01 - Chamblee Middle School



Ch. 7 Directed Reading A

Section: Change over Time

1. One way to tell kinds of animals apart is by their ______________________.

Differences Among Organisms

2. HOW DOES ADAPTATION HELP AN ORGANISM?

a. It helps the organism change colors. b. It improves its ability to survive and reproduce.

c. It improves its ability to change species. d. It helps the organism become a fossil.

3. If living things have the same characteristics, they may be members of the same

a. evolution. c. species.

b. planet. d. fossil record.

4. Two organisms that can mate to produce offspring that can reproduce belong to the same ______________________

5. When members of the same species live in the same place, they form a(n) ______________________

6. Since life began on Earth, many ______________________have vanished and many new ones have appeared.

7. Scientists have observed that species ______________________over time.

8. The inherited ______________________in populations also change over time.

9. What can result as populations of organisms change?

10. The process in which populations gradually change over time is called ______________________

Evidence of Changes Over Time

11. WHERE IS EVIDENCE THAT ORGANISMS HAVE CHANGED OVER TIME BURIED?

a. within Earth’s crust c. in water

b. in caves d. in old books

12. What is a fossil?

a. a layer of sediment b. a living organism

c. a very old organism d. trace remains of an organism that lived long ago

13. Describe how a fossil is usually formed.

14. What is the timeline of life formed by studying fossils called?

15. How are fossils organized in the fossil record?

16. Fossils in newer layers of the Earth tend to resemble current ______________________

17. In older layers of the Earth, are fossils more or less likely to resemble today’s animals or plants?

18. Some fossils may be of earlier life-forms that do not ______________________anymore.

Evidence of Ancestry

19. THE FOSSIL RECORD PROVIDES EVIDENCE ABOUT

a. the age of rocks. b. the order in which species have existed.

c. the number of layers the Earth has. d. the composition of minerals.

20. All living things inherit similar traits from their

a. ancestors. c. fossils.

b. evolution. d. descendants.

21. As scientists study the fossil record, they may draw models to illustrate their ______________________about the relationships between extinct and living organisms.

22. How is a new species or group of species represented in the scientist’s model?

23. List two groups of animals that may share a common ancestor with whales.

24. Scientists think that all mammal species alive today evolved from common ______________________

25. Scientists have combined information on hundreds of thousands of organisms to sketch out a ______________________that includes all known organisms.

26. What does the lack of a fossil record for some of the Earth’s history mean to scientists?

Examining Organisms

27. IN ADDITION TO FOSSILS, HOW CAN SCIENTISTS LEARN ABOUT AN ORGANISM’S ANCESTORS?

28. List three things about whales that tell scientists that they are not fish.

29. What does a whale body have that hints it had an ancestor that lived on land?

Comparing Organisms

30. IF YOU COMPARED TWO KINDS OF LIVING ORGANISMS, WHAT MIGHT YOU LEARN ABOUT THEIR HISTORY?

a. how long ago they evolved b. whether they share a common ancestor

c. whether they live in the same place d. whether they could mate and reproduce

31. What do organisms inherit from ancestors?

a. mammal characteristics b. traits and DNA

c. hind limbs d. new traits

32. What makes the human hand similar to a dolphin’s flipper or a bat’s wing?

a. the ability to flap b. the structure of the skin

c. the order of their evolution d. the structure and order of bones

33. What does the similarity between humans, dolphins, cats, and bats indicate?

a. that they all evolved recently b. that their ancestors lived in the same place

c. that they share a common ancestor d. that they are becoming more alike over time

34. Because all existing species have DNA, scientists support the theory that all species share

a. a common ancestor. b. similar arms and legs.

c. the ability to mate with each other. d. similar fossils.

Section: How Does Evolution Happen?

1. List three things that scientists learned about Earth beginning in the 1800s.

Charles Darwin

2. WHAT DID DARWIN DO IN ORDER TO STUDY PLANTS AND ANIMALS?

a. He took a trip around the world. b. He studied theology.

c. He formed theories. d. He became a doctor.

3. What did Darwin do during his travels?

a. He wrote a book about his theory. b. He collected thousands of plant and animal samples.

c. He took photos of plants and animals. d. He visited all the continents.

4. Darwin noticed that the plants and animals on the ______________________ were similar to, but not the same as, those in Ecuador.

5. What was one way that finches on different islands differed from each other?

6. What was the beak of each finch adapted to?

Darwin’s Thinking

7. WHAT PUZZLED DARWIN ABOUT THE GALÁPAGOS FINCHES?

a. They were so different. b. They should not have been there.

c. They were too similar. d. They were similar but had many adaptations.

8. A characteristic that can be passed from parent to offspring through genes is a(n)

a. species. b. breeding.

c. trait. d. adaptation.

9. What hypothesis did Darwin develop about the Galápagos finches?

10. What did Darwin do before presenting his new ideas?

Match the correct description with the correct term. Write the letter in the space provided.

11. the idea that human populations can grow faster than the food supply

12. the idea that Earth had formed naturally over a long period of time

13. the practice of breeding plants and animals to have desired traits

14. Why do farmers and breeders use selective breeding?

15. Why might selective breeding be used in horses?

16. Why might selective breeding be used in fruit trees?

17. After reading Malthus’s theory, Darwin realized that any species can produce many ______________________

18. The populations of all species are limited by starvation, disease, predation, or______________________

19. Darwin believed that offspring inherit traits that help them ______________________in their environment.

20. Darwin had begun to think that species could______________________ over time.

21. What idea of Darwin’s about species was supported by Charles Lyell’s book?

Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection

22. WHAT WAS THE NAME OF DARWIN’S FAMOUS BOOK?

23. What theory did Darwin introduce in the book?

Match the correct description with the correct term. Write the letter in the space provided.

24. Many more offspring are produced than will survive.

25. No two offspring are alike.

26. Many offspring will be killed before reproducing.

27. The best adapted organisms will have many offspring.

28. List two things that Darwin did not know in relation to his theory.

29. Today, scientists explain natural selection in terms of changes in ______________________

30. Changes in genes occur when organisms produce ______________________

31. When organisms carry genes that make them more likely to survive to reproduce, the process called ______________________ occurs.

Section: Natural Selection in Action

1. Bacteria passing resistance to a medicine on to offspring is an example of

a. natural selection. c. genetic change.

b. chemical action. d. overproduction.

Changes in Populations

2. WHAT DOES NATURAL SELECTION EXPLAIN ABOUT A POPULATION?

a. how long it has been since it evolved b. how it changes in response to its environment

c. how it resists change d. how likely its members are to leave fossils

3. Which individuals in a population are most likely to survive and reproduce?

a. the largest ones b. the ones with the most DNA

c. the well-adapted ones d. the oldest ones

4. The growing rate of tuskless elephants in Uganda is an example of

a. selective breeding. c. adaptation.

b. luck. d. speciation.

5. Why are tuskless elephants becoming more likely to reproduce than ones with tusks?

6. Why does an insecticide that used to work well no longer affect an insect population?

7. Insect populations can evolve quickly because insects produce many offspring and have a ______________________

8. The period of time between the birth of one generation and the birth of the next is known as the ______________________

9. In many species, female birds prefer to mate with ______________________ males.

10. Why will the proportion of colorful male birds likely increase from generation to generation?

Forming a New Species

MATCH THE CORRECT DESCRIPTION WITH THE CORRECT TERM. WRITE THE LETTER IN THE SPACE PROVIDED.

11. the formation of new species

12. changes in response to the environment

13. the loss of ability of separated groups to interbreed

14. the moving apart of populations

15. When part of a population becomes separated from the rest, ______________________often begins.

16. Through adaptation, members of separated groups may develop different ______________________.

17. If environmental conditions differ, ______________________will also differ.

18. When members of two separated groups of a population can no longer interbreed, the two groups are members of different _____________________

Directed Reading Ch 8 Section 1

Section: Evidence of the Past

1. What type of scientists use fossils to reconstruct the history of life before humans existed?

a. fossilologists c. sedimentologists

b. dinosaurologists d. paleontologists

2. What do fossils show us?

fossils

3. WHAT ARE FOSSILS?

Put the three stages of a fossil’s formation in order from first to last. Write the appropriate numbers from 1 to 3 on the lines provided.

4. Over time, the mold fills with sediment, which forms a cast of the organism.

5. The organism gradually decomposes and leaves a hollow impression, or mold, in the sediment.

6. When an organism dies it becomes buried in sediment.

the age of fossils

7. WHEN SCIENTISTS LOOK AT WHICH LAYER OF ROCK A FOSSIL IS IN THEY ARE USING THE ______________________ METHOD OF ESTIMATING THE AGE OF ROCKS AND FOSSILS.

8. When a scientist finds sedimentary rock, where are the oldest layers usually found? Why?

9. Scientists can determine the age of a fossil more precisely than relative dating using a method called ______________________.

10. The particles that make up all matter are called ______________________.

11. As atoms decay what do they release?

12. The time it takes for half of the unstable atoms in a sample to decay is the sample’s ______________________.

13. When scientists measure the ratio of unstable atoms to stable atoms in a sample of rock, what are they trying to determine?

the geologic time scale

14. WHY IS THE EARTH’S HISTORY DIVIDED INTO VERY LONG UNITS OF TIME?

15. The calendar scientists use to outline the history of life on earth is called the ______________________ time scale.

16. After paleontologists have dated a fossil, how do they use the time scale to help them understand how organisms have changed over time?

17. Paleontologists have divided the geologic time scale into blocks of time. The largest divisions are known as ______________________.

18. Why is the Mesozoic era is referred to as the Age of Reptiles?

Directed Reading Ch 8 Section 2

Section: Eras of the Geologic Time Scale

1. What are the four major divisions of geologic history?

precambrian time

2. ABOUT WHEN DID THE PRECAMBRIAN TIME BEGIN?

a. 2.6 billion years ago c. 430 million years ago

b. 4.6 billion years ago d. 4.5 million years ago

3. What are two differences between early Earth and the present Earth?

4. How do scientists think that life on Earth developed?

5. The first organisms, called ______________________, didn’t need oxygen to survive.

6. The first ______________________ began to release oxygen gas into the oceans and air.

7. Organisms composed of many cells may have evolved from ______________________.

8. Before a(n) ______________________ layer formed to reduce radiation on Earth’s surface, life existed only in the oceans and underground.

the paleozoic era

9. WHEN DID THE PALEOZOIC ERA BEGIN?

a. 2.6 billion years ago b. 430 million years ago

c. 542 million years ago d. 4.5 million years ago

10. What are three kinds of fossils from the Paleozoic era?

11. Why is this era given the name Paleozoic, which means “ancient life”?

12. Name three of the plant species that covered Earth in the Paleozoic era.

Put the three types of animals in the order of their appearance on Earth. Write the appropriate numbers from 1 to 3 on the lines provided.

13. salamander-like animals

14. crawling insects

15. reptiles and winged insects

16. What happened to as many as 90% of marine species about 251 million years ago?

the mesozoic era

17. WHEN DID THE MESOZOIC ERA BEGIN?

a. 2.6 billion years ago b. 251 million years ago

c. 542 million years ago d. 430 million years ago

18. What does “Mesozoic” mean?

19. Reptiles evolved into many different species during this time, so the Mesozoic era is also known as the ______________________.

20. Name three types of animals that existed during the Mesozoic era.

21. About how many years ago did dinosaurs and many other plant and animal species become extinct?

the cenozoic era

22. THE CENOZOIC ERA BEGAN ABOUT 65 MILLION YEARS AGO AND

a. ended 40 million years ago. b. continues to the present.

c. ended in 1000 A.D. d. ended 35 thousand years ago.

23. The Cenozoic era is sometimes called the

a. Age of Humans. b. Age of Fossils.

c. Age of Mammals. d. Age of Insects.

24. “Cenozoic” means

a. recent life. b. flowering plants.

c. fossil era. d. saber-toothed cats.

25. Name three of the Cenozoic animals.

26. How have the ice ages affected organisms in the Cenozoic era?

Directed Reading A Ch 8 Section 3

Section: Humans and Other Primates

1. Humans, apes, and monkeys had a common ancestor

a. 3 million years ago. b. 4 thousand years ago.

c. 45 million years ago. d. 1 billion years ago.

PRIMATES

2. THE ANCESTORS OF PRIMATES WERE

a. apelike. b. mouselike.

c. birdlike. d. lizardlike.

3. The first primates appeared

a. at the same time as dinosaurs. b. before dinosaurs.

c. after the dinosaurs died out. d. at the same time as humans.

4. The ancestors of ______________________ may have co-existed with dinosaurs, but actual primates did not exist until after the dinosaurs.

5. What type of animal do scientists think is the closest living relative of humans?

6. Humans are in a family called ______________________ that includes only humans and their humanlike ancestors.

7. The main characteristic that separates hominids from other primates is ______________________.

hominids through time

8. FOSSILS ARE CLASSIFIED AS HOMINIDS WHEN THEY

a. look like apes. b. share characteristics of modern humans.

c. are found in the Cenozoic period. d. are found in Africa.

9. The oldest hominid fossils have been found in

a. Africa. c. Asia.

b. North America. d. Australia.

10. One of the earliest hominid fossils found is

a. 3,000 to 4,000 years old. c. 6 to 7 million years old.

b. 65 to 55 million years old. d. 100 to 200 million years old.

11. Early hominids that are similar to apes but different in several ways are classified as ______________________.

12. What are two of the differences between australopithecines and apes?

13. What are two differences between australopithecines and other hominids who lived at the same time?

14. About 2.4 million years ago, a more humanlike group of hominids called ______________________ appeared.

15. How were these new people different from australopithecines?

16. Members of one type of hominid group, ______________________, could grow as tall as modern humans do.

recent hominids

17. WHAT TWO TYPES OF HOMINIDS MAY HAVE LIVED IN THE SAME AREAS AT THE SAME TIME AS RECENTLY AS 30,000 YEARS AGO?

18. What happened to the Neanderthals?

19. The group of hominids called ______________________ created large amounts of art.

20. What indicates these early humans had an organized and complex society?

21. Why do scientists keep reviewing their hypotheses about hominids and human evolution?

-----------------------

a. Lyell’s theory

b. selective breeding

c. Malthus’sprinciple

a. inherited variation

b. struggle to survive

c. overproduction

d. successful reproduction

a. adaptation

b. division

c. separation

d. speciation

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