Scientific Revolution Packet #1 Questions:



Scientific Revolution Packet #1 Questions:

1. Make a list of the major causes of the Scientific Revolution.  Why did it occur when it did?

2. What was the old Ptolemaic conception of the universe?

3. What was the Copernican view of the universe?  How did it differ from Ptolemy's?  Why was it so controversial?

4. Identify the scientific theories of Brahe and Kepler.

5. How did Kepler's views challenge the theological assumptions of the Catholic Church?

6. With the use of a telescope constructed by himself from an earlier Dutch model, what did Galileo observe/discover in the heavens?

7. How did Galileo undermine Aristotle's ideas about motion?

8. Why was Galileo condemned by the Inquisition in 1633?  Why did he accept the verdict of the Inquisition court?

9. What was the outcome of this condemnation for Galileo?  for science in general?

10. How did Sir Isaac Newton build upon the work of his predecessors?

Scientific Revolution Packet #2 Questions:

1. Why were philosophers, astronomers, anatomists, and other scientific thinkers hesitant to dispute and displace the ideas of ancient thinkers?

2. What were Francis Bacon's views regarding the human pursuit of knowledge, the methods of science, and the purposes to which science should be applied?

3. What method of arriving at eternal truths did René Descartes take?  What assumptions did he make as he began his intellectual journey?

4. What dualism was inherent in Descartes' conception of reality?

5. Compare Descartes' principles to Newton's rules of reasoning.  What are their limitations?

6. Why was Descartes considered the founder of "modern rationalism"?

7. How did Descartes' methodology differ from that of Bacon?

8. Over which issues did science and religion clash during the First Scientific Revolution?

9. Briefly discuss the ideas expressed by Blaise Pascal and Benedict de Spinoza concerning the nature of God, the universe, and scientific methods.

10. How did governments begin to "tap science in the service of the state"?  Why did they do this in the 17c?

11. How did the funding of government sponsored scientific societies reflect the consolidation and centralization of political authority?

12. Why was it that most of the scientific thinkers came from Protestant countries?

13. List the long-term repercussions of the First Scientific Revolution for the West and for the rest of the world.

Scientific Revolution Packet #3 Questions:

1. What position did Mary Cavendish have in the world of the new science of the 17c?  Why was she typical of French and English women of the upper class at this time?

2. With the exception of a few individuals, why were women excluded from participation in the Scientific Revolution? Why is denying a group access to knowledge or the opportunity to make use of their abilities harmful to all members of society?

3. Why were 14% of all German astronomers women in the late 17c and early 18c?

4. What contributions were made to the world of science by Maria Sibylla Merian and Maria Winkelmann?

5. What were the primary arguments by men about a woman's role in science or in any profession during the Scientific Revolution?  Why was William Harvey typical of this male view?

6. What was Spinoza's argument for the "natural" inferiority of women to men?

7. How was male-dominated science asked to "prove" male social dominance over women?

8. How did male physicians eventually destroy the profession of female midwifery by the early 18c?  Why did they do this?

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