Principles of Programming Languages - Department of Computer Science ...

David Liu

Principles of Programming Languages

Lecture Notes for CSC324 (Version 2.1)

Department of Computer Science University of Toronto

principles of programming languages 3

Many thanks to Alexander Biggs, Peter Chen, Rohan Das, Ozan Erdem, Itai David Hass, Hengwei Guo, Kasra Kyanzadeh, Jasmin Lantos, Jason Mai, Sina Rezaeizadeh, Ian Stewart-Binks, Ivan Topolcic, Anthony Vandikas, Lisa Zhang, and many anonymous students for their helpful comments and error-spotting in earlier versions of these notes. Dan Zingaro made substantial contributions to this version of the notes.

Contents

Prelude: The Study of Programming Languages 7

Programs and programming languages 7 Models of computation 11 A paradigm shift in you 14 Course overview 15

1 Functional Programming: Theory and Practice 17

The baseline: "universal" built-ins 18 Function expressions 18 Function application 19 Function purity 21 Name bindings 22 Lists and structural recursion 26 Pattern-matching 28 Higher-order functions 35 Programming with abstract syntax trees 42 Undefined programs and evaluation order 44 Lexical closures 50 Summary 56

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