Human Growth and Sexuality



Human Growth and Development

10th Grade Health and Wellness

• Identify the organs of the male reproductive system and their functions (see Male Reproductive System diagram and handout)

• Scrotum

• Testes

• Seminiferous tubules

• Epididymis

• Vas deferens

• Seminal vesicles

• Ejaculatory duct

• Prostate gland

• Cowper’s glands

• Urethra

• Penis

• Glans penis

• Foreskin

• KEY POINTS – The male reproductive organs produce a hormone called testosterone, produce sperm cells, and transport the sperm to the female. Male physiology involves erection, orgasm, and ejaculation.

• Identify male physiology

• Erection – an involuntary process that occurs when the spongy tissue inside the male penis becomes engorged, causing the penis to become stiff and hard.

• Orgasm – an explosive discharge at the peak of sexual excitement that is marked by rhythmic contractions and a sense of release. This usually occurs with ejaculation.

• Ejaculation – the sudden expulsion of semen from the male penis.

• Describe the components of semen

• Semen is composed of

• Sperm cells

• Nutrient fluid from the seminal vesicles

• Acidic fluid from the prostate gland

• Lubricating and neutralizing fluid from the Cowper’s glands

• Identify the path of sperm cells from production to release

• Sperm cells are produced in the testes

• Stored in the epididymis

• Travel through the vas deferens

• Combine with fluid from the seminal vesicles

• Combine with fluid from the prostate gland

• Combine with fluid from the Cowper’s gland

• Now called semen, travels through the urethra in the penis

• Leaves the body through the opening in the penis during ejaculation

• Identify the structure of the male testicle. Discuss the development and volume of the sperm that is produced.

• KEY POINTS – Puberty is the stage of growth and development in which

males and females become capable of producing children. In males, testosterone, the male hormone is released into the bloodstream from the testes and causes male secondary sex characteristics to develop.

• Identify the male changes during puberty (secondary sex characteristics)

• Larger muscles

• Longer, heavier bones

• Thicker, tougher skin

• Deeper voice

• Growth of body hair

• Development of pubic hair

• Greater muscle mass

• V-shaped torso

• Enlargement of penis, scrotum, and testes

• Increased metabolic rate

• Sex drive

• Ejaculation of semen

• Identify and discuss problems of the male reproductive system and male sexual concerns

• Circumcision – removal of the foreskin of the penis for religious reasons or for cleanliness

• Smegma – cheesy, waxy substance that forms under the foreskin of the penis

• Cryptorchidism - the testicle fails to descend into its normal position in the scrotum by age 12 months. Can cause sterility if not treated.

• Delayed ejaculation - when ejaculation takes a long time to occur, or never occurs, during lovemaking with a partner and/or during masturbation.

• Hernia - a condition in which part of the intestine bulges through

a weak area of the muscles in the abdomen.

• Inguinal Hernia- weakness of the wall of the inguinal canal coming through the abdominal cavity.

• Impotence – the inability to maintain an erection in order to have intercourse. This can be due to stress, illness, or exhaustion.

• Morning erection – an erection cause by a full bladder or waking during REM sleep.

• Nocturnal emissions – spontaneous ejaculations that occur during sleep; “wet dreams.”

• Penis size – a male sexual concern that has nothing to do with performance.

• Peyronie’s disease – a build-up of fibrous tissue on the penis making erection difficult and painful.

• Premature ejaculation – semen is released before both partners are ready.

• Prostate cancer – an uncontrolled growth of cells in the prostate gland.

• Signs

• Usually none at first

• Loss in force of urine

• Dribbling urine

• Increased frequency of urination

• Blood in urine

• Passing urine at night

• Pain in the pelvic area

• Lower back pain

* Testing

* Digital or Rectal Exam performed by a physician.

* Begin exams at age 50.

• Prostatitis – enlarged prostate gland

• Retrograde Ejaculation – semen backs up into the bladder instead of leaving the penis.

• Sterility or temporary sterility - ability to function sexually but cannot reproduce

• Causes

• Extreme temperature changes

• Low sperm production

• Wearing tight jeans or pants

• Exposure to certain chemicals, radiation

• Smoking

• STD complications

• Malformation of the epididymis, vas deferens, Cowper’s glands or prostate gland

• Undescended testes

• Testicular cancer - an uncontrolled growth of cells in or on the testicle.

• Signs

• Enlargement of one testicle

• Presence of pain

• Dull ache in lower abdomen and groin

• Hard lumps or nodules on testicle

* Typically afflicts men in their 20s and 30s. High survival rate

when detected early but spreads rapidly.

• Describe how testicular self-exam is done and the importance of monthly examinations

• The best time to check yourself is in the shower or after a warm bath. Fingers glide over soapy skin making it easier to concentrate on the texture underneath. The heat causes the skin to relax making the exam easier.

1. Support the testicles in one hand and feel each with the other hand.

2. Gently roll each testicle between the thumb and the fingers. You'll feel a smooth, tubular structure (epididymis) that covers the front, back, and bottom of each testicle. Gently separate this tube from the testicle with your finger to examine the testicle itself.

3. Feel for any swelling or lumps.

4. If you detect swelling or lumps, see a physician without delay.

• Identify the organs of the female reproductive system and their functions (see Female Reproductive System diagrams and handout)

• External Organs

• Vulva

• Mons pubis

• Labia majora

• Labia minora

• Clitoris

• Urethral opening

• Hymen

• Bartholins glands

• Internal Organs

• Vagina

• Cervix

• Uterus

• Endometrium

• Fallopian tubes

• Ovaries

• Fimbria

• KEY POINTS – The female reproductive organs produce hormones called estrogen and progesterone and, produce egg cells (ova). Female physiology involves ovulation, menstruation, fertilization, pregnancy, and childbirth.

• Identify female physiology

• Ovulation – the release of a mature egg (ovum) from the ovary that usually occurs once each month.

• Menstruation – the process by which the uterus sheds its lining. The cycle lasts about 28 days and consists of

• Uterus thickens in preparation for the possibility of a fertilized egg

• Ovulation – the egg is released from the ovary

• If the egg is not fertilized by the male sperm, the endomentium or lining of the uterus begins to break down.

• Eventually the blood and tissue leave the body

• The uterus begins to repair itself

• Fertilization – the union of an egg and sperm cell that occurs in the fallopian tube. Also called conception.

• Pregnancy – the process by which a fertilized egg grows and develops in the mother’s uterus and forms a new individual. In humans, this process lasts about nine months.

• Childbirth – the delivery of the baby from the mother’s uterus.

• KEY POINTS – Puberty is the stage of growth and development in which

males and females become capable of producing children. In females, estrogen and progesterone, the female hormones are released into the bloodstream from the ovaries and causes female secondary sex characteristics to develop.

• Identify the female changes during puberty (secondary sex characteristics)

• Development of breasts

• Broadening of the pelvis

• Soft and smooth skin

• Deposition of fat in the thighs and buttocks

• Development of pubic hair

• Sex drive

• Ovulation

• Menstruation

• Identify and discuss problems of the female reproductive system

• Amenorrhea – the absence of menstruation.

• Breast cancer – a disease in which malignant tumors grow in breast tissue.

• Risk factors for breast cancer

• Being older than 50

• Family history of breast cancer

• Starting menstruation before age 12

• Having no pregnancies

• Having a first child born after age 30

• Beginning menopause after age 50

• Being obese

• High percentage of body fat

• High fat diet

• Having cancer in one breast

• Cervical cancer – a disease in which malignant tumors grow in or on the cervix (lower part of the uterus)

• Dysmenorrhea – extremely painful menstruation.

• Endometriosis - a condition in which the lining of the uterus is abnormally present outside the uterus.

• Fibroids - non-cancerous, slow-growing growths in the uterus.

• Ovarian cancer – a disease in which malignant tumors grow in or on the ovaries.

• Pelvic Inflammatory Disease- A general term for infections of the uterus, fallopian tube, and other reproductive organs.

• Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) – a combination of severe physical and emotional symptoms occurring on days before and during menstruation. Common symptoms include:

• Bloating

• Weight gain

• Headaches

• Cravings for food

• Swelling of breasts

• Constipation

• Edema

• Anxiety

• Fatigue

• Lack of concentration

• Depression

• Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) - a rare bacteria-caused illness occurring mostly in menstruating women who use high absorbency tampons.

• Uterine cancer – a disease in which malignant tumors grow in on or in the uterus.

• Vaginitis and vaginal yeast infection – an irritation or inflammation of the vagina.

• Symptoms

• Cottage cheese-like discharge

• Redness

• Irritation

• Itching

• Burning

• Causes

• Change in the normal balance of the vagina due to

• Hormone imbalance

• Oral contraceptives

• Antibiotics

• Dampness (wet bathing suits), warm temperatures

• Uncleanliness

• Treatment

• First occurrence – see a doctor to diagnose

• Recurring – treat with anti-fungal, vaginal yeast infection medication

• Do not wear tampons (will absorb medication)

• Prevention of vaginal yeast infections

• Wear comfortable, not tight-fitting clothes

• Wipe front to back

• Wear cotton underwear

• Don’t use douches or feminine deodorant sprays

• Change after exercise, swim, towel dry

• Practice good hygiene

• Describe how breast self-exam is done and the importance of monthly examinations

1. Lie down. Flatten your right breast by placing a pillow under your right shoulder. Place your right arm behind your head.

2. Use the sensitive finger pads (where your fingerprints are, not the tips) of the middle three fingers on your left hand. Feel for lumps using a circular, rubbing motion in small, dime-sized circles without lifting the fingers. Powder, oil or lotion can be applied to the breast to make it easier for the fingers to glide over the surface and feel changes.

3. Press firmly enough to feel different breast tissues, using three different pressures. First, light pressure to just move the skin without jostling the tissue beneath, then medium pressure pressing midway into the tissue, and finally deep pressure to probe more deeply down to the ribs or to the point just short of discomfort..

4. Completely feel all of the breast and chest area up under your armpit, and up to the collarbone and all the way over to your shoulder to cover breast tissue that extends toward the shoulder.

5. Use the same pattern to feel every part of the breast tissue. Choose the method easiest for you:

1. Lines: start in the underarm area and move your fingers downward little by little until they are below the breast. Then move your fingers slightly toward the middle, and slowly move back up. Go up and down until you cover the whole area.

2. Circles: Beginning at the outer edge of your breast, move your fingers slowly around the breast in a circle. Move around the breast in smaller and smaller circles, gradually working toward the nipple. Don't forget to check the underarm and upper chest areas, too.

3. Wedges: Starting at the outer edge of the breast, move your fingers toward the nipple and back to the edge. Check your whole breast, covering one small wedge-shaped section at a time. Be sure to check the underarm area and the upper chest.

6. After you have completely examined your right breast, then examine your left breast using the same method and your right hand, with a pillow under your left shoulder.

7. You may want to examine your breasts or do an extra exam while showering. It's easy to slide soapy hands over your skin, and to feel anything unusual.

8. You should also check your breasts in a mirror looking for any change in size or contour, dimpling of the skin or spontaneous nipple discharge.

• Identify types of examinations and procedures male and female

• Pelvic examination

• Purpose – to check the female reproductive organs especially the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries

• Speculum – device used to keep the vagina open during examination

• PAP Smear – sampling of cells from the cervix to test for the presence of abnormal cells that may become cancerous

• Breast examination - an exam in which a physician checks the breasts for growths, lumps, or discharge

• Circumcision – the removal of the foreskin of the penis

• Prostate examination – an exam in which the doctor inserts a finger into the rectum of a male to examine the condition of the prostate and rectum for signs of cancer

• Dilation and curettage (D&C) – a surgical procedure in which the opening of the cervix is dilated and a metal loop curette is inserted to scrape away the uterine lining

• Hysterectomy – the surgical removal of the uterus

• Lumpectomy – the surgical removal of a lump and a small amount of the surrounding breast tissue

• Mammogram – a highly sensitive x-ray of the breast to detect lumps

• Mastectomy – the surgical removal of the breast

• Pregnancy and Childbirth

• Signs of pregnancy

• Morning Sickness

• Missed menstrual period

• Tenderness in the breasts

• Nausea

• Vomiting

• Fatigue

• Change in appetite

• Pregnancy tests

• Blood test

• This tests for the presence of HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) in the blood. In pregnancy, the placenta produces large amounts of HCG, which can be detected in the female’s blood as early as 6-8 days after fertilization. A physician performs the test.

• Urine test

• HCG is also found in urine and can be detected in as few as 7 days after conception. The test is performed by a physician and is 99% accurate.

• Home Pregnancy Tests

• Same as urine tests, but can be used any time after the first day of your missed period. Read instructions carefully.

* Provide an overview of prenatal development and appropriate prenatal care.

• Describe labor and childbirth in detail

• Stages of labor (from “Stages of Labor” video)

• Anatomy of pregnancy

• Uterus

• Cervix

• Birth canal/vagina

• Mucous plug

• Placenta

• Umbilical cord

• Bag of waters/amniotic sac

• Pre-labor signs

• Warm-up contractions

• Lightening/engagement

• Flu-like symptoms

• Nesting instinct

• Passing of the mucous plug

• Onset of labor

• Breaking of the waters

• Regular contraction

• The three stages of labor

• First stage – dilation of cervix

• Early labor

• Cervical dilation (0-3 centimeters)

• Contractions (5-30 minutes apart, 30-45 seconds each)

• Length (8-12 hours)

• Emotions (excitement, joy)

• Active labor

• Cervical dilation (from 3-7 centimeters)

• Contractions (3-5 minutes apart, 45-60 seconds each)

• Length (3-5 hours)

• Emotions (concentration, need for emotional support)

• Internal rotation

• Transition

• Cervical dilation (7-10 centimeters)

• Contractions (1-3 minutes apart, 60-90 seconds each)

• Length (30 minutes - 2 hours)

• Emotions (irritability, disorientation, dependence)

• Second stage – birth of the baby

• Cervical dilation complete

• Contractions (3-5 minutes apart, 45-90 seconds each)

• Emotions (overwhelming mix, exhaustion, second wind, excitement)

• Length (20 minutes - 3 hours)

• Pushing

• Descent

• Crowning

• Birth

• Clamping and cutting the umbilical cord

• Third stage – delivery of the placenta

• Delivery of the placenta (5-20 minutes after birth)

• Emotions (joy, relief)

• Involution

• Breastfeeding

• Describe Difference between Vaginal vs. Cesarean Delivery

• Define Breech Birth and Still Birth

• Define post partum depressions and explain the signs and symptoms.

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