Status of Waste Management in Urban & Rural Areas

State of Environment Report Gujarat 2012

Urban, Rural & Built Environment

Status of Waste Management in Urban & Rural Areas

1.1 Introduction

Waste generation is an integral part of ecological cycle. Every element of ecosystem directly or indirectly produces waste. With the advancement in human activities, inventions and discoveries, the quantum of waste generation has gone high. It has not only increased in volume but also has become more and more complex in composition which cannot be decomposed completely through natural processes. Hence waste management becomes an important responsibility of all the stakeholders generating waste and authorities managing human habitat and environment. This section aims at presenting the scenario of waste management in Gujarat. It covers all broad classifications of wastes, their status of generation, collection, treatment and disposal, likely impacts and response mechanism of various stakeholders.

1.1.1 What is Waste? ? Definition and types

"Wastes" are materials which are discarded after use at the end of their intended life-span. (MoEF, Report of the Committee to Evolve Road Map on Management of Wastes in India, 2010) Waste can be categorized in various ways depending on their source of generation, physical state and composition to name a few. For the purpose of this study, waste has been classified based on source of generation i.e. mainly waste generated by domestic and allied activities both in Urban and rural areas and Industrial activities. Biomedical and E-waste is generated in any of these locations i.e Urban, rural or industrial but they have been dealt with separately as there are separate rules that govern its management and separate infrastructure exists in the state to manage these.

1

Domestic Waste

2

Industrial Waste

3

Bio-Medical Waste

4

E- Waste

Urban Waste

Rural Waste

Solid/Liquid (Non Hazardous)

Waste

Hazardous waste

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State of Environment Report Gujarat 2012

Urban, Rural & Built Environment

The waste can be classified on the bases of their physical state and composition into liquid waste and solid waste;

1. Liquid Waste: Liquid waste means sludge resulting from, but not limited to, waste treatment works, air pollution control facility, domestic, commercial, mining, institutional, agricultural, or governmental operations; or other waste materials, including materials to be recycled or otherwise beneficially reused; or septic tank, grease trap, sediment trap, portable toilet, or oil and grease separator pump-outs; or solvents, sewage, industrial waste, hazardous waste, semisolid waste, or potentially infectious waste; or any similar materials which would cause a nuisance if discharged to the ground waters. (Center of Excellence for Environmental Education, GoI) The solid by-products of sewage treatment are classified as sewage wastes or liquid waste. They are mostly organic and derive from the treatment of organic sludge from both the raw and treated sewage. The inorganic fraction of raw sewage such as grit is separated at the preliminary stage of treatment, but because it entrains putrescible organic matter which may contain pathogens, must be buried/disposed off without delay. The bulk of treated, dewatered sludge is useful as a soil conditioner but invariably its use for this purpose is uneconomical. The solid sludge therefore enters the stream of municipal wastes unless special arrangements are made for its disposal. (CPHEEO)

2. Solid Waste: Solid wastes are all the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally solid and are discarded as useless or unwanted. (Center of Excellence for Environmental Education, GoI)

Solid waste includes all types of waste in municipal waste category arising from human and animal activity and all residential, commercial and institutional buildings.Various categories of wastes discussed in the following sections can be defined as follows: "Municipal solid waste"(MSW) includes commercial and residential wastes generated in municipal or notified areas in either solid or semi-solid form excluding industrial hazardous wastes but including treated bio-medical wastes. (MoEF, Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000)

MSW also includes construction and demolition waste which is often mixed with the domestic waste. This waste has high potential for reuse and recycling and so need to be handled separately.

Construction and demolition wastes are the waste materials generated by the construction, refurbishment, repair and demolition of houses, commercial buildings and other structures. It mainly consists of earth, stones, concrete, bricks, lumber, roofing materials, plumbing materials, heating systems and electrical wires and parts of the general municipal waste stream, but when generated in large amounts at

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State of Environment Report Gujarat 2012

Urban, Rural & Built Environment

building and demolition sites, it is generally removed by contractors for filling low lying areas and by urban local bodies for disposal at landfills. (CPHEEO)

Industrial waste, as name indicates, it is purely contributed by industrial units. Its type and characteristic majorly depend on the type of industry, processing and raw materials. It can be broadly classified into industrial Solid/Liquid waste and Hazardous waste. Industrial Solid/Liquid waste differs from Hazardous waste in respect of their composition. This type of waste has to be handled separately and requires different treatment from domestic waste. It mainly contains ashes, chemicals, dyes, byproducts of the industry and heavy metals.

Management of Industrial Solid Waste (ISW) is not the responsibility of local bodies. Industries generating solid waste have to manage such waste by themselves and are required to seek authorisations from respective State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) under relevant rules. However, through joint efforts of SPCBs, local bodies and the industries, a mechanism could be evolved for better management. (CPHEEO)

Hazardous waste means any waste which by reason of any of its physical, chemical, reactive, toxic, flammable, explosive or corrosive characteristics cause danger or is likely to cause danger to health or environment, whether alone or when in contact with other wastes or substances, and shall include waste specified in Schedule I, II & III of the Rules. (MoEF, Hazardous wastes (Management, handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2008)

Hazardous wastes may be defined as wastes of industrial, institutional or consumer origin. In some cases although the active agents may be liquid or gaseous, they are classified as solid wastes because they are confined in solid containers. Typical examples are: solvents, paints and pesticides whose spent containers are frequently mixed with municipal wastes and become part of the urban waste stream. Certain hazardous wastes cause explosions in incinerators and fires at landfill sites. Others, such as pathological wastes from hospitals and radioactive wastes, require special handling at all time. Good management practice should ensure that hazardous wastes are stored, collected, transported and disposed off separately, preferably after suitable treatment to render them innocuous. (CPHEEO)

Apart from Hazardous wastes generated from industrial areas, households do contribute some of the wastes that are hazardous in nature, though they produce it occasionally. Wastes like aerosol canes, batteries from flash lights and button cells, bleaches and household kitchen and drain cleaning agents, car batteries, oil filters and car care products and consumables, chemicals and solvents and their empty containers, chemical based cosmetic items, ,insecticides and their empty containers, light bulbs, tube-lights and compact fluorescent lamps, paints, oils, lubricants, glues, thinners, and their empty containers, pesticides and herbicides and their empty containers, photographic chemicals, styrofoam and soft foam packaging from new equipment and mercury-containing products are considered as domestic Hazardous Waste and they are to be stored separately from `Bio-degradable' and `recyclable' domestic waste in dedicated bins and disposed by municipal authority as per the Hazardous waste Management Rules. (CPHEEO)

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State of Environment Report Gujarat 2012

Urban, Rural & Built Environment

"Bio-medical waste" means any waste, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunisation of human beings or animals or in research activities pertaining thereto or in the production or testing of biologicals, and including categories mentioned in Schedule I of the Bio-Medical Waste Rules. (MoEF, BioMedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998).Biomedical waste is mainly attributed to waste from hospitals, medical clinics and laboratories. Biomedical waste differs from other waste because of its infectious nature which asks for specialized treatment. It mainly contains medicines, injections, cotton, decayed body parts, bottles and the like.

E-waste is electronic waste which encompass wide range of electrical and electronic devices such as computers, hand held cellular phones, personal stereos, including large household appliances such as refrigerators, air conditioners, microwaves and many more.

E Waste means waste electrical and electronic equipments, whole or in a part or rejects from their manufacturing and repair process, which are intended to be discarded. (MoEF, e Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2011, 2011)

1.2 Approach

Driving Force

Urbanization, Economic Development, Change in

the Life Style,

Pressure

Increase in Waste Generation, Quality of

Waste Generated

Response

More investment, Improved coverage, treatment and disposal

Awareness programmes

Impact

Pollution of water bodies, land

State

Adequacy of scientific treatment and disposal

Figure 4. 1 - Conceptual Framework: Pressures, Impact & Response along the Value chain of Waste Management

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State of Environment Report Gujarat 2012

Urban, Rural & Built Environment

While increasing urbanization, industrialization, fast growing rural areas and changing lifestyles are widely accepted key drivers for waste generation, the Pressures and Impacts are observed in different magnitudes across the value chain. Hence section on waste management presents the status and resulting pressure caused by solid and liquid waste along different key components of sanitation chain (also often termed as value chain) namely generation/capture, collection (storage and transport), treatment and disposal. Waste management has been discussed in four main sections. The responses have been discussed for each section in terms of institutional, financial, technology and promotion/awareness related response measures by different government, non-government stakeholders.

Pressure and

Impact

Response

Capture

Storage

Transport

Treatment

Reuse

Institution Finance

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Technology

WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT

Promotion

2

Source: Adapted based on Infrastructure Planning Studio Presentation on City Sanitation Plan, CEPT University, 2010

First section covers domestic waste (solid and liquid) from urban centres. Urban centers (municipal corporations and municipalities1) in Gujarat have been classified into 4 Classes viz. Class A to D depending on the population. Refer Annexure I for classification of urban centers.

State of urban waste is presented for Municipal corporations and Municipal Class A to D to see the variations in status of generation, collection, treatment and disposal due evidently varied population, administrative, financial and technical capacities of Urban Local Bodies of different class. The same has also been presented for five regions2 of Gujarat to bring out spatial variation in waste generation, collection, treatment and disposal.

Second section presents the status of solid and liquid wastes generated by Gram Panchayats of Gujarat - district wise as well as for five regions as in case of Urban waste. Third section

1 For administrative purposes, under the BPMC Act and Gujarat Nagarpalika Act (1963), urban areas are classified as municipal corporations and municipalities. In 2001 there were 7 municipal corporations and 159 municipalities. The remaining Census towns having population less than 15000 are governed under the rural administrative setup as per the provisions of the Gujarat Panchayat Act (1995). . (Urban Development & Urban Housing Department, GoG)

2 The five regions have distinct geographic features, agroclimatic conditions and nature of development.

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State of Environment Report Gujarat 2012

Urban, Rural & Built Environment

covers biomedical waste management collection, treatment and disposal. Fourth section details out the E-waste generation and ongoing efforts for management in Gujarat

1.3 Status of Urban Solid Waste

Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000 recommends the process for managing the domestic solid waste through segregation, collection, storage, transportation, processing and disposal; and makes it obligatory on part of the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) to execute the same. In following section been assessed the state of urban solid waste from its generation to final disposal.

1.3.1 Waste Characterization

It would be pertinent to start with waste characterization for the Urban Solid Waste before going into statistics of generation, collection, treatment & final disposal. Waste characterization of Urban Solid Waste was carried out by Gujarat Urban Development Company Limited (GUDC) under the statewide project on Municipal solid waste management in the year 2008-2009. The state was divided into different clusters and sampling was done at 15 different locations within each of the ULBs. Figure 4. 2 shows the waste characterization averaged at state level. Analysis shows that organic waste constitutes about 40 percent, followed by inert material which constitutes 22.94 percent. plastic, rubber & synthetic and paper & cardboard contribute 21.21 percent & 10.41 percent respectively. Average moisture content is 26.03 percent with calorific value of around 2232.88 calorie/gram. For district wise figures refer to annex.

Figure 4. 2 ? Waste Characterization Gujarat

Figure 4. 3 - Waste Characterization in Typical Indian City

0.1

Organic waste

21.2 4.7

22.9

40.7

Paper & Cardboard

Inert (stone debries, Ash & Fine earth) Glass & Ceramic

10.4

Plastic, Rubber &

Synthetic

Metal

Source: State of Environment Report - India, 2009

6 43 5

40 15

27

Source: GUDC, 2008-2009

Organic waste Paper & Cardboard Inert Glass & Ceramics Textile Plastic/Rubber Metal

Comparing the same with waste composition of typical Indian cities as shown in Figure 4. 3 it can be said that cities of Gujarat have higher proportion of inert/stone debris in municipal waste compared to typical Indian waste characteristics. Proportion of Glass & Ceramic is

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State of Environment Report Gujarat 2012

Urban, Rural & Built Environment

almost same. organic waste constitutes almost 40 percent in both the cases while the high percentage of plastic waste in the Gujarat indicates increasing use of plastic products.

Due to the changing lifestyles there has been shift in waste composition specially paper, plastic and metal content has increased and organic content has reduced (Refer Table c, Annexure III). Current composition of organic waste, plastic waste, moisture content and calorific value compares well with the composition of high income countries; whereas for composition of paper and card board, glass & ceramic waste constituents, it fits with middle income countries. Waste composition for low, medium and high income countries and change in waste composition in India are given in annex.

Understanding of waste characteristics/composition is essential requirement for the determination of appropriate treatment and disposal methods. Each type of waste requires different treatment before final disposal. Stones debris along with the construction and demolition waste like brick/concrete blocks, cement, broken tiles, gypsum sheets and the likes can be crushed into smaller particles which can be then recycled to make paving blocks and construction blocks. Paper and cardboards can be recycled to make recycled paper and boards. Organic waste can be easily decomposed to form compost to be used as a soil enricher. Hazardous waste and biomedical waste have to be separately treated and disposed. Integrated Solid Waste Management system tries to address this issue by proper segregation of the waste collected so as to give them proper treatments along with maximum recycling and reuse.

1.3.2 Waste Generation

Gujarat cities on an average generate 345 gm/capita/day of waste as against the all India average of 500 gm/capita/day. (Annepu, 2012) . Though some of the corporations have much higher per capita generation. The high rate of urbanization and cities being the driving force has resulted in generating huge amount of waste. Comparison of the average per capita waste generation in Gujarat with that of low, medium and high income countries reveals that it is even lower than per capita generation in low income countries (410 to 685 gms/capita/day) (UNEP, 2011) (Refer section d, Annexure III); however large population results in large quantities of waste generation daily.

Figure 4. 4 - Solid Waste Generated in Urban Centers of Gujarat

5.30 4.26 7.33

10.47

72.64

Total solid waste generated from all the

urban areas in Gujarat amounts to

8566.54 tons per day. Seven Municipal MC Corporations3 contribute almost 72

percent of the total Solid waste from

A

Urban Areas. Analysing the same across

B

different regions of the Gujarat (Refer Figure 4. 9 and 4.10), it is observed that

C

maximum generation is through urban

centers of Central Gujarat which is of an

D

order of 53 percent followed by

Saurashtra and North Gujarat.

Source: Survey of ULBs by PAS, 2008-2009

3 There are 8 Municipal Corporation in Gujarat as per census 2011. However, the reported data is for year 20082009

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State of Environment Report Gujarat 2012

Urban, Rural & Built Environment

Urban centers of North Gujarat and Kachchh together do contribute around 6 percent of total solid waste generation. 1.3.3 Waste Collection

Primary collection at door step is the first step of solid waste management and determines the extent of coverage of service to the residents of the city. It is observed that all class of cities have average waste collection efficiency ranging from 71 percent to 82 percent with class B and C cities being more efficient than others. However in some of major cities collection efficiency is more than 95 percent.

Maximum door to door collection is being done in South Gujarat, which covers almost 88 percent of the total households while Kachchh covers least households under door to door collection. Figures on total generation and collection at household level for different classes as well as for regions of Gujarat are given in annex.

Figure 4. 5 - Household Level Coverage (% )

100

90

80

70

60

50

40 80

75

77

88

30

55

20

10

0

Figure 4. 6 - Household Level Coverage Regionwise

(%) (Class wise)

84

82

80

78

76

74

72

80

82

81

70

75

68

71

66

64

Central Gujarat Kachchh

North Gujarat Saurashtra

South Gujarat Municipal Corporation

A B C D

Source: Survey of ULBs by PAS, 2008-2009

Source: Survey of ULBs by PAS, 2008-2009

Figures suggest that percentage coverage of household collection of municipal solid waste has been consistently increasing in Class B, C & D cities in last three years, where as in Class A cities have shown a minor decline in the year of 2009 this could be attributed to rapid growth of Class A cities and their inability to cope with demand of services.

Data for selected corporations for household collection of wastes indicates that quantum of waste collected has increased many fold in Ahmedabad and Surat. Refer annex for household collection figures for 14 cities for the year 1999 & 2009.

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