Notes Three.docx



UNIT 3: Expansion & Crisis The United States in 1783 (Original Land Area) 1. How Land Was Acquired: Treaty of Paris, 1783 (We “won” this land in the Revolutionary War.)2. Western Border of US in 1783: Mississippi River3. Country North of US in 1783: Canada4. Florida was still owned by Spain in 1783. Louisiana Purchase (1803) 1. What President arranged the Louisiana Purchase? Thomas Jefferson2. Why did this President want to purchase Louisiana? To get ownership of the Mississippi River delta (port of New Orleans).3. From what nation did the US purchase Louisiana? France4. Why was this nation willing to sell Louisiana (2 reasons)? a) Napoleon needed $ for his wars of conquest in Europe. b) Napoleon stopped trying to establish an empire in the New World after France lost Haiti.5. Who explored Louisiana (3 people)? a. Meriwether Lewis b. William Clark c. Sacajawea6. What were they looking for? A possible water route or Northwest Passage through the continent of N. America. War of 18121. Major Causes a. Impressment and British attacks on US Ships b. British supply of weapons to American Indians c. Election of the War Hawks in 1810 and 18122. Objective of the “War Hawks” = ????Capture Canada (expansionists)3. Outcome of the War (Treaty of Ghent): Treaty ended the war in a “tie.” Neither side won land. Florida (1819) 1. Why was Spanish control of Florida a problem for the United States? a. Seminole Indians kept crossing into US & attacking settlers b. Slaves were allowed to escape there2. What famous American invaded Florida to attack the Seminoles and arrest the Spanish governor of Florida? Andrew Jackson3. Why did Spain agree to just sell Florida and not declare war on the United States for invading Florida? Spain was busy fighting elsewhere to keep control over other colonies like Mexico & in the rest of Latin America (Chile, Columbia, Venezuela, Mexico…)Identify the name of the Treaty that transferred formal ownership of Florida to the United States in 1819. Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 Oregon (1846) 1. Who were the first Americans to explore Oregon? a. Lewis b. Clark c. Sacajawea2. What nations “jointly occupied” (SHARED) until 1846? a. USA b. Great Britain3. What was the meaning behind the 1844 campaign slogan “54-40 or Fight!!” USA threatened British with a war if Britain did not give all of Oregon to the USA4. Who was elected President in 1844? James K. Polk5. What did the United States & England agree to do in order to end the dispute over Oregon?USA & Britain avoided war by agreeing to divide Oregon on the 49th latitude line (US was preparing to fight Mexico and didn’t need to fight 2 nations at the same time). James K. PolkPresident between 1845 and 1849 (1 term) Political Party Democrat3rd Party that took votes away from Clay and helped elect Polk: Liberty Party (abolitionist party in NY)Major Campaign Issue: annexation of Oregon & TexasCampaign Slogan: 54-40 or Fight! Manifest Destiny: Belief that America was chosen by God to expand West to the Pacific & to control North America“Away with these cobweb tissues about rights and discovery, exploration, settlement…the American claim is by the right of our MANIFEST DESTINY to overspread and posses the continent which Providence [God] has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty.” (John L. O’Sullivan, 1845) Annexation: To add a state to the US & get bigger Annexation of Texas 1. Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1821. Texas was, at this time, the most northern state in the independent nation of Mexico.2. Stephen Austin received permission from the Mexican government to lead the first Americans to settle in Texas in 1823. American settlers moving into Texas promised the Mexican government they would: a. Obey Mexican laws. b. Attend Catholic Church services.3. Obeying Mexican law, however, proved difficult after Mexico abolished slavery in 1829 (American cotton planters refused to free their slaves).4. Mexico closed the border to stop American immigration into Texas in 1830.5. Mexican President Antonia Lopez de Santa Ana declared “martial law” in Texas after Americans continued moving there and after Americans continued to disobey Mexican law in Texas.6. Santa Anna sent 6,000 Mexican soldiers into Texas to enforce Mexican laws in 1835. Mexican troops clashed with American settlers at the Alamo in late February and early March 1836 (nearly every American- 187- were killed, Santa Anna lost nearly 1,600 soldiers).7. American settlers living in Texas formally declared Texas to be an independent nation on March 2, 1836.8. Sam Houston led American settlers to victory during the brief Texas War for Independence.9. Santa Anna was forced to sign surrender documents granting Texas independence after the Battle of San Jacinto River in April 1836.10. Texans elected Sam Houston to be their first President. 11. Texans also quickly applied to the US Congress to enter the United States as an official state. Northern abolitionists, however, refused to allow Texas to enter as a state (because they knew Texas wanted to enter as a slave state).12. Texas, consequently, remained an independent “Lone Star Republic” for 9 years (1836-1845) while northerners and southerners argued over whether or not to allow Texas to enter the Union of States.13. President John Tyler eventually pushed Congress to annex Texas. Congress, after the election of 1844, finally agreed to annex Texas (northerners accepted that adding Texas would be okay since the North also expected to add Oregon to the Union).14. Annexing Texas was, just the same, controversial. Texas actually entered the Union through a Joint Resolution (Texas & Hawaii are the only 2 land areas added to the Union in this manner. Other land areas like Louisiana, Oregon, Florida, and the Mexican Cession & Gadsden Purchase were all officially treaties that were ratified or approved by 2/3rds of the US Senate.). The Mexican War 1. What was the “official” cause of the Mexican War? Border argument- both nations claimed the same land2. How did President Polk justify the decision to declare War against Mexico? “American blood has been shed on American soil.” (He said Mexico attacked 1st)3. What is another possible reason the US declared war on Mexico? Americans believed in “MANIFEST DESTINY”4. Why did the US want to expand West? To capture California5. Why did many Americans want to capture California? To capture Pacific harbors (gold wasn’t discovered yet!)6. Compare the Oregon crisis to the dispute with Mexico (review both maps). Why were many Northerners opposed to the war against Mexico? Northerners did not understand why we’d make peace to obtain half of Oregon but fight a war to capture land for the South. 7. Why was Henry David Thoreau put in jail during the Mexican War? He refused to pay taxes because he would not support the government’s war against Mexico8. Describe Thoreau’s essay on Civil Disobedience (he wrote while in jail). He wrote that people should break “unjust” laws to get them erased.9. What Constitutional argument did Whigs use to oppose the Mexican War? Only Congress (not the Pes.) can officially declare war. Whigs felt Polk had illegally provoked war with Mexico10. What treaty ended the war? Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo11. What land area did the US acquire in this treaty? The southwestern USA land area (California, Arizona, and New Mexico) called the “Mexican Cession” The Crisis of the 1850s (Immediate Causes of the Civil War) Sectionalism (the major long-term cause of the Civil War) = North and South grew apart economically and culturally (almost into 2 separate nations)Very Basic Causes of Sectionalism1. Geography & Climate 2. Industrialization (north) 3. Cotton & Slavery (south)Different Ideas Regarding What To Do With The Land Acquired In The War Against MexicoDavid Wilmot (the Wilmot Proviso) Do not allow slavery in any of the land won from MexicoJohn C. Calhoun’s “5th Amendment Argument” Slaves are property & it is legal for slave owners to take slaves into any federal territoryStephen Douglas’ idea called “Popular Sovereignty” Let the people living in the territories decide for themselves on the issue of slavery- not Congress (slavery = a local decision)The Free Soil Party Organized in 1848 specifically to stop the expansion of slavery into the land won from Mexico or any western territory 1850 Compromise of 1850a. North Gained: California as a Free State b. North Gained: A end to the slave trade or auctions in the national capital (Wash., DC) c. South Gained: the Fugitive (runaway) Slave Act (north promised to close Tubman’s Underground Railroadd. South Gained: Popular Sovereignty planned for the remainder of the Mexican Cession1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe’s book : Uncle Tom’s Cabin Publisheda. How the book increased sectional tensions: Book described evils of slavery & the 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Acta. Why law was passed: To politically organize western federal territories so a transcontinental railroad could be builtb. How “Popular Sovereignty” was part of the law: The law allowed settlers in Kansas & Nebraska to vote and decide for themselves on the issue of slaveryc. How the law affected the 1820 Missouri Compromise: 36-30 line was repealed or erased d. Political Party that was organized in response to the law: Free Soil Party (they were angry that the undoing of the 36-30 line meant that slavery could spread north).1854 Republican Party Organizeda. What was the Republican Party’s official position regarding slavery? Stop slavery from expanding into the western territories (this is different from abolishing slavery everywhere).b. How did William Lloyd Garrison feel about using the political process to abolish slavery? He was an “anti-political” radical abolitionistc. What was the first Abolitionist Political Party (hint formed in 1840)? Liberty Partyd. What Abolitionist Party was formed in 1848 after the Mexican War? e. Which Political Parties Joined Together To Create The Republican Party?1. Free Soilers who wanted to halt the spread of slavery into territories2. “Conscience Whigs” who opposed slavery and also wanted government power to increase to fight other social problems3. Regular Whigs who wanted to strengthen government to complete Henry Clay’s System. The wanted the federal government to support construction of the first Transcontinental Railroad, Protective tariffs, and some kind of organized banking system or Third National Bank1855 “Bleeding Kansas” Beginsa. Conflict demonstrated that Popular Sovereignty wasn’t working. It was fought between pro-slavery settlers, border ruffians, and abolitionistsb. “Border Ruffians” in 1855: Missouri residents who crossed into Kansas and voted to support slaveryc. Controversy over the “Lecomptom Constitution”(written by only 10% of eligible voters!): Allowed Kansas to become a slave territoryd. Preston Brooks’ attack against Charles Sumner: Congressman Brooks nearly killed Charles Sumner on the floor of the US Senate.1857 Dred Scott Decisiona. 5th Amendment “Due Process” Issue: Court ruled slaves were property (this meant all territories were open to slavery). Also ruled that all African Americans (free or slave) were not US Citizens with any legal rights.1858 Lincoln-Douglas Debates- 7 debatesa. Lincoln & Douglas were trying to get elected to the US Senate .b. Lincoln’s opening address was his “House Divided” speech. Lincoln said “This nation cannot permanently endure half slave and half free.” The point of this speech was to remind Illinois voters that Lincoln, a Republican candidate, fully supported the Free Soil party’s idea of stopping the spread or expansion of slavery into new territories.c. Stephen Douglas supported Popular Sovereignty. He felt that leaving the slavery issue for territorial residents to decide was better than having everything mandated by Congress.d. Stephen Douglas tried to make Lincoln look like a radical abolitionist intent on getting rid of slavery everywhere in America. Lincoln responded in one debate by saying “I am not nor have ever been in favor of bringing about the social and political equality of the white and black man.” Lincoln also countered Douglas’ attacks by asking Douglas to explain how Popular Sovereignty could work or would be legal after the Supreme Court’s 1857 Dred Scott decision. Douglas’ response is known as the Freeport Doctrine. e. Freeport Doctrine: Douglas said slavery couldn’t exist in places where local laws did not enforce slave codes (he was pointing out a legal loop hole and a way local governments could ignore the Dred Scott decision!)f. Who won the Senatorial Election? Stephen Douglas g. Impact of the 1858 Illinois Senate Campaign on Lincoln’s political career: Lincoln became a nationally known person even though he losth. Impact of the 1858 Illinois Senate Campaign on Douglas’ political career: Douglas won the election but his Freeport Doctrine angered southerners (and this is why Lincoln- not Douglass was elected President in 1860)1859 John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferrya. Brown’s Goal: Capture weapons and start a slave rebellion b. Southern Reaction: View Brown as a radical Yankee terrorist- SOUTH MOBILIZES!!!!c. Northern Reaction: Viewed Brown as an insane martyr (someone who dies for a good cause)1860 The Election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United Statesa. Lincoln was elected President without even being on the ballot in any southern state. Southerners feared that the North was now in total control of the federal government. After all, Southerners feared, the North could push through any law (even abolish slavery) if the North could elect a president without permission from the South.b. How did the “Upper South” states (SC, GA, FLA, MISS, AL, LA, and TX) respond to the election of Lincoln in 1860? They voted to secede or leave the union of states. c. How did “Upper South” states (NC, VA, TN, ARK, MO, KY, MD, and DL) respond? They voted to stay and not secede or leave immediately from the Union. They voted to remain in the Union and to look for a compromise. ................
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