Ms. Jones's AP Euro - AP Euro
AP EUROPEAN HISTORY
McKay, et. al. 11e, Chapter 21 – Study Guide
Ideologies and Upheavals (ca 1780-1850)
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"This maxim, "to preserve is to act", has always served me as a line of conduct, while those who should have backed me up were confusing the duty of preservation with inactivity."
-Prince Klemens von Metternich
CHAPTER SUMMARY
When Napoleon was defeated, the victors gathered at Vienna to fashion a general peace settlement and restore the European balance of power. Each of the major victors-Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia-were compensated with territory, and France was brought back into the “balance.” In addition, a unique system of “intervention” was established whereby potential and real revolution could be stopped.
This chapter examines a number of extremely important ideas: liberalism, nationalism, socialism, and romanticism. Studying these ideas helps us understand the historical process in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. A key aspect of that process was the bitter and intense struggle between the conservative aristocrats, who wanted to maintain the status quo, and the middle- and working-class liberals and nationalists, who wanted to carry on the destruction of the old regime of Europe that had begun in France in 1789. The symbol of conservatism was Prince Metternich of Austria, Europe’s leading diplomat. Mettemich was convinced that liberalism and nationalism had to be repressed, or else Europe would break up into warring states. In opposition to Metternich, liberals and nationalists saw their creeds as the way to free humanity from the burden of supporting the aristocracy and from foreign oppression. Metternich’s convictions were shared by the other peacemakers at Vienna in 1814, while those of the liberals fanned the fires of revolution, first in 1830 and, more spectacularly, in 1848. Political liberalism, combined with the principles of economic liberalism, with its stress on unrestricted economic self-interest as the avenue to human happiness, was extremely attractive to the middle class. Of the major powers, only Britain was transformed by reform and untouched by revolution.
Although many believed nationalism led toward human happiness, it contained in reality the dangerous ideas of national and racial superiority. To make the turbulent intellectual world even more complex, socialism emerged as another, equally powerful set of ideas regarding the creation of a just and happy society. Early socialists were idealistic and utopian, but the socialism of Karl Marx, which later became dominant, claimed to be realistic and scientific. Socialism contributed to the split between the middle and lower classes. This split explains the failure of these classes in the face of the common enemies in the revolutions of 1848. The chapter also discusses romanticism, which was a reaction to the rationalism of the previous century. Romanticism was the central mood of the nineteenth century and the emotional background of its painting, music, and literature.
THE AFTERMATH OF THE NAPOLEONIC WARS (21.1)
Before you read:
From what you know about the French Revolution, Napoleon and the rest of Europe, what is your prediction as to how the rest of Europe responds after Napoleon is ousted?
Terms to know
Congress of Vienna:
The Great Powers:
Prince Klemens von Metternich:
Holy Alliance:
Karlsbad Decrees:
While you read:
1. Describe and define the concept “balance of power” in 1814-1815.
2- Describe the treatment of defeated France by the victors in 1814. Why wasn’t the treatment harsher?
3- Who were the participants and what was the purpose of the Holy Alliance and the congress system?
4- Describe Metternich’s ideals of “Conservatism”.
5- Describe the make-up of the Austrian Empire. How and why were nationalism and liberalism regarded as dangerous to those in power?
After you read:
|1. |The Holy Alliance became a symbol of |
| |the unification of church and state. |
| |the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe.. |
| |the lenient treatment of France following the Napoleonic wars. |
| |the expansion of revolutionary social and political thought following the French Revolution. |
Primary Source – Metternich: Conservative Reaction in the German Confederation (21.1)
1- How do the regulations in the decrees represent the reactionary politics after the Napoleonic Wars?
THE SPREAD OF RADICAL IDEAS (21.2)
Terms to know
Liberalism:
Nationalism:
Socialism:
Utopian Socialists:
Saint-Simon:
Fourier:
Proudhon:
Blanc:
Marxism:
Bourgeoisie/Proletariat:
Communist Manifesto:
While you read:
1. Explain how the view of “liberalism” changed.
2. Define nationalism. What were its links to liberalism?
3. What are the goals of socialism? How do the ideas of Saint-Simon, Fourier, Blanc, and Proudhon illustrate socialist thought?
4. What was Marx’s view of history? What was the role of the proletariat?
After you read:
|1. |The most important reason for the linking of nationalism with liberalism or with radical democratic republicanism was |
| |a distrust of aristocracy and wealth. |
| |a faith in the creativity and nobility of the people. |
| |a faith in the power of the military to order and secure society. |
| |a distrust of the clergy and of religious authority. |
THE ROMANTIC MOVEMENT (21.3)
Before you read:
What strikes you about this image from the Romantic movement?
Terms to know
Romanticism:
While you read:
1- How did the Romantic movement differ from the Enlightenment? What are the main tenets?
2. How did Art, Music and Literature embrace this movement? Be sure to list people.
After you read:
1. What characteristic distinguished romantic painting?
Ornate and gilded accents
Pastels blending together
Pure, simple colors that added stark contrasts and sharp lines
Dramatic, colorful scenes that stirred the emotions
REFORMS AND REVOLUTIONS BEFORE 1848 (21.4)
Before you read:
1- What issues do you believe have the ability to drive a revolution? From what you know, what do people REALLY care about?
Terms to know:
Alexander Ypsilanti:
Corn Laws:
Reform Bill of 1832:
“People’s Charter” 1838:
Great Famine:
Louis 18th:
Charles 10th:
Louis Philipe:
While you read:
1- What were the causes and the outcome of the Greek revolution of 1821-1832?
2- What were the goals of the Chartists? The Anti-Corn Law League?
3- What was the Reform Bill of 1832?
4- What was the effect of the Great Famine on Ireland?
5- Describe the rule of Charles X and the reaction by the French.
Individuals in Society – Germaine de Stael (21.4)
1- In what ways did Germaine de Stael’s life and thought reflect basic elements of the romantic movement?
After you read:
|1. |Why did the latent conflict in Britain between the aristocracy and the working class become an open conflict in 1815? |
| |The rise of the Chartist movement |
| |The end of the Napoleonic wars |
| |The passage of the 1815 revisions to the Corn Laws |
| |The passage of the Combination Acts outlawing unions |
THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848 (21.5)
Before you read:
1- Predict the outcome of another revolution in France. Why?
Terms to know:
“Bourgeois Monarchy”:
Louis Blanc:
“June Days”:
Louis Napoleon:
Greater Germany:
While you read:
1- Describe what happened in France in 1848. Why did the French voters turn their backs on the Revolution and elect a strongman as president?
2- Why did the revolutionary coalition in Hungary in 1848 break down?
3- What was the role of the Archduchess Sophia in the preservation of the Austrian Empire?
Primary Source – The Republican Spirit in Paris, 1848 (21.5)
1- What kind of practical rewards did the provisional government offer to ordinary people who supported the revolution?
2- Which political ideology- liberalism, nationalism, or socialism- seems predominant in these decrees?
Living in the Past – Revolutionary Experiences in 1848 (21.5)
1- The 1848 revolutions increased political activity, yet they were crushed. How does the scene of fighting in Frankfurt help to explain this outcome.
2- Consider Meissonier’s Memory of the Civil War. In what ways do societies transmit and revise their historical memories? Does the painting promote a political message?
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Chapter Timeline
--1790
--1800
--1810
--1820
--1830
-1840
-1850
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