PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION AND FLOW OF …



PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION AND FLOW OF ENERGY CHEAT SHEET

All of Earth's living things are comprised of cells. There is a variety of different cells, each of which perform a variety of functions necessary for the life of living things. Find a comparison of photosynthesis and cellular respiration to help you better understand how this vital life process works. 

What are the Differences Between The Two Processes?

There are a few key differences between cellular respiration and photosynthesis.

|Photosynthesis: |Cellular Respiration: |

|*Only plants, some protists, and some bacteria perform photosynthesis; these |*All living organisms experience cellular respiration. |

|organisms are called producers/autotrophs. |*This process converts the food created by photosynthesis into energy which is |

|*This process involves making food by using sunlight. |then utilized by living organisms. including plants. |

|In order to produce glucose, this process requires energy. |*This process has an ANAEROBIC step called glycolysis that is used by anaerobic |

|*In plants and protists, this process occurs within the chloroplasts, the |and aerobic organisms and an AEROBIC step called oxidative respiration that is |

|chlorophyll-containing . |used only by aerobic organisms when oxygen is available. |

|*This process has two parts: the light independent reaction (aka Calvin Cycle) |*This process creates energy (ATP) by breaking down the bonds in glucose. |

|that occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast and involves the fixing of carbon |*Glucose supplies chemical energy while ATP supplies mechanical energy. |

|dioxide and the light dependent reaction which occurs on the thylakoid membranes|*Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm while oxidative respiration occurs within |

|of the chloroplast and involves the capture of sun energy by chlorophyl |the mitochondria. |

|molecules which generates the ATP and NADPH used in the Calvin Cycle. |*When sugars are reacted with oxygen, water, carbon dioxide and energy in the |

|*In order to release oxygen back into the atmosphere and create sugar, this |form of ATP are released as byproducts. |

|process requires water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. | |

Glycolysis Glycolysis literally means "_____-splitting." In glycolysis, the ____-carbon sugar glucose is split into ___ molecules of pyruvate, also called ______acid. This process produces a net gain of _____ ATP molecules. Theresulting molecules of pyruvate each have [pic][pic]carbon atoms. Glycolysis takes place in the cell's _______. The remainder of cellular respiration takes place in organelles called ____________.

The Krebs Cycle The Krebs Cycle takes place in the fluid-filled area inside the inner membrane of the mitochondria known as the ________. Some ________and other energy carrying molecules (_______ and _______) are produced here. The gas ___________[pic]is a byproduct of this process.

The Electron Transport Chain Most of the ______is produced in this last step of cellular respiration. Electron transport takes place in the infoldings of the inner-membrane of the mitochondria. These infoldings are called_______. At the end of electron transport,_______ combines with hydrogen ions and______ (e-) to form _______.by this reaction :½O2 + 2H+ + 2e- → H2O

Overall Process glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + 38 ATP[pic]

Fermentation In the absence of _______, the cell resorts to anaerobic metabolism. Only glycolysis occurs and the cell must deal with the pyruvate created to regenerate the NAD+ it needs for glycolysis to occur again. In animal cells, pyruvate is converted to ________ acid. In yeast and bacteria, the pyruvate is often converted to _______ In both cases, no new ATP is produced, so the net production of the______-carrying molecule is only the _______ molecules of ATP produced in glycolysis.

Key Concepts

1. The capture and use of energy in living systems is dominated by two processes: photosynthesis and respiration.

2. Plants take in carbon dioxide and water, and using the energy from the sun, these two gases combine in a chemical reaction to produce glucose and oxygen. The sun’s energy is stored as chemical energy in the bonds of the glucose. This process of producing glucose is called photosynthesis. It is represented by the equation:

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy (from sunlight) ---. C6H12O6 + 6 O2  

3. Plants need energy to carry on all of life’s processes: growth, reproduction, gas exchange, make food, respond to stimuli, movement, and excrete waste. Plants use oxygen in the air (or water) to turn their food (glucose) into energy. This process of using oxygen to release energy from food is called cellular respiration.

4. Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria of the plant cell. The glucose molecule, using oxygen, is broken apart and turned back into carbon dioxide and water, the same types of molecules that originally combined to make the glucose. The solar energy that was used to make the glucose molecule is released to the cell as chemical energy. This process of breaking down glucose for energy is called cellular respiration. It is represented by the equation:

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 --. 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy

5. Sugars created in photosynthesis can be later converted by the plant to starch for storage, or it can be combined with other sugar molecules to form specialized carbohydrates such as cellulose, or it can be combined with other nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur to build complex molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. Cellulose is probably the single most abundant organic molecule in the biosphere.

Evolution, Natural Selection and Classification Cheat Sheet

Natural Selection: (the mechanism by which evolution occurs)

1. More offspring are generated than the environment can support.

2. Variation exists among members of a population. (Some are faster, furrier, fatter, funnier. ()

3. Those members with the best variations are most likely to survive and reproduce. (The faster bunny can escape the fox; the young comedian can joke his way out of a mortal conflict.)

4. Over time, the least beneficial traits are lost in a population of organisms and most beneficial are “selected for” so that changes slowly accumulate and new species evolve.

Evidences for Evolution:

1. The fossil record (Older rock layers contain simpler fossils than younger rock layers.)

2. Homologous structures (Many structures in animals are similar in structure and arrangement but may not be used the same way.)

3. DNA/Protein sequence similarities (Organisms that are similar in appearance have sequences that are very similar.)

4. Vestigial structures (Structures that are present in an organism but are not longer used to help it survive, i.e. appendix and tail bone in humans.)

Convergent versus Divergent Evolution:

Analogous structures are structures that have similar functions, like the wings of a bat and the wings of a bird. They are considered a type of CONVERGENT EVOLUTION because these organisms to not share a recent common ancestor but their environments selected for a structure with a similar use.

Homologous structures are structures in related organisms that evolved over time from a common ancestor but are no longer similar in use due to differences in each organism’s environmental habitat. For example, the arrangement of bones in the human arm and the bat wing indicate a common ancestor despite the fact that their u ses are now very different. This is an example of DIVERGENT EVOLUTION.

It is accepted today that there are three distinct domains of organisms in nature: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. A description of the three domains follows:

1. The Archaea (archaebacteria)

The Archaea possess the following characteristics: 1. They are prokaryotic cells. 2. Unlike the Bacteria and the Eukarya, the Archaea have membranes composed of branched hydrocarbon chains (many also containing rings within the hydrocarbon chains) attached to glycerol by ether linkages 3.The cell walls of Archaea contain no peptidoglycan. 4. Archaea contain rRNA that is unique to the Archaea as indicated by the presence molecular regions distinctly different from the rRNA of Bacteria and Eukarya.5. Archaea often live in extreme environments and include methanogens, extreme halophiles, and hyperthermophiles. One reason for this is that the ether-containing linkages in the Archaea membranes is more stabile than the ester-containing linkages in the Bacteria and Eukarya and are better able to withstand higher temperatures and stronger acid concentrations.

2. The Bacteria (eubacteria)

The Bacteria possess the following characteristics: 1. they are prokaryotic cells. 2. Like the Eukarya, they have membranes composed of unbranched fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages . 3. The cell walls of Bacteria, unlike the Archaea and the Eukarya, contain peptidoglycan. 4. Bacteria contain rRNA that is unique to the Bacteria  5. Bacteria include mycoplasmas, cyanobacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, and Gram-negative bacteria.

3. The Eukarya (eukaryotes)

The Eukarya (also spelled Eucarya) possess the following characteristics: 1. they have eukaryotic cells. 2. Like the Bacteria, they have membranes composed of unbranched fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages . 3.Not all Eukarya possess cells with a cell wall, but for those Eukarya having a cell wall, that wall contains no peptidoglycan. 3. Eukarya contain rRNA that is unique to the Eukarya as indicated by the presence molecular regions distinctly different from the rRNA of Archaea and Bacteria.

The Eukarya are subdivided into the following kingdoms:a. 

Protista Kingdom: Protista are simple, predominately unicellular eukaryotic organisms. Examples includes slime molds, euglenoids, algae, and protozoans.

Fungi Kingdom: Fungi are unicellular or multicellular organisms with eukaryotic cell types. The cells have cell walls but are not organized into tissues. They do not carry out photosynthesis and obtain nutrients through absorption. Examples include sac fungi, club fungi, yeasts, and molds. Plantae Kingdom: Plants are multicellular organisms composed of eukaryotic cells. The cells are organized into tissues and have cell walls. They obtain nutrients by photosynthesis and absorption. Examples include mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants.

Animalia Kingdom: Animals are multicellular organisms composed of eukaryotic cells. The cells are organized into tissues and lack cell walls. They do not carry out photosynthesis and obtain nutrients primarily by ingestion. Examples include sponges, worms, insects, and vertebrates.

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