Endocrine System: Overview



Hormones

Directions:

a. Click the “Contents” button.

b. Open the Endocrine System File.

c. Click Anatomy Overviews.

d. Click Hormones.

1. a. How do hormones affect long-term coordination of body activities?

b. In what ways are hormones distinguished from each other?

2. The pineal gland secretes melatonin. Explain the function of melatonin.

3. a. What stimulates Parathyroid Hormone secretion?

b. Bone osteoclasts are one PTH target. Describe the affect of PTH on these cells, and the corresponding affect on body homeostasis.

c. Kidney nephrons are also PTH targets. Describe the affect of PTH on these structures, and the corresponding affect on body homeostasis.

4. What are the functions of each of the following hypothalamic hormones?

a. Releasing Hormones

b. Oxytocin

c. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

5. What are the functions of each of the following pituitary hormones?

a. Human Growth Hormone (hGH)

b. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

c. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

d. Prolactin (PRL)

e. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

f. Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

6. Describe the functions of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4).

7. Describe the function of thymic hormones.

8. The heart secretes Atrial Natriuretic Hormone (ANP). Describe its functions.

9. The G cells of the gastric mucosa produce the hormone gastrin and the duodenal mucosa produces secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK). What are the functions of these hormones?

a. Gastrin

b. Secretin

c. Cholecystokinin (CCK)

10. Pancreatic alpha cells secrete glucagon, while the beta cells secrete insulin. Describe the functions of these hormones.

a. Glucagon

b. Insulin

11. Ovarian follicle cells and corpus luteum produce estrogens, progesterone, relaxin, and inhibin. Describe the function of these hormones.

a. Estrogens

b. Progesterone

c. Relaxin

d. Inhibin

12. Within the testes, the Leydig cells produce testosterone while the Sertoli cells produce inhibin. Describe the function of these hormones.

a. Testosterone

b. Inhibin

13. How do lipid soluble hormones work to alter cell function?

14. How do water soluble hormones work to alter cell function? (This includes an explanation of “second messenger” function.)

15. Explain how circulating hormones affect their targets.

16. Explain how eicosanoids, growth factors, and nitric oxide are examples of local hormones.

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