Which of the following hormones is a peptide hormone



Name___________________________________ID#___________________________________Zoology 242: Animal Physiology IISection AS40Instructor: Dr. Cheryl SchmittFinal ExaminationTuesday, April 11, 2017BE SURE TO READ THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY BEFORE BEGINNING THE EXAM.Please write your NAME and STUDENT ID on the first page of the exam and on your multiple choice answer sheet (last name first on this one!)Make sure that you have a complete exam (14 pages total including the formula sheet). The exam is out of 98 possible marks and is worth 35% of your final grade.You have 3 hours to write the exam. You may turn your exam in when you are finished.Read each question carefully before answering. I encourage you to write on your exam booklet to determine your best choice as you work through each question!Please do not share your calculator without permission. Remember, NO cell phones are allowed in the exam. Some formulae (more on back page):323151513335Vm = ·ln( ) PK[K]in + PNa[Na]in + PCl[Cl]out PK[K]out + PNa[Na]out + PCl[Cl]in RTF00Vm = ·ln( ) PK[K]in + PNa[Na]in + PCl[Cl]out PK[K]out + PNa[Na]out + PCl[Cl]in RTF417195010795Vm = ·ln ( ) PK[X]in PK[X]out RTFz00Vm = ·ln ( ) PK[X]in PK[X]out RTFzMultiple choice questions. Fill in the letter of the best answer on your scanning sheet. Use a pencil.A chemical is termed a neurohormone when it is___________.released by a neuron, but travels in the blood like a hormone.released by an endocrine gland, but binds to receptors on a neuron.released by neurons and endocrine glands.known to be involved with communication, but scientists have not concluded which system uses it.none of the above.IP3___is a second messenger.converts cAMP to AMP.can open Ca2+ channels in the endoplasmic reticulum.A and B are correct.B and C are correct.The portion of an integral membrane receptor that binds to hydrophilic messengers is termed the: ____________.receptor-binding domaintransmembrane domainligand-binding domainintracellular domaintransactivation domainReceptor antagonists are compounds that:prevent synthesis of new receptors.prevent synthesis of hormones.bind to a receptor, activating it.bind to a receptor, but do not activate it.start arguments with their friends.When two or more hormones act on a target cell through different receptors but the same signal transduction pathway, their effects are:synergistic.additive.antagonistic.permissive.negative.Epinephrine is secreted:by cells of the adrenal cortex.in response to parasympathetic nervous system inputs.by cells of the adrenal medulla.by cells of the kidney.both B and C are correct.Of the cells lining the gastric pits of the stomach, which does NOT secrete a substance into the lumen?mucous cellschief cellsenteroendocrine cellsparietal cellsall of these cells secrete stuff into the lumen of the stomach._________ is a hormone secreted by the stomach which function to ________stomach motility and secretion.Pepsin — increaseCholecystokinin (CCK) — decrease Insulin — decreaseAnti-diuretic hormone (ADH) — decreaseGastrin — increaseThe anterior pituitary gland is a good example of a/an:diffuse endocrine organ.discrete endocrine gland.neurohemal organ.epithelial endocrine gland.both B and D are correct.Which of the following hormones is a peptide hormone?glucagoncortisolT4 (thyroxine)estrogen serotonin________ are biogenic amines and are ___________.Estrogen — hydrophobicEpinephrine — hydrophilicT4 (thyroxine) — hydrophilicGrowth hormone — hydrophobicProlactin — hydrophobicIn mammals, LH acts to stimulate androgen production in ________ cells in females and __________ cells in males.Theca — Granulosa Leydig — Sertoli Granulosa — Leydig Theca — LeydigGranulosa — Sertoli A female mammal that undergoes a single reproductive cycle per year/season could be described as:polyestrous.menstrous.diestrous.monestrous.lucky.During the late follicular phase:Rising Inhibin levels inhibit FSH release. Rising Estrogen levels stimulate release of GnRH and LH.Estrogen levels slowly diminish.A and B are correct.A and C are correct.During early pregnancy in humans, _____________ insures that sex steroid production is maintained.human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).inhibin.androgens.all of the above.When considering thyroid hormones, T3 and T4, the “3” and “4” refer to the__________.relative half-life (3 or 4 hours)number of tyrosine molecules linked together.number of iodine molecules which are found on the hormone.number of enzymes required to synthesize the hormone.none of the above.Which of the following statements about hydrophobic hormones is false? Hydrophobic hormone ________: must use carrier proteins to travel through the blood. usually signal through a G-protein signal transduction pathway. usually bind to an intracellular receptor. can easily diffuse through the plasma membrane of their target cell. have a direct effect on gene transcription in their target cell.Which of the following statements about glucocorticoids are correct? Glucocorticoids cause _________:a reduction in leukocyte production.an inhibition of TSH and GH, thereby inhibiting growth.a decrease in circulating levels of glucose, amino acids and fatty acids.an enhanced vasodilation of blood vessels reinforcing the effect of epinephrine. A and B are both correct.Goiter is a pathological condition arising from:excessive oxytocin production from the anterior pituitary gland.low circulating prolactin concentrations in the blood.an overactive adrenal gland.excessive thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) released by the anterior pituitary gland.all of the above cause goiter.An example of a “tropic” hormone released from the hypothalamus would be:EstrogenThyrotropin Releasing HormoneThyroid Stimulating HormoneFollicle Stimulating HormoneIamreallylookingforwardtosummeratropin Which of the following is a primary lymphoid tissue?thymusspleentonsilslymph nodeappendixOnce a(n) ___________ enters the tissue, it transforms into a specialized macrophage that attacks invaders by phagocytosis.eosinophillymphocytebasophilmonocyteneutrophilAn activated B cell divides to give rise to effector cells called _________ that release ________.macrophages — histamineplasma cells — histamine macrophages — antibodies plasma cells — antibodies natural killer cells — antibodiesWhich of the following only functions as part of the vertebrate bodies specific defense against pathogens?inflammationcomplement systemcytotoxic T cellsnatural killer cellsbasophilsNatural killer cells can kill infected or abnormal cells by releasing ________ which form pores in the target cell membrane.granzymeperforinsinterleukinsantibodiescomplement proteinsHay fever involves an excess production of IgE which binds to _____ and causes them to ________ when exposed to pollen.pollen — stimulate the release of histaminemacrophages — stimulate histamine release mast cells — release histamine T helper cells — stimulate the proliferation of cytotoxic T cells mast cells — stimulate the proliferation of cytotoxic T cells Both multiple sclerosis and celiac disease:can be cured with use of vaccines.are autoimmune diseases.involve the recognition of “non-self” virally infected cells.can increase the likelihood of developing intestinal cancers.result in impaired neurological function.Which of the following statements regarding Helper T cells is false? TH cells_________:are also known as CD4+ T cells.manage the humoral immune response.manage the cell-mediated immune response.release chemical agents that directly kill non-self cells.activate na?ve cytotoxic cells to promote the targeting and killing of specific cancer cells.Which of the following leukocytes is the most abundant in the body, has two distinct types of secretory granules, and a multilobed nucleus?EosinophilsNeutrophilsMacrophagesCytotoxic T cellsMonocytesAntigens are substances the immune system does not recognize as self. Which of the following could act as antigens?Strep throat bacteria Cancer cells in the lungThe AIDS virus (HIV)ProtozoansAll of the above could act as antigensWhy are severe burn patients at extreme risk of infection?The burn causes the immune system to attack its self; it is a type of autoimmune disease.These patients have to stay in a hospital environment for a long time exposed to sick people.Most immune system cells are destroyed when the skin is damaged.The skin helps with the production of vitamin D, a necessary disease fighting vitamin.The skin is the first and primary barrier to preventing entry of foreign substances into the body.T cells mature in the ________ but are activated primarily in the ___________.bone marrow — thymusthymus — secondary lymphoid tissue bone marrow — lymph nodes lymph nodes — bone marrow thymus — lumen of the small intestine In B cells, gene rearrangement:establishes TCR specificity to MHC-antigen complexes.allows B cells to respond to a diverse range of potential antigens.continues during clonal selection.allows activated cells to switch Ig classes.occurs following activation by an antigen.The production of antibodies against a specific antigen ultimately occurs because of:clonal selection of a single activated B lymphocyte.recognition of non-self antigens by a cytotoxic T lymphocyte.digestion of a pathogen and presentation of an antigen to a natural killer cell via MHC.degranulation of mast cells.activation of the complement system.A mammal would most likely conduct action potentials faster than a frog because:the neurons of a mammal are myelinated.frog neurons have larger diameter axons.mammals have different ion channels than frogs.mammals are homeothermic (“warm blooded”).Frogs actually transmit action potentials faster than pare the electrophysiology of two neurons, Neuron A and Neuron B. Neuron A has a greater membrane resistance than Neuron B. Neuron A has a lower internal resistance compared to Neuron B. Which of the following is true?λA > λBλA < λBτA > τBIons will flow across the membrane of Neuron A more easily than Neuron B.Neuron B would conduct an action potential faster than Neuron A.Calcium is important for generating a “Long Term Potentiation” effect. Calcium___.functions through a metabotropic pathway to increase the post-synaptic cell’s sensitivity to glutamate.allows more glutamate receptors to be added to the post-synaptic membrane.flows into the cell down its concentration gradient.binds to calmodulin to have a variety of cellular effects.More than one of the above statements are related to calcium.In the vertebrate retina, energy from light waves striking a sensory cell____.induces a conformational change in the lamellar membrane.causes cis-retinal to change configuration to all trans-retinal.causes sodium channels to open.activates cAMP as a second messenger. results in the cell becoming more depolarized.When a sensory cell receptor is structurally an afferent neuron, the membrane potential that is initiated by a stimulus is called a(n): _________.generator potentialreceptor potentialsynaptic potentialaction potentialequilibrium potentialWhich of the following is a correct when considering “on” and “off” center receptive fields?Light depolarizes the photoreceptors of on-center fields, but hyperpolarizes the photoreceptors of off-center fields. The ganglion cell of an on-center field are depolarized when light strikes the photoreceptors in the center.Photoreceptors of on-center fields are connected to H-type bipolar cells.On-center fields have rods, off-center fields have cones.Horizontal cells communicate lateral excitation from photoreceptors in the surround toward the center.Nociceptors:are modified Pacinian corpuscles.recognize a single modality.respond to a variety of intense, potentially damaging stimuli.are unique as they use parasympathetic nerve fibers to transmit afferent signals.are not part of the sensory apparatus in mammals.Taste seems to be more complex than the five types of taste receptors can perceive because____.odor and taste perceptions are integrated in our brains.we actually have more than five types of taste receptors.our vomeronasal organ also perceives taste.the peripheral filters in our mouths are not working.we are using our imagination.The _______ is the voltage sensor that initiates an increase in cytoplasmic calcium when an action potential travels down a muscle T tubule. ryanodine receptor (RyR)dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR)calcium pumpcalcium-induced calcium release channelsodium channelIf a cell is at rest (-70 mV) and ligand gated Na+ channels open, there will be a net movement of Na+ into the cell until: There is not more Na+ in the extracellular fluid.The Na+ channels close. The membrane potential approaches the equilibrium potential for Na+.Either B or C could stop Na+ movement into the cell.Only K+ movement out of the cell stops inward flow of Na+.Anaphylactic shock:Is a systemic response.Causes bronchiole dilation and make it difficult to exhale properly.Leads to vasodilation of blood vessels and a fall in blood pressure.A and B are correctA and C are correct Consider the neuromuscular junction (NMJ); which of the following statements is incorrect? the NMJ forms large synapses making them easy to study.A single muscle fiber can have several NMJ synapses.The NMJ is always an excitatory synapse, usually causing very large EPSPs.ACh binding to its receptor causes a channel to open allowing both Na+ and K+ to cross the membrane.Inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord are one way to stop a NMJ synapse from functioning.Short Answer Questions. Answer in the space provided.48. True/False Questions. Indicate whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F) by circling the correct letter on the left. (6 marks)TFAllosteric modification of enzyme activity occurs when a non-substrate molecule binds to the enzyme’s substrate-binding site.TFIn general, chemical synapses are limited because the signal they produce is “all-or-none” and cannot be significantly modified to reflect a difference in sensory input.TFAt a neuronal synapse, facilitation of a post-synaptic response results because of an accumulation of calcium ions from previous pre-synaptic cell action potentials.TFTemporal summation describes the cumulative EPSPs /IPSPs generated in a post-synaptic cell through more than one synapse.T FInsulin is synthesized as a pre-pro-hormone that must be modified to an active form of the hormone.T FCells that leave the thymus with the ability to bind MHC-II will develop into cytotoxic T cells.49. Vertebrate twitch muscle consists of three types of fibers which differ in their ability to generate twitch contractions. List the three types of twitch fibers. What determines the speed of contraction for these fibers? (2 marks)50. Below is a figure representing the “sliding-filament” theory of the movement of thin and thick muscle filaments during a muscle contraction. In steps 1-4, describe the interaction between actin and myosin that leads to actin movement. Be sure to mention the role of ATP during this process. (4 marks)476251574800026098501003301001215265052705001066800160020000857255429250059118510769604004-19050086677500244729021431253003205740020288250041814759144000044202351036955200251. Considering complement, what is the MAC and how does it kill bacteria? (1 mark)476251574800052. Vaccination can be an effective tool for preventing disease. Describe the basis for this protection mentioning the relevance of primary and secondary exposure. Please limit your answer to B lymphocytes. (3 marks)53. What causes fever during a systemic inflammatory response? (1 mark)54. List two ways antibody-antigen complexes inactivate the effects of the antigen. (2 mark)55. Give a detailed description of how antigen presentation would occur between a B lymphocyte and a helper T lymphocyte. Your answer should include any important cell signaling molecules that are involved in this interaction, plus the general outcome of the interaction (i.e. what will the B and T lymphocytes do next?). (6 marks)56. Match each of the following terms with the ONE most appropriate description or related term listed on the right. Each description should be used only once, and not all of the descriptions will be used. (7 marks)51435012890500B Cell Receptor5143501295400051435013614400051435011074400051435085344000Histamine51435014859000Perforin51435013017500EosinophilComplementOpsoninsPhagosome51435013208000Class I MHC51435012319000Class II MHC51435012319000Plasmin5143501231900051435012319000Diapedesis5143501231900051435012319000Neutralization5143501231900051435012319000Chemokine51435014097000Myeloid cell linechemical signal causing cell target movementsqueezing through capillary poresproteins that bind pathogens enhancing phagocytosisorigin of monocytesantigen held between alpha (α) and beta (β) subunitsinduces vasoconstrictionmolecule released by some lymphocytes to trigger apoptosisinduces vasodilationcirculating defensive proteinsprotein communication between cancer cell and cytotoxic T celllarge vesicle containing ingested particulate materialimmunoglobulin D (IgD)major defense against paracitesactivates fibrinolytic systemhinders binding of pathogen to host57. The diagram below indicates the endocrine axis involved in the vertebrate stress response. Fill in the boxes on the diagram with the correct terms (e.g. FULL NAMES of structures and hormones, conditions, etc.) related to this response. ALSO, indicate the type of feedback (negative/positive) that occurs on this axis, as well as the targets for feedback regulation. Don’t forget to identify functions of the peripheral hormone in question! (8 marks)1645920381001. STIMULUS?001. STIMULUS?2415540144780003253105239458512. Name the specific hormone targets for feedback (two!):a. b.0012. Name the specific hormone targets for feedback (two!):a. b.248412011010900022910801748789001962150323469000211836029260807. Hormone?007. Hormone?25317453491865003257550358902000303276014935204. Structure?004. Structure?28613102438402. Structure?002. Structure?45720038557208. Target tissue?008. Target tissue?4572011506205. Structure?005. Structure?-762020955006. Structure?006. Structure?3554730495300011. Feedback (+/-)? 0011. Feedback (+/-)? 1344930209550000175323510591800016459204373245001684020332994000960120615950019431001028709. Hormone?009. Hormone?2952756159510. Effects, Peripheral Hormone? (three!)a.b.c.0010. Effects, Peripheral Hormone? (three!)a.b.c.-1974851231903. Hormone?003. Hormone?58. Insulin and glucagon are important hormones for regulating blood glucose. A. Explain how these hormones work antagonistically to one another. (2 marks)B. Type I and Type II diabetes mellitus arise from different errors in insulin signaling. For Type I and Type II: describe the error that is causative of the condition and explain why this is harmful to the individual. (4 marks)29483051022350Type I: Type II:59. Consider a cell under the following conditions: (6 marks total)IonIntracellular Concentration (mM)Extracellular concentration (mM)Sodium (Na+)60500Potassium (K+)45040Chloride (Cl-)50550Temperature37?Ca) Calculate the equilibrium potential for potassium. b) Calculate the resting membrane potential for this cell if the relative permeabilities of the ions are equal. c) Based on the values that you calculated for (a) and (b) above, describe the movement of potassium if potassium channels in the membrane opened and did not close.Bonus (1 mark): What happens when Hageman Factor is activated (TWO effects!)?Have a Great Summer!ScoreMultiple Choice/46Short Answer/52Total/98Formula Sheet Final ExamZoology 242τ = RmCm260985038100Vm = ·ln( ) PK[K]in + PNa[Na]in + PCl[Cl]out PK[K]out + PNa[Na]out + PCl[Cl]in RTF00Vm = ·ln( ) PK[K]in + PNa[Na]in + PCl[Cl]out PK[K]out + PNa[Na]out + PCl[Cl]in RTF 3246755215900EX = ·ln ( ) [X]in [X]out RTFz 00EX = ·ln ( ) [X]in [X]out RTFz λ = √Rm/ Ri Rm = 1/ 2 ??r hRi = 1/??r2h ?V = I.R C degrees + 273.15 = K degrees ................
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