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AP EUROPEAN HISTORY

McKay, et. al. 11e, Chapter 17 – Study Guide

The Expansion of Europe (ce 1650-1800)

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"Thus not only will the same amount of land be able to feed more people; but each of them, with less labour, will be employed more productively and be able to satisfy his needs better." - Condorcet

CHAPTER SUMMARY

How did our “modern” world begin? This chapter discusses the important economic and demographic changes of the eighteenth century, which led up to the Industrial Revolution. It also prepares us for understanding the life of ordinary people in the eighteenth century, which is the subject of the following chapter.

The chapter covers four important and interrelated subjects. First, the centuries-old open-field system of agricultural production, a system that was both inefficient and unjust, is described. This system was gradually transformed into a more productive system of capitalistic farming, first in the Low Countries and then in England. Some English peasants suffered in the process, but on the whole the changes added up to a highly beneficial agricultural revolution. The second topic is the explosive growth of European population in the eighteenth century. This growth, still imperfectly understood, was probably due largely to the disappearance of the plague and to new and better foods, such as the potato. Doctors and organized medicine played a very minor role in the improvements in health. Third, the chapter discusses the movement of manufacturing from urban shops to cottages in the countryside. Rural families worked there as units in the new domestic system, which provided employment for many in the growing population. The domestic system was particularly effective in the textile industry, which this chapter examines in detail.

Finally, the chapter shows how the mercantilist economic philosophy of the time resulted in world wars for trade and colonies. Mercantilism also led to the acquisition of huge markets for British manufactured goods, especially cloth. The demand from these new markets fostered the continued growth of the domestic system and put pressure on it. This eventually led to important inventions and the development of the more efficient factory system. Thus the modem world was born. It is important to look for the interrelatedness of these changes and to keep in mind that it was in only one country, Great Britain, that all of these forces were fully at work.

WORKING THE LAND (17.1)

Before you read:

1. The open-field system is a remarkably efficient way of farming lost to the modern farmer. True or False

2. It was the British who were the early leaders in agricultural efficiency. True or False

While you read:

1. Explain the “Open Field System”.

     

2. How did the “elimination of the fallow” help revolutionize agriculture?

     

3. Describe the controversy surrounding the “Enclosure” movement.

     

4. Why were the Dutch the leaders in the agricultural revolution?

     

5. How did efficiency in farming and the elimination of “common rights” to land effect the peasant farmers?

     

After you read:

|1. |Cornelius Vermuyden is connected with which agricultural technique? |

| |Fertilizing. |

| |Seed drilling. |

| |Land reclamation. |

| |Selective breeding |

|The increase in population in the 18th century can be attributed to one basic reason: |

Decrease in deaths

Increase in births

Increase in war

Decrease in births

THE BEGINNING OF THE POPULATION EXPLOSION (17.2)

Before you read:

1. Disease would often accompany famine for a brutal “one-two punch”. True or False

While you read:

1. What were the main reasons population was stagnant up until the 18th century?

     

2. What factors went into the drop in deaths, and the corresponding increase in population?

     

3. Although fewer deaths and increased efficiency in agriculture are seen as positives, what negative consequence is in store for the poor people of Europe?

     

After you read:

|1. |By 1800, what was the most populous country in Europe? |

| |Russia |

| |France. |

| |Italy. |

| |England. |

THE GROWTH OF RURAL INDUSTRY (17.3)

Before you read:

1. The Cottage Industry was welcomed by the urban workers. True or False

2. Women were involved in the new rural industry. True or False

While you read:

1. What is “Cottage Industry” and why did it grow at this time?

     

2. Describe the relationship between the merchant capitalist and the rural worker in the “Putting Out System”.

     

3. Describe the “Industrious Revolution” and how can the effects be seen as positive and negative?

     

After you read:

|1. |Rural Industry developed most successfully in what country? |

| |Netherlands. |

| |Ireland. |

| |France. |

| |England. |

|2. |Who are “spinsters”? |

| |The men who operated the loom. |

| |Unmarried women who spun thread for money. |

| |Merchants who were reluctant to pay for rural industry products. |

| |The Priests who ministered to those dying of the Plague. |

|3. |What was the role of women in this new economy? |

| |No role, they stayed at home and took care of the house. |

| |Reduced role as a result of no access to higher education. |

| |Took the menial and tedious jobs. |

| |Supervisors, as a result of their experience in the home. |

LISTENING TO THE PAST- Contrasting Views on the Effects of Rural Industry (17.3)

1. What division of labor in the textile industry does Defoe describe?

     

2. On what basis are wages paid, and what strategies do merchants use to keep wages down, according to The Clothier’s Delight? How are they able to impose the strategies on workers?

     

THE DEBATE OVER URBAN GUILDS (17.4)

Before you read:

1. Urban Guilds were only for men. True or False

2. Adam Smith argued for stricter regulation of industry to prevent fraud. True or False

While you read:

1. How has new scholarship better defined the role of the Guild in society?

     

2. What did Adam Smith believe would improve life for all citizens? Explain.

     

After you read:

|1. |Which of the following was NOT a duty of government according to Adam Smith? |

| |Protection from foreign adversaries. |

| |Civil order in the country. |

| |Basic wage control for workers. |

| |Provide for public works. |

BUILDING THE GLOBAL ECONOMY (17.5)

Before you read:

1. The Atlantic Slave Trade was dominated by the lumber industry. True or False

While you read:

1. How did the Navigation Acts reflect Mercantilist thought?

     

2. Describe the wars that led to British trade dominance.

     

3. Describe how the Enlightenment influenced the Colonies.

     

4. Explain the difference between the Dutch East India Company and the English East India Company and how they went about dominating their respective markets.

     

After you read:

|1. |Which two European countries dominated trade in Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean? |

| |England and France. |

| |Russia and Spain. |

| |Dutch and English. |

| |Dutch and French |

|2. |What two products dominated the slave trade |

| |Sugar and Coffee |

| |Sugar and textiles |

| |Coffee and lumber |

| |Tobacco and lumber |

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Chapter Timeline

--1650

--1675

--1700

--1725

--1750

--1775

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--1800

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