Akhtar Saeed Medical and Dental College



STUDY GUIDE OF ANATOMYIV. GENERAL ANATOMY Contents/ topicsOutcomes/ knowledge (the students should be able to know the 1. Anatomical TerminologiesDefinitions of various terminologies and their application.Basic concept of the movements at joints.2. General aspects of bonesClassification, parts of bones, structure, growing end hypothesis, blood supply of adult and immature long bones.Types of epiphysis.3. General aspects of JointsClassification and structure of fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial joints..4. General aspects of musclesClassification and general structure of the different muscles 5. General aspects of circulatory systemClassification and structure of different blood vessels.Types of circulationVarious portal circulations in body, types of capillariesTypes of anastomosis.General feature of lymphatic system6. General aspects of the integumentary systemGeneral features of epidermis and dermis.Appendages of skin.Langer’s line and dematoglyphics Dermatomes 7. General aspects of the central nervous systemClassification and general features of neuronsStructure of typical spinal nervesComponents and general features of CNS and PNSAutonomic nervous system.V. Region: Upper LimbTopic 1: The pectoral region & Axilla. ContentsOutcomes/Knowledge(students should be able to)1. Surface landmarks.1. Identify & locate clavicle, sternum, sternal angle, sternal notch, costal margin, axillary folds. 2. The breasts2 .Location & extent structure, blood supply, lymphatic drainage.3. Muscles of pectoral region3. Name, attachments, relations, nerve supply& actions.4. Clavipectoral fascia.4. Vertical & horizontal extent, structures piercing the fascia.5. Bones of shoulder girdle & arm5. Anatomical position, bony land marks, important muscular or ligamentous attachments.6. The Axilla6. Boundaries& contents.7. Brachial plexus7. Formation, relations, branches, common injuries.8. Axillary vessels8. Course, relations & ic 2: Arm & ForearmContentsOutcomes/ knowledge(the students should be able to identify)1. Bone Humerus Anatomical position, bony landmarks, muscular and ligamentous attachments2. Muscles of anterior compartment of armName, attachments, relations, nerve supply and actions3. Blood vessels of anterior compartment of armOrigin, course, relations, branches and area of distribution4. Nerves of anterior compartment of armRoot value, course, relations, and branches, area of supply and common injuries.5. Muscles of posterior compartment of armName, attachments, relations, nerve supply and actions6.Blood vessels of posterior compartment of armOrigin, course, relations, branches and area of distribution7. Nerves of posterior compartment of armRoot value, course, relations, and branches, area of supply and common injuries.8. Cubital fossaBoundaries and contents 9. Elbow joint Articular surfaces, types & variety, important ligament and their attachment, actions of different muscles producing movements 10. Bones of forearm Radius & Ulna Anatomical position, bony landmarks, muscular and ligamentous attachments11. Flexor muscles of forearmName, superficial & deep groups, attachments, relations, nerve supply and actions12. Blood vessels of forearmOrigin, course, relations, branches and area of distribution13. Nerves of forearmRoot value, course, relations, and branches, area of supply and common injuries.14. Extensor muscles of forearmName, attachments, relations, nerve supply and actions15. Flexor and extensor retinaculalocate, structure, attachments, relations and importance of retinacula16. Wrist joint Articular surfaces, types & variety, important ligament and their attachment, actions of different muscles producing movements TOPIC 3: HANDVI. REGION. LOWER LIMB:Contents/ topicsOutcomes/knowledge (students should be able to)1.Hip bone and femurIdentify anatomical position, give bony landmarks and important muscular or ligamentous attachment 2.Front of thigh1.Describe the superficial fascia and its contents2. Give attachments of deep fascia and its modifications.3. Name the muscles of anterior compartment of thigh and give their attachments, nerve supply and actions4. Give the boundaries and contents of femoral triangle and adductor canal.5. Name the main arteries, their course and branches.6. Name the veins, their tributaries and course7. Give the nerves, their branches and area of supply.3. Medial side of thigh1.Name the muscles of anterior compartment of thigh and give their attachments, nerve supply and actions2. Name the main arteries, their course and branches.3. Name the veins, their tributaries and course4. Give the nerves, their branches and area of supply.4. Gluteal region1.Name the muscles of gluteal region and give their attachments, nerve supply and actions2. Name the main arteries, their course and branches.3. Name the veins, their tributaries and course4. Give the nerves, their branches and area of supply.5. Hip jointDescribe the type, variety, articular surfaces, capsule, synovialmembrane, ligaments,relations, movements, blood and nerve supply6. Popliteal fossaDescribe boundaries and contents of popliteal fossa7. Back of thigh1.Name the muscles of gluteal region and give their attachments, nerve supply and actions2. Name the main arteries, their course and branches.3. Name the veins, their tributaries and course4. Give the nerves, their branches and area of supply.8.Tibia and fibulaIdentify anatomical position, give bony landmarks and important muscular or ligamentous attachment9.Front, lateral and medial side of leg and dorsum of foot1.Name the muscles of these regions and give their attachments, nerve supply and actions2. Name the main arteries, their course and branches.3. Name the veins, their tributaries and course4. Give the nerves, their branches and area of supply.10. Back of leg1.Name the muscles of back of leg and give their attachments, nerve supply and actions2. Name the main arteries, their course and branches.3. Name the veins, their tributaries and course4. Give the nerves, their branches and area of supply.11.Knee jointDescribe the type, variety, articular surfaces, capsule, synovialmembrane, ligaments,relations, movements, blood and nerve supply12. Bones of footName the various bones and give their anatomical features13. Sole of foot1.Name the muscles of sole of foot and give their attachments, nerve supply and actions2. Name the main arteries, their course and branches.3. Name the veins, their tributaries and course4. Give the nerves, their branches and area of supply.14. Ankle jointDescribe the type, variety, articular surfaces, capsule, synovialmembrane, ligaments,relations, movements, blood and nerve supply15. Small joints of footDefine the type, variety and movements of small joints of foot 16. Cutaneous nerve supply and dermatome of lower limbName the cutaneous nerves and area supplied by them17. Venous drainage of lower limbName the superficial and deep veins, their tributaries and course18.Lymphatic drainage of lower limbName the various groups of lymph nodes and areas drained by them19. Radiographs of lower limbIdentify various bones on X-ray20. Surface anatomy of lower limb.Identify & locate important anatomical landmarks on a living subject.VII. REGION: THORAXPART I: THE THORACIC WALLContentsOutcomes/Knowledge(students should be able to)1. Surface Anatomy.1. Identify the suprasternal notch, sternal angle, xiphisternal joint, 1st & 2nd ribs, anterior & posterior axillary folds, spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae, scapula superior & inferior angle, and spine of scapula, extent of trachea, lungs, pleura & heart.2. Thoracic cage.2. Anatomical position, bony features of sternum, ribs, joints of the chest wall & thoracic vertebrae.3. Mechanism of respiration. 3. Muscles of respiration, joints, bucket handle & pump handle movements of rib cage, types of respiration.4. Intercostal spaces.4. Location, boundaries & contents.5. Intercostal muscles.5. Attachments, nerve supply & actions.6. Diaphragm6. Structure, nerve supply & actions. Functions & openings in diaphragm.PART II. THE THORACIC CAVITYContentsOutcomes/Knowledge(students should be able to)1. Mediastinum1. Various divisions of mediastinum, their boundaries & contents.2. Pleura2. Various layers of pleura, their extent & nerve supply.3. Trachea3. Location, extent, relations, blood supply, lymphatic drainage & nerve supply.4. The Bronchi4. Location, extent, relations & nerve supply.5. Lungs5. Location, lobes, fissures, Broncho pulmonary segments, difference b/w right & left lungs, blood supply, lymphatic drainage & nerve supply.6. Pericardium6. Various layers, pericardial sinuses & nerve supply.7. Heart7. Surfaces, borders, internal structure of heart, conducting system, arterial supply, venous drainage & nerve supply of heart. Surface anatomy of heart valves.8. Large veins of thorax.8. Name, Location, relations & tributaries.9. Large arteries of thorax.9. Name, location, course, relations & branches.10. Lymph nodes & vessels of thorax.10. Various groups of lymph nodes & their draining areas.11. Nerves of thorax.11. Course, relations, viscera’s supplied by them and their branches.12. Thoracic part of sympathetic trunk.12. Location, relations & branches.13. Esophagus & Trachea.13. Location, extent, relations, blood supply, nerve supply & lymph drainage.14. Cross-sectional anatomy.13. Cross sections of thorax at T4 & T8 levels.13. Radiological anatomy of thorax.14. Poster anterior view of chest radiograph of a normal adult man. VIII. Topic: GENERAL EMBRYOLOGYContentsOutcomes/Knowledge1. Introduction to Embryology.1. Definition, descriptive terms in embryology, planes & sections. Significance of embryology, basic genetics & molecular regulation.2. Male & Female Reproductive systems.2. Structure & functions of testis, vas deferens, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts, accessory glands & male external genitalia, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus & uterine cycle, accessory glands.3. Mitosis& Meiosis3. Various phases of cell division, differences between mitosis & meiosis.4.Gametogenesis4. Spermatogenesis & spermiogenesis & their difference. Oogenesis & how it differs from spermatogenesis.5. Transport of gametes & Fertilization5. Sperm transport, capacitation, ovulation & ovum transport, phases of fertilization & its outcomes.6. First week of development.6. Cleavage & formation of morula & blastocyst. Beginning of implantation.6. Second week of development.6. Formation of bilaminar germ disc, amniotic cavity, primitive yolk sac, extraembryonic mesoderm, chorionic cavity, secondary yolk sac & completion of implantation. 7. Third week of development.7. Gastrulation, development of notochord, trilaminar germ disc, organization of intraembryonic mesoderm, formation of intraembryonic coelom, formation of neural tube, formation of primitive CVS, vasculogenesis & angiogenesis, development of chorionic villi.8. Fourth week of development.8. The process of neurulation, folding of embryo, development of somites, organogenesis & derivatives of neural crest cells, ectoderm, mesoderm & endoderm.9. Fifth to Eighth weeks of development.9. Changes in the flexure of body, development of face, eyes, ears &limbs.10. The fetal period.10. Changes in form, growth in length from 3rd to ninth months, maturation of organs & systems. Assessment of fetal age.11. Fetal membranes & Placenta.11. Various types of decidua, fetal membranes & their fate, formation of amniotic fluid & its functions, placenta & its functions, twin pregnancies.12. Birth defects12. Types of birth defects, various teratogens & their effects, chromosomal anomalies, maternal conditions causing birth defects.IX. SPECIAL EMBRYOLOGY: Contents/topicsOutcomes / knowledge(the students should be able to understand the)1. Development of body cavities Development of pleural, pericardial and peritoneal cavities in embryo2.Development of diaphragm Formation of diaphragm from septum transversum, pleuroperitoneal membrane, dorsal mesentry of esophagus and muscular ingrowth3. Development of Digestive Systema. EsophagusDevelopment of esophagus from endodermal foregut and its congenital anomaliesb. StomachDevelopment of stomach from foregut, its mesenteries, rotations and final positionsc. Duodenum Development from foregut and midgut derivatives.d. Hepatobiliary apparatusDevelopment from hepatic and cystic diverticulum, concept of bare areas of liver and their congenital defectse. PancreasDevelopment from ventral and dorsal pancreatic bud. Formation of its ducts and congenital anomaliesf. MidgutRotations of midgut loopPhysiological herniation and then retraction back. Positioning of different parts of midgut ant its congenital anomaliesg. HindgutFormation of anorectal septum, partitioning of cloaca. Develomantal basis of nerve supply and blood supply of anal canal and congenital defects4. Development of Cardiovascular System1. Early development of heart and blood vesselsAppearance of primary and secondary heart field areas, angiogenesis and vasculogenesis2. Formation of cardiac loopFormation of different parts of hearts from heart tube3. Development of sinus venosusFate of sinus venosus4.Partitioning of atrioventricular canalFormation of endocardial cushion and septum5. Formation of interatrial septumAppearance of septum primum and seccundum to form interatrial septum. 6. Formation of interventricular septumFormation of membranous and muscular septum7. Partitioning of conotruncusAppearance of the bulbar ridges and septum formation8. Development of arterial systemFate of the pharyngeal arch arteries9. Development of venous systemDevelopmental basis of the formation of inferior and superior vena cavae10. Fetal circulation and birth changesDifferences in fetal and after birth circulation and changes after birth5. Development of Respiratory Systema. LarynxDevelopment from foregut endoderm and pharyngeal archesb. TracheaDevelopment of trachea from the respiratory diverticulum and partitioning from esophagus by tracheoesophageal fistulac. Development and maturation of lungsDevelopmental basis of formation of bronchial tree, different stages of lung maturation and production of surfactant 6. Development of Urogenital systema. Kidneys and uretersDevelopment of kidneys from pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros.b. Urinary bladder and urethraFormation of urorectal septum for partitioning of cloaca and separation of anterior urogenital partc. Development of testis genital ducts and external genitalia in maleDevelopment from intermediate plate mesoderm, role of SRY gene., descent of testis and role of mesonephric ductd. Development of ovaries, genital ducts and external ganitalia in femalesFormation of the cortical sex cords and Role of paramesonephric ducts.7. Development of Head and Necka. Pharyngeal archesDevelopmental basis of six pharyngeal arches and their derivatives with specific blood and nerve supplyb. Pharyngeal pouches Developmental basis of six pharyngeal pouches and their derivatives c. Pharyngeal cleft and membranesComponents of pharyngeal apparatus and their derivativesd. TongueDevelopmental basis of the appearance of mesenchymal swellings as tuberculam impar, copula and hypobranchial eminence to form different parts of tongue with specific nerve supplye. Thyroid glandAppearance of the thyroid diverticulum from ventral wall of foregut.Role of ultimobranchial body from 5th archf. FaceDevelopment of face from frontonasal, maxillary and mandibular prominencesG8.PalateDevelopment of primary and secondary palate from intermaxillary segment and maxillary prominences 8. Development of EyeAppearance of optic cup and optic vesicles, outer pigmented layer and inner neural layer of optic cup develops into retina, iris and ciliary body.Developmental basis of the cornea and sclera.9. Development of EarAppearance of the otic placode as thickening of surface ectoderm.Ventral and dorsal division of the auditory vesicles and its derivatives.X. HISTOLOGY ( GENERAL & SPECIAL)Topics/ contentsOutcomes/knowledge (students should be able to)1.CELL1.Recognize cell organelles, which are visible by regular light microscopy (Nucleus, nucleolus, basophilic rough endoplasmic reticulum)2. Know different functions that are associated with different types of eukaryotic cell organelles.3. Review the function and structure of the organelles involved.4. Compare the three different cytoskeletal systems5. Outline the histological features of plasma membrane, and correlating them with their function.2. EPITHELIUM 1. List the different types of epithelial cells and briefly discuss the location, structure and function of each type.2. Describe the accessory structural features of epithelial cells such as microvilli, cilia and cell-to-cell contacts.3.GLANDULAR EPITHELIUMDistinguish between structure and function of exocrine and endocrine glands and give examples of each.4. CONNECTIVE TISSUE1. List the classification of connective tissue and their major histologic features.2. Describe the various connective tissue cells.3. Describe the different components of the ECM and their microscopic features.4. Give the characteristics of special connective tissue. a. Cartilage1. Able to recognize the three major cartilage types (hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage) in light microscopic sections and know where each type is found in the body.2. Able to identify cells and structures in a section of cartilage (e.g. chondroblast, chondrocyte, lacuna, isogenous group, two types of matrix, the perichondrium, etc.).3. Know the contents of cartilage matrix and understand the molecular basis for cartilage resilience.Able to describe the process of chondrogenesis and know how cartilage growsb. Bone 1. Able to describe, as well as recognize in microscope sections/photos, the process of intramembranous bone formation, including the process by which cancellous bone is converted into compact bone.2. Able to recognize these cell types: osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts. Know their role in the process of intramembranous bone formation and conversion of cancellous bone to compact bone.3. Able to recognize mature and immature (mottled or woven) bone.4. Understand the process of endochondral bone formation and know how a cartilage model is broken down and replaced by bone.5. MUSCLES Understand the structural organization of the various types of muscles6.CIRCULATORY pare and contrast the histological structure of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins7. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM1. `Able to describe the organization and function of thymus, lymph nodes, spleen and tonsils.2. Discuss the cells of the immune system, how they function, and their relationship with the lymphatic system8.INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM1. Able to identify principal layers of the skin (epidermis, dermis and hypodermis) at the light microscope level and know the principal functions of each layer.2. Able to identify the layers of the epidermis in thick and thin skin 4. Able to identify eccrine and apocrine sweat glands, as well as sebaceous glands at the light microscope level.5. Identify the components of the pilosebaceous apparatus and know the structural and developmental relationship between each component and the epidermis of the skin. 6. Describe the accessory structures of the skin and the functions of each.9.NERVOUS SYSTEM1. Name the two principal types of cells in the nervous system?2. Describe the functions of supporting cells. Specifically, describe primary function and location of neuroglia,astrocytes, microglia, ependymal, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells.3. List and briefly discuss histological characteristics of neurons.5. Give the function of a neuron? Distinguish between cell body (perikaryon), dendrites, axon. What is thefunction and location of: chromatophilic substance (Nissl bodies), neurofibrils, axon hillock, axon collaterals,axon terminals (synaptic end bulbs), and neurotransmitters.6. Give the difference between the myelin sheath and the neurolemma (sheath of Schwann)? What is thefunction of the myelin sheath? What produces the myelin sheath of the peripheral nervous system? What arenodes of Ranvier?8. Using structural classification, describe the structure and give a location of multipolar, bipolar, and unipolarcells.10.RESPIRATORY SYSTEM1. Know the basic components of the conducting and respiratory portions of the system and describe distinctive structural features of each component related to particular functions in respiration.2. Know the types of cells present in the respiratory epithelium and their functions in respiration.3. Able to identify the trachea, bronchi, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli of the respiratory tract on the basis of:epithelial cell types present, andrelative amounts of glands, cartilage, smooth muscles and connective tissue fibers present in the wall of the tubes.4. Able to name the cellular and structural elements that form the blood-air barrier.11.GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM1. Know the location and histological similarities and dissimilarities among the different types of oral mucosae (lining, masticatory, specialized).2. Know the histology of the tongue including the different types of papillae.3. Able to describe the layers in the wall of the digestive tract (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis (propria), and adventitia/serosa), and explain how they differ in the pharynx, esophagus, and stomach.4. Know the histological differences in the pharynx and the upper, middle and lower portions of the esophagus.5. Recognize gastric glands, identify their constituent cells, and know their secretory products.6. Differentiate gastric glands, cardiac glands, and pyloric glands.7. Describe the layers in the wall of the digestive tract (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa and adventitia/serosa), and explain how they differ in the small and large intestines.8. Identify and know the general functions of the following regions of the GI tract:DuodenumJejunum/ileumColonAppendixRectumAnal canal12. GLANDS ASSOCIATED WITH GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM1. Identify parotid, submandibular and sublingual salivary glands on the basis of histological appearance and by the types of secretion produced by each gland.2. dentify striated ducts of the salivary gland at the light and correlate the structural features of the constituent cells to the functions of these ducts.3. Know the localization of myoepithelial cells and nerves in relation to the acinar cells, and their role in secretory functions.4. Discuss the blood supply of the liver5. Define the concept of the classic liver lobule and recognize it in histological tissue sections6. Learn about the structure of portal triads and identify its components7. Understand the structure of hepatic cords and liver sinusoids8. Learn about and identify the cells of the liver tissue: hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, endothelial cells and Ito cells9. Discuss the functions and ultrastructural features of hepatocytes10. Understand the concept of the Acinus of Rappaport11. Discuss the production of bile and the cellular structures involved12. Study the histological features of the gallbladder13. Discriminate between exocrine and endocrine pancreas14. Discuss the cellular structure of an exocrine pancreatic acinus and its function15. Identify intercalated ducts and centroacinar cells16. Recognize Islets of Langerhans (endocrine pancreas)17. Discuss the various types of endocrine pancreas cells13. URINARY SYSTEM1. Understand the organization of the renal corpuscle and the cells present within it.2. Describe the filtration barrier between blood and urine in the renal corpuscle.3. Name the divisions of the nephron, and specify their location4. Relate the histological specializations found in specific divisions of the nephron to the functions of that division.5. Describe the blood supply of the kidney.14. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM1. Recognize germ cells at different steps of spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubule, and 2. Explain which steps involve meiosis, and which involve cellular differentiation into sperm (spermiogenesis).3. Recognize Sertoli cells and Leydig cells, and explain their roles in the production of sperm and regulation of the male reproductive system.4. Recognize the various parts of the male reproductive tract in histological section, and explain the contribution of each part to the production of semen for the final ejaculate.5. Recognize and understand the histological organization of the prostate gland and know which regions are prone to benign hypertrophy compared to the regions in which most prostate cancers arise.7. Recognize and understand the histological organization of the penis and know the role of its components in erection and detumescence.15.FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM1. Understand and identify the stages of follicular growth (primordial, primary, secondary, tertiary), as well as the changes that occur in the follicular wall during pregnancy.2. Identify the regional variations in the structure of the oviduct.3. Describe the changes that occur in the ovary and oviduct during the menstrual cycle.4. Distinguish the cyclical alterations in the uterine endometrium and understand their hormonal bases.5. Describe the alterations and functional changes in the cytology of the cervix and vagina during the menstrual cycle, and during pregnancy.16. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM1. Identify tissues in the nervous system (nerves, cell bodies and ganglia, and white vs. gray matter in the spinal cord, cerebellum, and cerebrum).2. Describe the organization and understand some of the basic functions of regions of the:spinal cord (e.g. dorsal horn, ventral horn, lateral extension of the ventral horn, and dorsal nucleus of Clarke),cerebellum (e.g. molecular, Purkinje, and granule cell layers and the general interactions of the cells therein)cerebral cortex (e.g. layers I through VI, particularly pyramidal cells of layers III and V)3. Observe ependymal cells of the choroid plexus, noting that these are the cells responsible for the production of CSF.4. Observe the 3-layered organization of the hippocampus and dentate gyrus (archicortex) as opposed to the 6-layered organization observed in other regions of the cerebral cortex (neocortex).17.ENDOCRINE SYSTEM1. Identify the parts of the pituitary gland, and describe their embryological origin.2. Name the cell types that produce the various hormones of the anterior pituitary, and know whether they are acidophils or basophils.3. Describe the role of hypothalamic neurosecretion in the function of the posterior pituitary, and in the regulation of the anterior pituitary, and recognize the histological structures involved in these functions.4. Explain how structures seen in the thyroid gland, at both the light and electron microscope levels, are involved in the production of thyroglobulin, its storage, and its subsequent breakdown to yield thyroid hormones.5. Recognize the parathyroid gland in histological section, and within the gland identify the chief cells (source of parathyroid hormone) and oxyphil cells.6. Recognize the zones of the adrenal cortex that produce aldosterone and cortisol, and explain how the blood supply is arranged for efficient uptake of the hormones.7. Recognize the adrenal medulla in histological section, and explain the functional similarity of its cells to those of the sympathetic nervous system.18. EYE 1. Understand the structural organization and functions of the various components of the eyelid and conjunctiva.2. Name the three layers of the eye, and describe the components of each at the level of the retina, lens and iris, and cornea.Relate retinal detachment to embryonic development of the eye.3. Explain the histological basis of glaucoma (including the source and path of flow of aqueous humor)5. Describe the ordered structures of cornea and lens that allow them to be translucent and explain how opacity can develop under pathologic conditions.6. Describe the fovea, optic disk, and where blood vessels are located in the retina.19.EAR 1. Know the structural differences between the outer, middle and inner ear and what their functions are. 2. Recognize them at the light microscope and EM levels.4. Distinguish the auditory parts of the inner ear from those of the vestibular system. What are their roles in hearing and balance?5. What are sensory hair cells? How do they differ (in appearance and function) from neurons of the spiral ganglion?XI. REGION. ABDOMEN & PELVIS: Contents/ topicsOutcomes/ knowledge (the students should be able to know)1. Anterior abdominal wallSurface landmarks and abdominal quadrants on living.2. Cutaneous supply, blood supply and innervation.Origin, areas of supply and Differences in supply according to watershed line at umbilicus.3. Muscles of anterior abdominal wallName, attachments, relations, nerve supply and actions4. Rectus sheathAnatomical features, formation, contents, functions, blood supply and nerve supply5. Inguinal canalLocation, structure of superficial and deep inguinal rings, contents in male and female6. Male external genital organs Structure of corpus spongiosum and cavernosa. Their role in erection of penis. Vas deferens and epididymis.7.ScrotumAnatomical features, layers, blood supply, nerve supply and lymphatic drainage.8. TestisAnatomical features, coverings, structure, blood supply. Nerve supply and lymphatic drainage.9. Peritoneum Structure, ventral and dorsal mesentries, retroperitoneal structures, lesser sac, epiploic foramen, localization and contents of various peritoneal folds and pouches.10. StomachLocation, anatomical features, visceral and peritoneal relations, blood supply, nerve supply , lymphatic drainage and clinical anatomy11.Small intestineLocation, anatomical features, differences among its parts, visceral and peritoneal relations, blood supply, nerve supply , lymphatic drainage and clinical anatomy12. Large IntestineLocation, anatomical features, differences among its parts, visceral and peritoneal relations, blood supply, nerve supply , lymphatic drainage and clinical anatomy13.Portal vein Formation, course, relations, termination, tributaries and portosystemic anastomosis14. LiverLocation, anatomical features, visceral and peritoneal relations, blood supply, nerve supply , lymphatic drainage, surgical segments and clinical anatomy15. SpleenLocation, anatomical features, visceral and peritoneal relations, blood supply, nerve supply , lymphatic drainage and clinical anatomy16. Pancreas Location, anatomical features, visceral and peritoneal relations, blood supply, nerve supply , lymphatic drainage and clinical anatomy17. Extrahepatic biliary apparatus Location, anatomical features, visceral and peritoneal relations, blood supply, nerve supply , lymphatic drainage and clinical anatomy18. Muscles of Posterior abdominal wallName, location, attachment, relations actions, and nerve supply 19. KidneysLocation, anatomical features, visceral relations, blood supply, nerve supply , lymphatic drainage and clinical anatomy20.Suprarenal glandLocation, shape, anatomical features, relations, blood supply, nerve supply , lymphatic drainage and clinical anatomy21.Ureter Location, parts, course anatomical features, relations in males and females, constrictions, blood supply, nerve supply , lymphatic drainage and clinical anatomy22. Abdominal aortaLocation, course, relations, branches and their area of supply23. Inferior vena cavaLocation, course, relations and tributaries24.Autonomic nervous systemLocation, formation relations and branches of sympathetic chain, coeliac, hypogastric ganglions and pelvic splanchnic nerves.25. Cistern chyliLocation, course and relations.26.Lumbar vertebraeAnatomical position, bony landmarks, muscular and ligamentous attachments and radiological anatomy on Xrays27. Bony PelvisArticulations of bones forming bony pelvis, boundaries of pelvic inlet and outlet.28. True and false pelvis Definition, location, contents and structures forming its walls. 29.Pelvic floor/ pelvic Diaphragm/ levator ani muscleStructure, location, attachments, parts, functions relations, blood supply and nerve supply 30. Internal iliac artery Origin, course, relations, branches along with their areas of supply31. Lumbosacral plexusFormation, location, relations, branches and areas of distribution32. Urinary bladderLocation, anatomical features, visceral relations, blood supply, nerve supply , lymphatic drainage and clinical anatomy33. Rectum and anal canal Location, anatomical features, visceral relations, blood supply, nerve supply , lymphatic drainage and clinical anatomy34. Male Reproductive Organs1.Prostate Location, anatomical features, lobes, visceral relations, blood supply, nerve supply , lymphatic drainage and clinical anatomy2.Seminal vesiclesLocation, anatomical features, functions, visceral relations, blood supply, nerve supply , lymphatic drainage and clinical anatomy3. Male urethraLocation, length, anatomical features, parts, visceral relations, blood supply, nerve supply , lymphatic drainage and clinical anatomy35. Female Reproductive System1.OvariesLocation, anatomical features, visceral relations, blood supply, nerve supply , lymphatic drainage and clinical anatomy2.Fallopian tubesLocation, anatomical features, parts, visceral relations, blood supply, nerve supply , lymphatic drainage and clinical anatomy3. UterusLocation, anatomical features, visceral relations, support, blood supply, nerve supply , lymphatic drainage and clinical anatomy36. Perineum a. Perineal membraneLocation, attachments, structures piercing the membrane in males and females clinical importance b. Perineal bodyLocation, formation and clinical importance c. Superficial and deep pouches Locations, boundaries and contents d. Ischiorectal fossaLocation, boundaries and contents e. Pudendal canal Location, boundaries and contents f. Internal pudendal arteryOrigin, course, relations, branches along with their areas of supplyg. Pudendal nerve Formation, location, relations, branches and areas of distributionXII. TOPIC. NEUROANATOMY:ContentsOutcomes/Knowledge(The student should be able to)1.Introduction to nervous system1. Describe the major organization of the nervous system, anatomical terms and planes of section.2. Explain the structure and function of neurons and glia3. Describe the location/organization of grey matter and white matter in the CNS in general terms.4. Relate the three meningeal layers and the spaces between them2. Spinal Cord1. Describe the gross anatomy of the spinal cord and its relationship to the vertebral canal and the organization of blood supply to the spinal cord.2. Identify the locations of the corticospinal tract, the posterior column-medial lemniscus system and the anterolateral system in a cross section of the spinal cord.3. Identify the location of somatic sensory, visceral sensory, somatic motor and visceral motor neurons in the gray matter of the spinal cord.4. Sketch the longitudinal course of the corticospinal tract, the posterior column-medial lemniscus system and the anterolateral system throughout the spinal cord and brainstem and demonstrate an understanding of somatotopic arrangement, site of crossing fibres, and modalities carried within these tracts.5. Identify the meningeal layers around the spinal cord and relate these to the spaces they border with and define. Explain the functional importance of these spaces for clinical practice. 3. Brain stem1. Describe the major surface markings, including cranial nerve roots, of the brainstem and how they relate to tracts and structures within the brainstem.2. Compare and contrast the corticobulbar tract to the corticospinal tract.3. Describe the functional anatomy of the ascending and descending medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF).4. Identify the cranial nerves involved in eye movements on the surface of the brainstem and identify their nuclei within the brainstem on cross sections.6. Explain the underlying pathways and connections of horizontal eye movements for saccadic and pursuit movements as well as the vestibulo-ocular reflex.4. Cerebellum Understand the location of the cerebellar vermis, cerebellar hemispheres, anterior lobe,posterior lobe, and flocculonodular lobeTo learn the basicanatomical organizationand functional roles ofthe cerebellum2. To understand theanatomical and chemicalorganization of thecerebellar cortex (celllayers, cell types,transmitters3. Know the blood supply of cerebellum4. Describe the function of cerebellum5. Diencephalon Describe the nuclei andconnections of thalamusand epithalamus.2, Describe the nuclei and connections ofhypothalamus andsubthamamus.3. Describe the circumventricular organs of the brain 6. Cerebrum1.Distinguish between the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex2. Describe the internal structure of thecerebrum. 3. Describe the layers of the cerebral cortex. 4. Describe thefunctional areas, their blood supply7. The basal nuclei and their connectionsDescribe the basal Nuclei , their connections , and their functions and relate them to diseases commonly affecting this area of the nervous system8. Cranial nervesLearn the basic information regarding the motor and sensory nuclei of the cranial nerves, including their location and central connections9. Autonomic nervous systemUnderstand the structure, physiology, and pharmacology of the autonomic nervous system10. Meninges of the brain and spinal cordTo learn the structure and function of the three meninges that surrounds the brain and spinal cord.Understand the venous sinuses with in the skull and see how the meninges contribute to their walls.11. Ventricles and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid Describe the parts andrelations of ventricularsystem 12. Blood supply of the brain and spinal cord1. Name the main blood vessels supplying the brain and spinal cord2. Identify the area of cerebral cortex and spinal cord supplied by a particular artery3. Describe the circle of WillisXIII. REGION. HEAD & NECK:ContentsOutcomes/Knowledge(The student should be able to)A. HEAD1. Bones of skull1. Composition & names.2. External views of skull2. Various views of skull like anterior, lateral, posterior, superior, inferior & interior fossae (cranial cavity). The foramina & structures passing through these foramina of skull.3. Neonatal skull3. Features, different fontanelles, their locations & significance.4. The Meninges & Dural venous sinuses4. Types of meninges their reflections, nerve supply. Paired & unpaired venous sinuses, their locations, relations & communications. 5. The orbital region4. Eyelids, the muscles of eye lids & eye ball, movements & nerve supply. Lacrimal apparatus including lacrimal gland, ducts, lacrimal sac & their nerve supply.6. The orbit6. Boundaries, openings into orbital cavity, orbital fascia, nerves of orbit, blood vessels & lymph vessels of orbit.7. The Eye7. Movements of eye ball, Extrinsic & intrinsic muscles, their nerve supply, fascial sheaths of eye ball, structure of eye ball & contents of eye ball. 8. The Ear8. Structure of external, middle & internal ear, muscles of middle ear their nerve supply & actions, auditory ossicles, auditory tube & mastoid antrum.9. The mandible9. Bony features, muscular attachments, foramina & structures passing through them.10. Temporomandibular joint.10. Articulation, type, capsule, ligaments, movements & muscles producing these movements & nerve supply.11. The Scalp11. Structure, muscles, nerve supply, blood supply & lymphatic drainage.12. The Face12. The skin, cutaneous supply, blood supply & lymphatic drainage. Muscles of facial expression, their nerve supply & actions.B. 13. The Neck13. Bones of neck, muscles, relations, deep cervical fascia.14. Muscular triangles of neck.14. Boundaries & contents15. Vessels of head & neck15. Name, location, course, relations & branches.16. Lymph drainage of head & neck.16. Groups of regional lymph nodes & their draining areas.17. Cranial Nerves17. Name, components, functions, opening in skull, course, relations & branches.18. Cervical plexus18. Organization & branches.19. The autonomic nervous system19. Cervical part of sympathetic trunk its location, ganglia, relations & branches. Parasympathetic ganglia their location & branches.20. The Digestive system in head & neck20. The mouth, palate, tongue, salivary glands, pharynx & esophagus. 21. The Respiratory system in head & neck.21. The nose, paranasal sinuses, larynx, trachea.22. Endocrine glands in head & neck22. Pituitary, pineal, thyroid & parathyroid glands their location, relations, blood supply & functions. 23. The root of neck23. Muscles & vessels.24. The Thoracic duct24. Location & relations25. Radiographic Anatomy.25. Study the poster anterior & lateral radiographs of skull.26. Surface Anatomy26. Identify the anatomical landmarks of head & neck region. ................
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