THE IMPACTS OF CULTURE ON THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT …

[Pages:404]THE IMPACTS OF CULTURE ON THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES

Jan van der Borg Antonio Paolo Russo

European Institute for Comparative Urban Research Erasmus University Rotterdam

The Impacts of Culture on the Economic Development

of Cities

A research into the cultural economies and policies of Amsterdam, Bolzano, Edinburgh, Eindhoven, Klaipeda,

Manchester, Rotterdam, Tampere, The Hague and Vienna

DRAFT September 2005

J. VAN DER BORG A.P. RUSSO Assisted by: M. Lavanga G. Mingardo

European Institute for Comparative Urban Research (EURICUR) Erasmus University Rotterdam

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE

1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

3

1. INTRODUCTION

7

1.1. Research background

7

1.2. Objectives of this project and research questions

9

1.3. Working definitions

10

1.4. Research methodology and project output

13

2. CULTURE AND CITY: THE RESEARCH CONTEXT

16

2.1. The urban life-cycle and the "knowledge economy"

16

2.2. Culture and urban development

19

3. A MODEL OF CULTURE-ORIENTED ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

(COED) FOR THE CITY

22

3.1. The "urban cultural cluster"

23

3.2. Evolution of the cluster

23

3.3. The economic impacts of culture

26

3.4. The cultural cluster and the socio-environmental fabric of the city 29

3.5. Integrating three impact areas in one model framework

31

4. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TEN CASE STUDIES

35

4.1. Main city characteristics and European positioning

35

4.2. Cultural highlights

37

4.3. Size of cultural sector

43

4.4. Spatial organisation and structure of the cultural sector

47

4.5. Integration with the urban economy

53

4.6. Sustainable development of the cluster

60

5. POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS AND FINAL REMARKS

68

5.1. Testing the viability of the COED model and benchmarking

68

5.2. Policy frameworks and recommendations

71

5.3. Final remarks

87

REFERENCES

89

ANNEX: THE CASE STUDIES

1 CASE STUDY OF AMSTERDAM

95

2 CASE STUDY OF BOLZANO, ITALY

131

3 CASE STUDY OF EDINBURGH

153

4 CASE STUDY OF EINDHOVEN

193

5 CASE STUDY OF KLAIPEDA

217

6 CASE STUDY OF MANCHESTER

247

7 CASE STUDY OF ROTTERDAM

277

8 CASE STUDY OF TAMPERE

303

9 CASE STUDY OF THE HAGUE

337

10 CASE STUDY OF VIENNA

359

PREFACE

The present topic has first been proposed to become a EURICUR research during a dedicated workshop of the 2001 EUROCITIES General Meeting in Barcelona, by initiative of the Economic Development and Urban Renewal Committee (EDURC), at that moment chaired by the City of The Hague.

It has since then slowly evolved into a full research programme with, in the tradition of EURICUR research, as many as ten partner cities that individually funded the project and served as case studies for the investigation. The City of The Hague has facilitated the creation of the city network and maintained the leadership of this network during the project.

Fortunately, the study of cultural issues was not new to EURICUR. A sound base of theoretical work and comparative research in related fields such as cultural tourism, culture and heritage planning, economic clusters, and the knowledge-based economy could be built upon. In reality, treating culture and creativity as economic engines for urban areas and applying EURICUR's policy-oriented research approach to a field that today has deserved a very high position on cities' agendas, proved to be a tough challenge. Nevertheless, the authors hope that the timing is appreciated, not only because academic work regarding the economic impact of culture is in full development, but also because empirical work is still extremely scarce and especially this knowledge proves to be essential for urban policy.

The project has been organised and conducted by a EURICUR team consisting of Jan van der Borg and Antonio Russo. Mariangela Lavanga and Giuliano Mingardo have assisted in the writing of a number of case studies (respectively Amsterdam, Edinburgh, Klaipeda and Tampere, and Rotterdam, The Hague and Eindhoven). Moreover, we are grateful with the late Klaus Schussmann for having started this debate and bringing it to the attention of fellow policymakers, and to Paul Zoutendijk for building the network of partner cities that supported the project. Finally, our appreciation goes to all the city representatives that participated in this study and assisted us in the organisation of field trips and data collection, and to all the people that we have interviewed; their names are listed at the end of the single case studies.

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