Research on the Impact of Technology on Policing …

The author(s) shown below used Federal funding provided by the U.S. Department of Justice to prepare the following resource:

Document Title:

Research on the Impact of Technology on Policing Strategy in the 21st Century, Final Report

Author(s):

Kevin Strom

Document Number: 251140

Date Received:

September 2017

Award Number: 2012-MU-CX-0043

This resource has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. This resource is being made publically available through the Office of Justice Programs' National Criminal Justice Reference Service.

Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.

May 2016

Research on the Impact of Technology on Policing Strategy

in the 21st Century

Final Report

Prepared for Brett Chapman National Institute of Justice 810 7th Street, NW Washington, DC 20531 Phone: 202-514-2187 Fax: 202-616-0275 Brett.Chapman@

Prepared by RTI International Police Executive Research Forum

RTI International 3040 Cornwallis Road Research Triangle Park, NC 27709

Final Report NIJ Grant Number 2012-MU-CX-0043 RTI Project Number 0213507.000.003

This resource was prepared by the author(s) using Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not

necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.

This resource was prepared by the author(s) using Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not

necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.

Contents

Section

Page

1. Abstract

1-1

2. Executive Summary

2-1

Methodology ................................................................................................. 2-1

Key Findings ................................................................................................. 2-2

Conclusions and Recommendations .................................................................. 2-3

3. Introduction

3-1

Project Goals and Objectives ........................................................................... 3-2

Research Questions ....................................................................................... 3-2

Methodology ................................................................................................. 3-3

4. Review of Relevant Literature

4-1

Technology Acquisition ................................................................................... 4-1

Impact of Technology..................................................................................... 4-4

Prevalence, Determinants, Process, and Impact: A Review of Six Technologies....... 4-5 Crime Mapping ...................................................................................... 4-5 Social Media .......................................................................................... 4-7 Data Mining........................................................................................... 4-9 Car Cameras ........................................................................................4-10 License Plate Readers ............................................................................4-11 Body-Worn Cameras..............................................................................4-13

Summary of Relevant Research ......................................................................4-14

5. Research Design

5-1

Expert Panel ................................................................................................. 5-1

National Survey of Law Enforcement Agencies ................................................... 5-2 Survey Instrument ................................................................................. 5-2 Sampling Approach ................................................................................ 5-6 Data Collection Methodology .................................................................... 5-6 Sample Bias, Calibration, and Subsample Analysis ...................................... 5-8 Missing Data and Imputation ................................................................... 5-8

Qualitative Data Collection .............................................................................. 5-9

iii

This resource was prepared by the author(s) using Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not

necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.

Site Visit Candidate Selection..................................................................5-10 Semistructured Interviews......................................................................5-11 Analytical Plan .............................................................................................5-12

6. Results

6-1

Agency Characteristics, Strategies, and Activities ............................................... 6-1

Policing Strategies and Activities...................................................................... 6-1

Prevalence of Technology ............................................................................... 6-5 Within-Agency Variation in Prevalence....................................................... 6-9 Future Technology Acquisition .................................................................6-10

Technology Prevalence and Policing Strategies..................................................6-13

The Process of Technology Identification, Acquisition, and Implementation ...........6-19

Impact of Technology....................................................................................6-24 Perceived Importance of Technology for Success of Prioritized Activities ........6-24

Influences on the Success or Failure of Technology ...........................................6-31 Degree and Timing of Planning................................................................6-32 Unexpected and Long-Term Costs............................................................6-32 Capacity of Personnel ............................................................................6-33 Attitudes and Investment of Leadership....................................................6-34 Communication and Buy-In ....................................................................6-34 Local Government and Community Climate ...............................................6-35

7. Conclusions and Recommendations

7-1

Technology Adoption and Impact in Agencies .................................................... 7-8

The Trouble with Impact Metrics .....................................................................7-10

Limitations and Avenues of Future Research .....................................................7-12

Recommendations ........................................................................................7-13

References

R-1

Appendixes A Law Enforcement Technology Survey ........................................................ A-1 B Interview Guides.................................................................................... B-1

iv

This resource was prepared by the author(s) using Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not

necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.

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