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Name: _________________Earth Science Giant MSL Review Packet (use the book, ppts on canvas, and your class notes)Goal 1: Explain the Earth’s role as a body in space. (Chapters 1, 22, 27,28,29,30)Explain precession.Does precession affect the seasons?What is nutation and what is the cause? How long does it take to change direction?What is a barycenter? Define it and give some examples.Draw a picture to show how these three relate to each other as they move through the galaxy.What is the difference between revolution and rotation? Explain and draw a picture.What is the evidence that the earth rotates?How does the sun affect the shape of the Earth?What are the 4 seasons using Scientific terms (eg solstice and equinox). What is the cause of the seasons? How does the Sun relate to the seasons? What is the earth’s tilt?Explain how day/night and years work in terms of the sun.Why do we have time zones? What is the cause and effect of the tides? How does the Sun (and moon) relate? What kinds of energy are produced by the sun? How is solar energy transferred? How is the sun the source of life? Explain. Rank these by size from largest to smallest: planet, moon, universe, galaxy, star Define satellite.Explain Kepler’s 3 Laws. How do these relate to the planets’ orbits? Explain the Big Bang Theory using this vocabulary: red shift, background radiation, Doppler Effect, universe expansion, and spectroscope. Is the sun stationary in the solar system? Explain. Explain some daily changes in the Earth due to the sun and moon. Why is the Earth’s circumference greater around the equator than the poles? What is the difference between fusion and fission? Where does fission and fusion occur? Which one happens on the sun/stars?What are the forms of energy (electromagnetic radiation) produced by the sun? Name two ways the earth’s atmosphere protect us from this radiation.How does energy flow from the sun to the Earth through space? How does the earth’s tilt relate to how much solar energy it receives? Explain differential heating of the earth’s surface (water temperature vs. land temperature) Explain how solar energy is transformed into chemical energy through photosynthesis. What is the role of the earth’s magnetic field? What is the source of the magnetic field?How is the Earth unique as a planet (list at least 4 things)?What are the 5 layers of the earth and their properties?What are the 3 galaxies?What is the Earth’s galaxy?Why are some stars brighter than others? (3 reasons)Explain the birth, life, and death of stars.What does the H-R diagram show?What are the properties of our sun? – layers, facts, birth…life…death?What kind of radiation/electromagnetic radiation is given off by the sun? How does the earth protect us?How does the sun impact photosynthesis?List the 9 planets and summarize 1-2 facts about each one.What are Kepler’s 3 Laws – explain what they mean.Other than the planets/sun, what else is in our solar system?Explain a solar and lunar eclipse.Why does the moon have phases?Goal 2: Explain how processes and forces affect the lithosphere. (Chapters 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19) How does the rock cycle, plate tectonics, volcanoes, and earthquakes impact the lithosphere?Sketch a globe and draw latitude and longitude. What direction is each one measured in? Which one comes first when giving coordinates?What is a map projection? Describe the 3 types.What is topography? (In class, we will practice some topographic maps). Define contour interval, contour, index contour, and show the symbols for mountain tops and depressions.Closely spaced contour lines mean….? While far apart contour lines mean….?What is a topographic profile? (In class, we will practice one more) What is the evidence for plate tectonics?What is the ring of fire?On a map, how can you predict where an earthquake, volcano, or fault will be? How does weathering and erosion by wind, water, and gravity affect the soil?How could you predict and prepare for a geohazard (landslide, avalanche, earthquake, volcano) based on information?Draw and label the rock cycle.How does physical and chemical weathering relate to the rock cycle? How does heat relate to the rock cycle?..... Pressure?.... Deposition?....Foliation?...Bedding?How can a rock convert from metamorphic to sedimentary? Sedimentary to igneous? Igneous to metamorphic? What type of energies drive the rock cycle? How does plate tectonics relate to the rock cycle?Explain and draw a picture of: mantle convection, ridge push, and gravity pull. How does this relate to the movement of lithospheric plates? Explain the 3 types of plate boundaries and explain what landforms could result (examples: ocean trench, mountain range, mid-ocean ridge, volcano, earthquake, etc). How does geologic time relate to different landforms we know about today?What are the forces and shapes involved in landforms (examples: strain, anticline…)?How is a fold different than a fault?What are the 4 types of mountains and how are they formed?Describe the Appalachian Mountains.Draw the 3 faults – label the hanging wall and footwall – which type of plate boundary creates which? What is the difference between Magma and Lava?Describe the 3 types of volcanoes.How do plate boundaries relate to volcanoes? To earthquakes? What type of debris can come out of a volcano? What is a lahar? How does this relate to volcanoes?What effect can volcanoes have on the atmosphere/climate?Draw a picture of an earthquake and label the focus and epicenter. How is the epicenter determined? Explain the properties of a seismogram in terms of P, S, and L waves. What is the difference between these waves?Explain the Mercalli and Richter Scales.What is a tsunami and how do they form? How can earthquakes, volcanoes, and tsunamis be predicted? Summarize the major events in the geologic history of North Carolina and the southeastern United States. Explain how current geologic landforms developed such as Appalachian Mountains, fall zone, shorelines, barrier islands, valleys, river basins, etc. using the geologic time scale.Explain how processes change sea-level over time—long- and short-term due to plate tectonics.How do landforms such as shorelines and barrier islands relate to plate tectonics? What are the three types of soil? Which is the heaviest…lightest? How can you interpret a soil pyramid? Explain the process.How does soil relate to the rock cycle? What is chemical weathering and name some examples. What is physical weathering and name some examples. How are weathering rates affected (at least 3 things)?How does water contribute to erosion? Name 1 landform example.How does wind contribute to erosion? Name 1 landform example.How does gravity contribute to erosion. Name 1 landform example. Name at least 5 geohazards and explain an effect they can have on property. Name some natural/man-made protections from: landslides…..earthquakes….tsunamis… sinkholes….groundwater pollution….flooding.How does Chemistry relate to Earth Science?What is the difference between a rock and a mineral? How can minerals be identified? What are the 2 ways igneous rocks can be formed…3 ways sedimentary…2 ways metamorphic? Explain at least 3 principles/laws of Geologic Time. What is relative vs. absolute age? Explain some examples.Explain the 3 unconformities.What are the 4 ways fossils can form?Describe 3 criteria for index fossils.Why is the Grand Canyon a good example of geologic time?What are the divisions of geologic time?Goal 3: Understand how human influences impact the lithosphere. (Chapters- 5, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16) What is the difference between renewable and nonrenewable energy?What are the problems with fossil fuels (name at least 4 reasons)? Why do we still use them?What does it mean to reduce-reuse-recycle? Give 2 examples.Why is soil important? (give at least 4 reasons)What is the difference between weathering and erosion?What 5 factors affect soil formation?What are the types of wind erosion? What are the effects of wind erosion?How can soil be conserved?What is loess?Compare a sand storm to a dust storm.What was the Dust Bowl about?Explain the consequences of human activities….. mining…. deforestation …. agriculture.. …overgrazing….urbanization…and land use. List all of the traditional energy sources (peat, coal, oil, natural gas, etc.) AND all of the Alternative energy sources (Solar, Wind, Geothermal, etc). Name 2 pros and 2 cons, where would be a good and bad place to use this energy. Relate to regions, countries, continents, hemispheres, and world. Explain the need for and consequences of various types of land use such as urbanization, deforestation and agriculture. Explain ways to mitigate detrimental human impacts on the lithosphere and maximize sustainable use of natural resources. Explain the effects of human activity on shorelines, especially in development and artificial stabilization efforts. Explain 5 examples of conventional agriculture.What are the problems with conventional agriculture?Explain at least 5 Sustainable Farming Practices.What is mass wasting? Give some examples of slow and fast processes.What are the causes of mass wasting?Explain the effects of human activity on mountainsides, especially in development and artificial stabilization efforts. What are the methods of obtaining energy resources: harvesting (peat and wood), mining (coal and uranium/plutonium), drilling (oil and natural gas) and what are the effects of these activities on the environment?Draw a picture of NC. Which Energy Sources would be good for the Mountains? Piedmont? Coast? Explain. Critique the benefits, costs and environmental impact of various alternative sources of energy for North Carolina (solar, wind, biofuels, nuclear fusion, fuel cells, wave power, geothermal).Goal 4: Explain the structure and processes within the hydrosphere. (Chapters 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26)Describe the ocean’s topography.How do we know what is on the ocean floor (2 ways)?Describe water properties vs. ocean water properties in terms of chemistry.What chemical and physical properties affect ocean water?How does the ocean interact with the atmosphere (describe at least 3 ways). Explain how water is an energy agent (currents and heat transfer). Explain how ground water and surface water interact.How is the density of ocean water is affected by temperature and how does this result in major ocean currents distributing heat away from the equator toward the poles?140. What is the longshore current and what impacts does it have on the coastlines?141. Explain the importance of the barrier islands.142. What are the 3 reasons for sea level changes?143. Explain how a coral reef forms. What are the 3 types of reefs?144. What factors are important to sustaining coral reefs?145. Why is coral valuable?146. Describe at least 5 man-made threats to coral reefs.147. Explain at least 3 natural threats to coral reefs.148. What is ocean acidification – its causes, effects, and solutions?149. Explain these issues that affect oceans:DesalinationUpwellingEl NinoOcean MineralsMethane HydratesTragedy of the Commons/OverfishingAquacultureOil SpillsDDT/Pesticides/Thermal Pollution 150. What are the 3 types of currents and how are they formed? What is the cause and effect of currents?151. Explain the Coriolis Effect (Cause and Effect)152. Explain how the tides work. Draw a picture as well.153. What is the role of high heat capacity of water? Explain how coastal climates are moderated by water in comparison to inland climates. 154.Illustrate the water cycle to explain the connection between groundwater and surface water, detailing how groundwater moves through the lithosphere. (Emphasize the processes of evaporation and infiltration in the conceptual diagram of the hydrologic cycle.) 155. Explain the major river systems including NC river basins, aquifers, and watersheds. 156. Explain how flood events might be affected by groundwater levels. Goal 5 - Evaluate how humans use water. (Chapters 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26)157. Describe the freshwater biomes.158. Describe some marine biomes.159. How do humans influence freshwater availability?160. How do humans influences on water quality in North Carolina’s river basins, wetlands and tidal environments?161. Explain various water uses by humans and evaluate for benefits and consequences of use (ex. wells, aquifer depletion, dams and dam removal, agriculture, recreation). 162. Describe the 3 stages of a river and what are their characteristics?163. Why are rivers important?164. How do wetlands affect the environment?165. What is eutrophication?166. What is an estuary and what threatens them?167. What is the difference between a delta and an alluvial fan?168. Describe at least 3 causes, 3 effects, and 3 solutions to flooding.169. What is the difference between porosity and permeability?170. Draw and label the parts of the water table. 171. What is an aquifer?172. Describe some problems and solutions when too much water is used.173. What are the consequences of aquifer depletion including subsidence and salt-water intrusion on the coast?174. What are the effects of population growth on potable water resources? Infer future effects.175. Explain how pollutants might flow through a watershed and affect inhabitants that share the same watershed. 176. Summarize the issues related to ground and surface water pollution, wetland and estuary degradation, and salt water intrusion. 177. How do drinking water and wastewater treatment systems impact quantity and quality of potable water?178. Explain how to determine if the water quality is good. What are the chemical properties, physical properties, and explain the biotic index.179. Explain point vs. a non-point sources of pollution and effects on water quality. Relate these to: sedimentation, stormwater runoff, naturally and human induced occurrences of arsenic in groundwater.180. How can we take conservation measures to maximize quality and quantity of available freshwater resources?181. What is aquaculture and what are the issues here?182. Explain hard vs. soft water.183. Explain the properties of glaciers and how they contribute to erosion.Goal 6 - Understand the structure of and processes within our atmosphere. (Chapters 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26)184. Draw a picture and describe what happens in each layer of the atmosphere.185. What is an air mass and what kinds of weather result from each air mass?186. How do cyclonic storms form based on the interaction of air masses?187. What are some things you could look for to predict the weather using available weather maps and data (including surface, upper atmospheric winds, and satellite imagery)?188. How do human activities affect air quality?189. Which layer protects us from radiant energy?190. Explain how air masses move (pressure differentials). 191. Explain how interactions of air masses form frontal boundaries, clouds, and affect wind patterns. 192. How can we be safe in a severe cyclonic storm? How can life and property be protected?193. What factors affect air density and what is their influence on winds, air masses, fronts and storm systems?194. What are the 4 types of fronts, what do they look like on a map, and what kind of weather do they bring?195. How can satellites help with weather (and oceans)?196. What is relative humidity? How is it calculated? What does it mean when the rel. humidity is high?197. Explain the importance of water vapor and its influence on weather (clouds, relative humidity, dew point, precipitation). What does it have to do with the Greenhouse effect.198. Explain how acid rain is formed and how human activities can alter the pH of rain. 199. How do human activities impact the quality of atmospheric composition. (e.g. aerosols, chlorofluorocarbons, burning, industrial byproducts, over farming, etc.) Explain.200. How can humans mitigate impacts on the atmosphere?201. What are the 2 main gases in the atmosphere and their %?202. What are the Greenhouse gases and where do they come from (list several sources for CO2)203. How does the sun impact food webs?204. What is an isobar? How are these shown on maps?205. How do we get pressure differences on earth?206. Explain 5 weather instruments and what they measure.207. Draw a picture of the U.S. and draw the Air Masses that affect it.208. How are air masses named/labeled? Give some examples.209. How are weather station models labeled? Draw an example and explain what the #’s mean.210. What is the weather symbol for….rain….snow….highs….lows….? Be familiar with the major symbols.211. How does the water cycle impact the weather?212. Draw and sketch the major clouds.213. What is fog and how can it form?214. How can ozone be both “good” and “bad?”215. How does the Nitrogen cycle relate to weather?216. In which layer does all weather occur?217. In which layer is the ozone layer?218. What is a jet stream and how do these impact weather?219. What happens to pressure and temperature as you “go up?”220. Explain conduction, convection, and radiation. How do they impact weather?221. Why do temperatures vary from place to place due to topography? Give some examples.222. What does different weather depend on (4 things).223. What does all severe weather have in common?224. Explain how a cyclone forms/happens …hurricane….tornado…thunderstorm…. drought….hail… wildfires225. How is weather forecasted?Goal 7 Analyze patterns of global climate change over time. (Chapters 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26)226. What is the difference between weather and climate. Define and explain some examples.227. What are the reasons for the different climates?228. Explain how the Greenhouse effect works. Illustrate with a picture.229. Explain 6 reasons why climate can change.230. Explain at least 6 effects of climate change.231. How does the sun impact the wind?232. Explain changes in global climate due to natural processes. 233. What are the impacts that human activities have on global climate change (such as burning hydrocarbons, greenhouse effect, and deforestation)? Explain.234. How has the earth changed because of global climate change (temperature change, changes in pH of ocean, sea level changes, etc.). What impacts have they had (cause-effect-solutions)?235.Explain major climate categories (K?ppen climate classification system – temperate, tropical, and polar). 236. Summarize natural processes that can and have affected global climate (particularly El Nino/La Nina, volcanic eruptions, sunspots, shifts in Earth’s orbit, and carbon dioxide fluctuations). Explain.237. What is the concept of the greenhouse effect including a list of specific greenhouse gases and why CO2 is most often the focus of public discussion?238. How have deforestation and the burning of fossil fuels (linked to increased industrialization) contributed to global climate change? 239. Explain how large-scale development contributes to regional changes in climate (i.e. heat islands in large cities like NY, Chicago, Beijing, etc). 240. What actions can be taken by humans on a local level, as well as on a larger scale, to mitigate global climate change?241. How have changes in global temperatures affected the biosphere (ex. agriculture, species diversity, ecosystem balance)?242. How have changes in atmospheric composition contributed to ocean acidification. Analyze its effect on ocean life and its connection to global climate change?243. Explain how changes in global temperature have and will impact sea level. 244. How has sea level has been affected by other earth processes such as glaciations and tectonic movements? Consider long- and short-term changes.Goal 7 Explain how the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere individually and collectively affect the biosphere. (Ch 26)245. Explain how abiotic and biotic factors interact to create the various biomes in North Carolina. 246. Explain why biodiversity is important to the biosphere. 247. How have human activities impacted the biosphere? 248. Explain how biotic and abiotic factors determine biome classification (temperature, rainfall, altitude, type of plant, latitude, type of animals). 249. Compare impacts of biotic and abiotic factors on biodiversity. 250. Which landforms and soils go with the biomes?251. What is the biosphere?252. What are the 3 types of biodiversity? 253. What is the relationship between environmental conditions and plants and animals that makeup live within various biomes that comprise the biosphere?254. What are the global impacts of loss of biodiversity?255. Explain effects of human population growth, habitat alteration, introduction of invasive species, pollution and overharvesting on various plant and animal species in NC. 256. Explain effects of invasive nonnative species (plant or animal) on an NC ecosystem. 257. Summarize ways to mitigate human impact on the biosphere. 258. How can biodiversity be sustained?259. What does HIPPO stand for and how does this relate to populations?260. Give at least 2 examples of NC invasive species and explain where they came from. 261. What happened with DDT? Relate this to pollution and the effects.262. Summarize what happened to the cane toad of Australia – why was this invasive species successful?Goal 8- Evaluate human behaviors in terms of how likely they are to ensure the ability to live sustainably on Earth. (Note – some of these overlap with previous questions – do them for extra practice)(Chapters 11, 12, 14)263. Evaluate alternative energy technologies for use in North Carolina. 264. Explain conventional and sustainable agriculture and aquaculture practices in terms of their environmental impacts. 265. Compare a J curve to an S curve – draw them and explain how they happen.266. Explain density dependent and density independent factors. Also give examples.267. Explain the effects of uncontrolled population growth on the Earth’s resources. 268. What is the concept of “reduce, reuse, recycle” in terms of impacts on natural resources? 269. Critique the advantages and disadvantages of traditional agriculture/aquaculture techniques and compare with sustainable agriculture/aquaculture techniques. Include the economics and environmental impacts in this comparison. 270. What is the potential impact of sustainable techniques on environmental quality (include magnitude, duration, frequency). 271. Explain carrying capacity. Draw this on a graph and label it.272. What are the limiting factors to human population growth?273. Summarize the impacts of a growing population on the natural resources in North Carolina 274. Explain how ecological footprints exist at the personal level and extend to larger scales. 275. Explain your personal choices in terms of impacts on availability of natural resources and environmental quality; relate this to ecological footprints on various scales. 276. Give 2 scenarios of the impact of implementing change that adheres to the “reduce, reuse, recycle” philosophy (e.g. through case studies, data collection/analysis, model development, etc.). ................
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