factory workers lost their jobs. Western factories closed in large numbers once Asia became the focus of global manufacturing. As inner-city unemployment soared in places like Sheffield (UK) and Baltimore (USA), local communities abruptly ceased to be significant producers of consumer wealth.Crime:Rising gun crime reminds us that ‘losers’ of globalisation can be found in all nations, not just poorer ones. In some low-income US urban districts, life expectancy is 30 years lower than in affluent districts. Drug-related crime is now the basis of an informal economy in some poor neighbourhoods of failing US cities. When areas are ‘switched-off’ to legitimate global flows, they may instead become ‘switched on’ to illegal global flows of drugs and people trafficking.Depopulation:Middle-class Americans have migrated out of failing neighbourhoods in large numbers. Detroit has lost 1 million residents since 1950. One result of this depopulation has been a catastrophic collapse in housing prices. In Baltimore, which has lost one-third of its population, there are 20,000 abandoned properties. Homes in some districts have been sold for just one dollar. Those who say become trapped in a state of negative equity (their home is worth much less than they paid for it). Increasingly, depopulation in US cities has become linked with race. Dubbed ‘white flight’ by the media, the process of out-migration has left some districts populated mainly by African-Americans. The economic problems triggered by global shift have, over time, reignited racial tensions in cities such as Baltimore and Jackson.Place Based Tasks – 1) Read the case study inserts on page 182 and 183 and add China and India case study detail to your presentation.2) Research the examples mentioned in the fact file overleaf and develop greater detail on at least two developed world examples. ................
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